The Eisenhower Years

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The Eisenhower Years...
(1953 1961)
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The Republicans TurnAfter How Long?
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Organizing Ideas

• Analyze and Evaluate
• Eisenhowers Foreign Policy
• Analyze and Evaluate Ikes
• Domestic Policy
• Assess the Reasons for the
• Changes Made in the Social
• Fabric in the 1950s

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How Do We Think of the 1950s?
How Much of That Is Reality How Much Is Myth?
Historically, the 50s Are the Eisenhower Years
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The Eisenhower Years

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Republican
• 1953-1961
• Landslides in 52, 56
• Background
• Foreign Policy
• Domestic Policy
• Evaluation

I Like Ike
Eisenhower the Man of the Hour
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Domestic Policy
Goals? Programs? Assessment?
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Domestic Policy

• Modern Republicanism
• The Republican Formula
• Dynamic Conservatism
• The Key Issues

• The Economy
• Retreat from Liberalism
• Continued Liberalism
• Social Fabric Stuff

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Economy
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The Economic "Miracle"

• GNP 250 Increase
• Inflation 3, Unemployment
• Under 5
• Our 6 - Producing ½ of All the
• Worlds Goods, and Consuming
• 1/3 of Them!
• Purchasing Power Up 20

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Galbraith Called It An "Economy of Abundance"

• Dramatic Effects
• Increase in White Collar Jobs
• Jobs in the Service Sector
• Rise of Franchises, Multinationals
• A New Consumerism
• We Became More and More a
• Consumer Society

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Causes of the Boom

• Govt Spending/Tax Cuts
• The New Economics (Keynesian)
• Consumer Confidence
• (People of Plenty)
• American Productivity
• Labor/Mgt. Peace (AFL-CIO)
• Changing Demographics
• American Technology/Automation
• Transistors, Computers

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1946 IBM Computer
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High Tech
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UNIVAC

• Introduced in 1951
• Cost 1 Million
• Weight 8 Tons

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• Technology Also Produced Some
• Medical Miracles

• Dr. Jonas Salk
• Polio Vaccine
• Also Antibiotics,
• New Drugs for Just
• about Anything!
• Tranquilizers Even

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I m p a c t ?
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1956 Corvette
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Gas Stations
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An Original McDonalds
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OrTexas Own
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Some Paradoxes
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Urban Decay
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• Mortgaged Affluence
• Author of

Gunnar Myrdal
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S o c i a l F a b r i c
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• Demographic Changes
• 1950 150 Million
• 1960 179 Million
• Move to Suburbia, Sunbelt

• Conformity/Homogenization
• Stirrings of Protest

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The Sunbelt Region
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Suburbia, USA
Why Move to the Burbs?
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An Example of Conformity Expected in the Decade
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• Uptightness Red Scare
• Packaged Society
• (Homogeneity)
• Silent Generation
• Happy Days
• But, by Decades End
• The Times They Were
• AChanging

Lots of Conformity
A Major Cause of Homogenization
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The Boob Tube
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Father Knows Best
I Love Lucy
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Changing Values

• Bureaucracy Impacted Labor
• More White Collar Workers
• Education System Changed
• Conformity Expected
• Intellectuals Responded

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Theme of These Books?
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Other Voices...

• Stirrings of Protest
• Critics of the Times
• Americas Youth Became Different
• Women Began to Be Heard
• Hispanic Rumblings
• Native Americans, Too
• Black Voices Elevated

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Who Was Especially Disaffected by the Changes
in American Society?
America's Youth
Young Writers, Poets, Artists Were First to
Criticize
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Stirrings of Protest
The Beatniks
Allen Ginsberg
Jack Kerouac
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Portrayed in Movies...
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A Developing Youth Subculture

• Different Interests
• Different Values
• Different Lifestyles

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Youth Themes Portrayed in the Media...
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In the Movies
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1950s Passion Pit
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On Television
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On Television
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Music
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Elvis...
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S t i l l . . .

• Pretty Conformist
• Pretty Conservative
• Pretty Quiet
• But, by Decades End
• Waiting to Happen
• A Youth Explosion

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Origins of Several Social Movements

• Native Americans Saw the
• Reversal of ND Policy, a
• Return to Termination
• How to Fight It?
• Hispanics Bracero Program
• How to Fight It?

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Women

• A Back to the Kitchen Movement
• Momism Movement
• Big Families
• Move to Suburbs
• Dr. Spocks Baby Books
• Earning the Mrs. Degree
• HS Schools Taught

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A Womans Place

• By Decades End
• A Movement Waiting
• to Happen!
• How to Fight Sexism?

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Black Voices...
The Civil Rights Movement of the 50s
How to Fight Racism?
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Background

• African-Americans and WWII?
• NAACP-courts cases against seg.
• Since 1909
• Increased political power in North
• Because of Great Migration
• --what party would benefit?
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• -1940sused sit-ins

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Who Is He? His Importance?
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Jim Crow Alive Well in Much of the U.S.
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The South Pre-1954
S e g r e g a t i o n
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Vending Machine Seen in the South
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A Turning Point

• 1954 The Brown Case
• Background
• Major Players

• SCs Decision?

Thurgood Marshall
Linda Brown
Earl Warren
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Aftermath

• Southern Resistance

• Massive resistance
• Southern Manifesto
• Revival of KKK

• A Couple of Crises
• in the 50s

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Montgomery, Alabama 1955
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Rosa Parks 1955
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R e s p o n s e . . .
A Year-Long Bus Boycott
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Significance?

• Leadership
• MLK
• SCLC-Southern
• Christian Lead.
• Conference est.
• in 1957 by King
• Strategy?
• Nonviolent
• passive resist.
• S.C. ruled bus
• seg. uncons.

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Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
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Central High School

• Background
• Gov. Orval
• Faubus-sent
• Nat. Guard
• Ike-sent in
• U.S. Army
• The Little
• Rock Nine

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A Year-Long Occupation of CHS
The Result?
Impact?
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Voting Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Voting Rights Act of 1960
Stage Set for the 1960s Movement
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Final Domestic Issue
L i b e r a l i s m v s . C o n s e r v a t i s m
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Continuing Liberalism

• Many ND/FD Programs Too Popular
• Kept Farm SubsidiesBut
• Tried to Reduce Them
• Soil Bank Plan
• Expanded Social Security,
• Minimum Wage - 1.00!
• Created Dept. of HEW
• Two Civil Rights Laws
• Job Programs (Highways, Etc.)
• Employed Govt Spending

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Retreating from Liberalism

• New Deal Creeping Socialism
• How to Undo It?
• Executive Orders
• Cut Funding (TVA, Etc.)
• Decentralization
• Partnerships and Privatization
• Practiced Benign Neglect

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• Oveta Culp Hobby
• Sec. Of H.E.W.
• But

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As with Truman, Foreign Policy Would
Dominate Ike's Presidency
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Foreign Policy
What Approach Would Ike Take In Figthting
Communism?
What Did He Inherit from Truman?
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The Cold War
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The New Combatants In the Cold War
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Ike's Turn...

• His Experience?
• His Goals?

• His Programs
• Assessment
• Comparison to Truman

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Ike Campaigned Against Containment

• Too Passive
• Too Expensive

What Would Replace It?
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Foreign Policy

• John Foster Dulles (Sec of State)
• The New Look
• Maximum Efficiency with
• Minimum Cost, or
• More Bang for the Buck
• Massive Retaliation
• Covert Action (CIA)
• Brinkmanship

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Dont be afraid, I can always pull you back
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China Again

• 1954 Taiwan Crisis
• Over Quemoy and Matsu
• How to Respond?

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Egypt

• Another Strongman Began
• to Challenge Our Presence
• Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Pledged Reform
• Hoped to Dam the
• Nile
• Needed Money
• Where to Get It?
• Played Sides!

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• He Nationalized the Canal
• Israel, GB, Fr. Invaded
• Suez Crisis (1956)
• Solution?
• UN Peacekeepers Sent
• Fighting Stopped, But?
• The Aftermath
• Egypt Got Canal, Fr/GB Out!
• 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine
• 1958 Lebanon
• Our Image in the Region?

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• Missile Race Began in the 50s
• Oct. 1957
• Sputnik

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• Message?
• Response?
• National
• Defense
• Education Act
• NASA
• What Next?
• Stay Tuned

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Spring, Texas
Communist Pressure...
The Last Domino?
Ike Expanded the Concept
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The New Look in Practice
Europe
Asia
Middle East
The Americas
How Well Did It Work?
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A Couple of Cold War Left-Overs First
McCarthyism

• Recall from the Truman Era
• Ikes Position?
• Army-McCarthy Hearings
• Televised in 1954

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• Busted!
• Censored by
• Congress
• Ike McCarthyism
• Has Become
• McCarthywasm
• Died in 1957

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Korean War

• Recall Trumans Policies
• Ike Promised to Go to Korea
• Hinted I Might
• Stalin Died in 53, USSR Had
• to Regroup
• July, 1953 Armistice Signed
• Aftermath?

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Korean War Overview

• Treaty Left Korea Divided
• P.O.W. Exchange
• 25,000 U.S. Killed
• 22 Billion Spent
• Was It Worth It?
• Remains a Trouble Spot Today

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The New Look in Asia
Korea
China
Indochina
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Eisenhower and SE Asia
Dienbienphu

• Ho Chi Minh
• French controlled
• since late 1800s
• Domino Theory
• 1954 Dienbienphu
• Why were the
• French defeated?
• -lack of U.S. funds and
• Guerrilla warfare

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Geneva Conference

• Negotiations held in Switzerland
• Geneva Accords (Signed in 54)

• Truce
• Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
• created from French Indo.
• 17th Parallel - DMZ
• French Would Withdraw
• In 2 Years, Elections
• No Military Alliances

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Getting In Deeper

• 1956 France Withdrew
• (Power Vacuum)
• 1956 S.Vietnam elected Ngo Dinh
• Diem and Ho Chi Minh controls
• N. Vietnam
• --Diem did not allow
• electionscreated
• tension between N. S.

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Ike, Dulles, Ngo Dinh Diem
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From 1956 to 1960 Problems Developed
V i e t c o n g
NLF
The Next President Would Inherit This Growing
Mess
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The New Look in Europe

• France
• West Germany
• East Germany
• Khruschevs
• 1956 Speech
• Poland
• Hungary

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Hungarian Freedom Fighters
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The New Look inthe Middle East

• Background
• Importance?
• Israel/Palestine
• By 50s A Cold
• War Theater
• Iran
• Egypt
• Lebanon

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Creation of Israel

• Decision to Partition Palestine
• Zionist Movement, Holocaust
• May 14, 1948 Israel Created
• U.S. Immediately Recognized It
• First Arab-Israeli War Began

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The Aftermath

• 1950 UN Resolved It, But
• Tripartite Pact U.S., GB, Fr.
• Resolved to Keep Peace There
• The Region Would Remain a
• Trouble Spot

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Iran

• Spreading Arab Nationalism
• Middle Eastern Strongman
• Mohammed Mossadegh

• Nationalizing Oil
• Allowing Communists
• into His Government
• Response?
• Operation Ajax

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• Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
• Came to Power

• Our Man
• What Next?
• We Got 40 Share
• of Irans Oil
• U.S. Aid to Iran
• White Revolution
• ProblemsBut for
• Another President

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U.S. Response to a Troubled Region

• How to Respond to a Troubled
• Region?
• 1955 Baghdad Pact, METO
• Made Nice with Saudi Arabia
• But, Caused Problems
• Was It Our Right to Make
• Decisions for the Region?

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• ED First Used in Lebanon
• The Problem?
• Our Image in Middle East?

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Yet Another Cold War Front...
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The Americas
Cuba
Guatemala
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• Guatemala

• Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

• Began Nationalizing Am. Property
• Turning Left!

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• Solution?
• CIA Operation
• Installed Colonel
• Carlos Armas

• Ended
• Communism
• There, But
• Image?

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Similar Problem in Cuba

• Revolution Took Out Fulgencio Batista
• Fidel Castro Came to Power
• Shunned by U.S., Turned toU.S.S.R.
• What Next? Stay Tuned

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• Ike Sent Nixon to L.A.
• His Visit

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A Temporary Thaw

• From Stalin to Khrushchev
• 1955 - Geneva Summit
• Open Skies
• Peaceful Coexistence
• However,.

A Renewed Arms Race

• Both Sides Had the Bomb
• What Next?
• First Strike Capability

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We will bury capitalism Your grand-children will
live under communism
What Did Khrushchev Say?
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• 1958
• Explorer I
• 30 Pounds

U.S. Response...
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First Dog in Space But Not Back from Space
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• 1958
• Gordo, the
• Space Monkey
• His Fate?
• Not til 1959

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From 1957 to 1960
What, Me Worry?
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We Did the Drills Also
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Attempted Detente
Nixons Trip to Moscow
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• The Kitchen Debates
• Khrushchevs Trip to U.S.
• Agreed to a Paris Summit
• 1960 - U-2 Incident

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I k e ' s F a r e w e l l A d d r e s s
Warned of the Growing Military-Industrial Complex
Next Time America in the 1960s