The Eisenhower

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The Eisenhower

• Chapter 27 AMSCO
• Part I Notes

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I. Themes/Introduction

• Containment
• Brinkmanship
• Modern Republicanism
• Civil Rights Movement
• CIA
• Nuclear Proliferation
• Happy Days

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II. Eisenhower Takes Command

• Dwight D. Eisenhower personified the 1950s
• I Like Ike expressed the feeling of millions of
  middle class Americans.
• Trusted and admired Commander of Allied Forces in
  WWII
• Attended West Point

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A. The Election of 1952

• Americans wanted relief from the Korean War
• End to the mess in Washington
• First presidential victory in 20 years
• Republican Primaries
• Senator Robert Taft of Ohio
• War Hero Eisenhower Ike Wins
• Richard Nixon was his VP
• California Senator known for Alger Hiss case
• Democrat Candidate
• Adlai Stevenson
• Popular Governor of Illinois
• Criticized McCarthyism

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B. Campaign Highlights

• Ike non-politician spotless record
• Nixon almost dropped, when he used campaign funds
  for personal use
• Appealed to Americans on TV with his Checkers
  speech
• Pledged to end the War in Korea
• Won 55 of popular vote, 422 20 29 electoral
  votes

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C. Ikes Domestic Policies

• Delegated Authority
• Corporate Executives in the cabinet
• Sec. of Defense Charles Wilson former GM head
• Criticized for spending to much time golfing and
  fishing
• Research proved he was in charge

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1. Eisenhowers Modern Republicanism

• Fiscal Conservative
• Goal was to balance budget
• Came close to curbing federal spending
• Moderate on domestic issues
• Accepted New Deal programs
• Extended Social Security, extended to 10 million
  more citizens
• Minimum wage raised
• Additional public housing
• Created Department of Health, Education, and
  Welfare
• Under Oveta Culp Hobby first women in
  Republican cabinet
• Soil Bank Program Initiated
• Opposed Federal Health Care

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2. Interstate Highway System3

• Highway Act (1956)
• Construction of 42,000 miles model for world
• Use of fed. Money justified for national defense
• Created jobs, promoted trucking, suburbs grew,
  more homogenous culture
• Caused decline of railroad industry
• Decline in public transportation

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3. US Prosperity

• Steady Growth Rate
• Negligible inflation of 1.5 percent
• Deficits fell in relation to national wealth
• Ikes economic policies considered most
  successful of any modern president by some
  historians
• Per capita income tripled (1945-1960)
• Twice real income of 1920s
• Highest standard of living in the world

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D. The Election of 1956

• Ike suffered a heart attack in 1955, major
  surgery in 1956
• Renominated by Republicans, included Nixon as VP
• Dems. Nominated Adlai Stevenson
• Eisenhower won by an even greater margin than in
  1952
• Why? Clue
• Democrats retained control of both houses of
  Congress

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III. Eisenhower and the Cold War

• Most attention in both terms on foreign policy
• A. Dulles Diplomacy
• Sec. of State Dulles
• Princeton, France, GW Law, and UN Delegate
• Critical of Trumans containment policy as too
  passive
• Wanted to challenge communist China and
  USSLiberate Captive Nations like Taiwan
• Declared that if US pushed a nuclear showdown
  that the Soviets would back down
• Became known as brinkmanship
• Eisenhower quelled Dulles plans

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1. Dulles Massive Retaliation Plan

• Greater reliance on nuclear weapons
• Scale back conventional army
• More bang for the buck
• In 1953 we produced the Hydrogen Bomb
• Soviets caught up in 1954
• To some massive retaliation mutual extinction
• Deterrent against superpowers but not brushfire
  wars
• Southeast Asia, African and the Middle East

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Operation Ivy

• http//youtu.be/ogUBnxnnCuM

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B. Unrest in the Third World

• Collapse of Colonial Empires
• 1947-1962 Dozen of former colonies in Asia and
  Africa became independent
• 1947 India and Pakistan
• 1949 Indonesia
• 1957 Ghana first independent colonized
  African nation
• Became Cold War pawns they needed economic aid

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1. Covert Action

• 1953 CIA helped overthrow gov. that
  nationalized oil held by foreign companies
• Coup de teat led for return of the Shah of Iran
• The Shah was pro west provided cheap oil prices
  and purchased American arms
• 1954
• CIA helped overthrow leftist gov. in Guatemala
• http//www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemIDWE53
  iPinWPA0518SingleRecordTrue

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2. Asia

• a. Korean Armistice
• Eisenhower traveled to Korea to visit UN forces
• Threat of Nuclear War and death of Stalin in 1953
  convinced China and Korea to agree to an
  armistice and exchange of prisoners in July 1953
• Fighting stopped not all US troops removed
• DMZ at 38th Parallel still divides North and
  South
• A peace treaty was never signed

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b. Fall of French Indochina

• French lost Indochina to Japan in WWII
• French after WWII tried to retain Indochina
• Vietnamese and Cambodians resisted
• Ho Chi Minh led communists against the French
• Truman gave military aid to French
• China and USSR aided the Viet Minh led by Ho Chi
  Minh
• 1954 France at the Geneva Conference gave up
  Indochina
• Became Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

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c. Division of Vietnam

• Divided at 17th Latitude Line according to Geneva
  Conference
• North Communist Ho Chi Minh dictator
• South Ngo Dinh Diem supported by
  anticommunist, Catholic and urban
• General election never held feared North would
  win
• US Gave I billion in Aid to South Truman
  Doctrine
• Eisenhower mentioned the domino theory

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d. SEATO

• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)
• Put in place to prevent the spread of communism
• Agreed to defend one another in case of attack
• 8 Nations Signed
• US, GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, The
  Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan

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3. The Middle East

• a. US Quagmire
• Remain cordial with oil-rich Arab states
• Support Israel
• Egypt, Palestinians, and other Arabs resented
  formation of Israel

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b. Suez Crisis

• General Nasser of Egypt asked US for Aswan Dam
  project on Nile River
• US refused b/c of Egypt threatening Israel
• Nasser asked USSR to help build the dam
• Soviets agreed
• 1956 Nasser seized British and French owned Suez
  Canal
• Threatened Western Europes access to ME Oil
• Britain, France, and Israel launched a surprise
  attack to reclaim Suez Canal
• Eisenhower condemned attack on Egypt
• Sponsored UN resolution to end crisis

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c. Eisenhower Doctrine

• Pledged economic aid to any country
• US replaced Britain and France as leading
  Western influence in Middle East
• Wanted to offset Soviet influence in Egypt and
  Syria
• First applied doctrine to Lebanon in 1958
• Sent 14,000 troops to prevent civil war between
  Christians and Muslims
• Supported the Christian Pro-Western President
• 70 Ship, 40,000 sailors
• Occupied Beirut International Airport

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d. OPEC and Oil

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (1960)
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela
• Ongoing Concerns
• Western Dependence on Oil
• Arab Nationalism
• Israel Palestine Conflict

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IV. US Soviet Relations

• A. Spirit of Geneva
• 1. Stalin died in 1953, Eisenhower called to
  slow down the arms race
• 2. Atoms for Peace Plan
• 3. Soviets withdrew troops from Austria and est.
  peace with Greece and Turkey
• 4. Geneva Conference (1955)
• a. Eisenhower and Nikolai Bulganin
• i. Ike proposed open skies
• 5. 1956 Khrushchev denounced crimes of Stalin
  and supported peaceful co-existence with the
  West.

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B. Hungarian Revolt

• 1. East Germany and Poland wanted to reform
  communist policies
• 2. Hungarians overthrew a gov. backed by the
  Soviets
• a. Briefly established liberal rule, until the
  Soviets sent tanks to reestablish control
• Ended first thaw in the Cold War
• Ended Dulles talk of liberation
• 3. Sputnik Shock
• a. USSR launched the first satellites Sputnik I
  and II
• i. Rocket could also deliver nuclear warhead
• b. US rockets failed to launch satellites
  initially
• i. US Science and Math Education failed?
• ii. National Defense and Education Act (NDEA)
• iii. NASA (1958) build missiles, explore space

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• C. Khrushchev gave the West six months to pull
  troops out of West Berlin and give the city to
  the East Germans
• Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David in
  Maryland
• D. U-2 Incident
• A. Two weeks before the next meeting in Paris, a
  US spy plane was shot down over the USSR
• b. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the
  spy flights
• i. Khrushchev called off the Paris Summit

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E. Communism in Cuba

• 1. Lost of Cuba to communism was extremely
  alarming to Eisenhower 90 miles from Florida
• 2. Fidel Castro overthrew dictator Batista in
  1959
• a. Later declared that he was a Marxist, allied
  with the USSR and set up a Communist Gov.
• 3. Castro nationalized American-owned businesses
  and properties
• 4. US Response
• i. Cut of trade with Cuba
• ii. CIA began to train exiles to retake Cuba

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F. Eisenhowers Legacy

• 1. Claimed credit for keeping peace with
  Communists without the loss of American lives
• 2. Military Industrial Complex
• a. Spoke out against negative social impacts of
  the Cold War
• b. Warned of becoming a military or imperial
  state

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V. The Civil Rights Movement

• A. Origins of the Movement
• 1. Jackie Robinson broke the color line in 1947
  (Brooklyn Dodgers)
• 2. Truman had integrated the armed forces and
  introduced civil rights leg. in Congress (1948)
• 3. Discrimination in the South of African
  Americans
• a. Segregated schools and public facilities,
  kept from voting by poll taxes, literacy test,
  grandfather clauses, and intimidation
• b. Limited education stimulated poverty

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• B. Changing Demographics
• 1. Migration of African Americans North in the
  1940s and 1950s
• - African Americans became a Democratic Force
• C. Changing Attitudes in the Cold War
• 1. The US and the Soviets vied for allies in
  Africa and Asia
• 2. Racial segregation and discrimination stood
  out as wrongs that needed to be corrected

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• D. Desegregating Schools
• 1. NAACP tirelessly worked to overturn Plessey
  v. Ferguson
• a. End the separate but equal facilities
• 1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• a. NAACP lawyers led by Thurmond Marshall
  argued that Plessey v. Ferguson violated 14th
  Amendment equal protection of the laws
• b. Overturned Plessey case
• i. Separate facilities were unconstitutional
• ii. Segregation should end

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• E. Resistance in the South
• 1. Deep South states fought Brown decision
• a. Closed public schools
• b. Little Rock Nine
• i. Gov. of Arkansas, Orval Faubus used
  states National Guard to prevent nine
  students from walking into Little Rock High
  School
• ii. Eisenhower did not totally support
  desegregation
• - However he ordered US troops to protect
  the Little Rock Nine as they entered school

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• F. Montgomery Bus Boycott
• 1. Rosa Parks fought against segregation laws on
  southern public transportation
• a. Here arrest caused the Montgomery bus
  boycott
• b. MLK, Jr. emerged as the leader of the
  movement
• i. Inspired by Gandhis non-violent tactics
• ii. Triumphed when Supreme Court ruled
  against segregation laws in 1956

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• G. Federal Laws
• 1. Eisenhower signed two civil rights laws of
  1957 and 1960 first civil rights laws since
  Reconstruction
• a. Provided for a Civil Rights Commission
• b. Justice Department had new powers to protect
  the voting rights of blacks.

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• H. Non-Violent Protests
• 1. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  (SCLC)
• a. Organized ministers and churches to support
  the civil rights movement
• b. 1960 Greensboro College Students
  Woolworth Sit In to protest segregation
• 2. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
  (SNCC) to sustain movement
• a. Utilized sit in tactics to integrate
  restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries,
  pools, and transportation.
• 3. The civil rights movement would stall in the
  1960s and violent confrontations would occur.