WHAT TO EXPECT IN THIS CHAPTER

1
WHAT TO EXPECT IN THIS CHAPTER

• A PAPER RELATING THE TERMS WE DISCUSS TO THE
  MOVIE NELL (100pt paper).
• BRING OLD APPROPRIATE MAGAZINES THAT CAN BE TORE
  APART (explain our culture).
• WRITE DOWN AND REVIEW EVERYONES VALUES
  (continuum on board).
• TYPE ONE PAGE ARTICLE REFLECTION.
• ENGAGE IN ETHNOMETHODOLOGY AT HOME/SCHOOL (write
  review).
• READ AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS RELATED TO THE
  CULTURE PACKET.
• ANALYSIS OF MUSIC.
• CONTINUUM OF TRAITS.

2
THE VALUES, BELIEFS, BEHAVIOR, MATERIAL OBJECTS
THAT CONSTITUTE A PEOPLES WAY OF LIFE (SHARED
WAY OF LIFE)CULTURE IS MADE UP OF NONMATERIAL
AND MATERIAL CULTURAL TRAITS
SOCIETY IS THE ORGANIZED INTERACTION OF PEOPLE
3
NOTHING IS INHERENTLY NATURAL
FOLLOW YOUR INSTINCTS AND YOU'LL BE "OK"

• MOST ANIMALS ARE DRIVEN BY INSTINCTS
• WHO WOULD SURVIVE IN WOODS 6 Y/O CHILD OR 1 Y/O
  DOG
• ALL DOGS BEHAVE THE SAME

• HUMANS RELY ON CULTURE TO ENSURE SURVIVAL
• A RED AND/OR GREEN LIGHT
• NO SINGLE HUMAN ACTS THE SAME

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DIFFERENCES AMONG AMERICANS AND CHINESE CULTURES

• WEAR BLACK TO FUNERALS
• 13 IS BAD LUCK
• OPENLY KISS IN PUBLIC
• DRIVE ON RIGHT SIDE OF ROAD
• ALL CHILDREN ARE IMPORTANT

• WEAR WHITE TO FUNERALS
• 4 IS BAD LUCK
• DO NOT KISS IN PUBLIC
• DRIVE ON LEFT SIDE OF ROAD
• ONLY BOYS ARE IMPORTANT

5
DO NOT CONFUSE CULTURE WITH SOCIETY. SOCIETY
REFERS TO PEOPLE INTERACTING WITHIN A LIMITED
TERRITORY GUIDED BY THEIR CULTURE.
6
NONMATERIAL CULTURE PRESENTS ITSELF AS A VALUE IN
THIS CARTOON. IT IS GOOD TO CARE FOR OUR
ENVIRONMENT.
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WHAT CAN WE DETERMINE ABOUT THE UNITED STATES?

• ARTIFACTS
• THE TANGIBLE HUMAN CREATIONS
• MATERIAL CULTURE OF OTHER CULTURES IS JUST AS
  STRANGE AS THE NONMATERIAL
• WHAT DOES THE AUTOMOBILE TELL US ABOUT US VALUES?
• WE VALUE INDIVIDUALITY INDEPENDENCE

• TECHNOLOGY
• KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY APPLIES TO THE TASK OF LIVING
  IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
• WE CAN RESHAPE OUR ENVIRONMENT EASIER
• TECHNOLOGY IS BOTH GOOD BAD (CLONING)
• LIVE PAST 75 YEARS OLD HAVE MIRACLE CURES
• WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

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THE DISTANCE PEOPLE WANT BETWEEN EACHOTHER

• Intimate sphere - very few things are tolerated
  here
• Personal sphere - this where most of the everyday
  actions take place
• Social sphere - e.g. cafeterias
• Global sphere - the culture you live in, rules,
  regulations, habits etc.

PROXEMICS

• EVERYONE STAND UP FIND SOMEONE YOU DONT KNOW
• DO YOU FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE WHEN PEOPLE ARE TOO
  CLOSE TO YOU WHEN TALKING?
• HAVE YOU EVER OBSERVED HOW YOU STAND WHEN YOURE
  NERVOUS?
• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE WHEN YOUR ON AN ELEVATOR?

10
CULTURE AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE

• PRIMATES HAVE THE LARGEST BRAINS (RELATIVE TO
  BODY SIZE) OF ALL LIVING CREATURES
• 12 MILLION YEARS AGO PRIMATES DEVELOPED ALONG TWO
  DIFFERENT LINES (HUMANS AND APES)

11
WHEN DID WE USE CULTURE TO SURVIVE
IF THE WORLD WAS CREATED IN A YEAR!
CARL SAGAN EVOLUTION OF THE WORLD IN A YEAR

• 3 MILLION YEARS AGO OUR ANCESTORS GRASPED THE
  FUNDAMENTALS OF CULTURE (STONE AGE)
• USE FIRE, TOOLS, WEAPONS, BUILD SHELTERS, USE
  CLOTHS
• CIVILIZATION BASED ON PERMANENT SHELTERS
  SPECIALIZED OCCUPATIONS STARTED IN THE MIDDLE
  EAST 12,000 YEARS AGO
• GRADUALLY, CULTURE PUSHED ASIDE INSTINCT SO THAT
  HUMANS COULD FASHION THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT FOR
  THEMSLEVES
• HUMAN BRAIN GREW LARGER

12
CULTURE SHOCK
13
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE
CULTURE SHOCK
NORMALLY, WE TAKE CULTURE FOR GRANTED UNTIL THERE
COMES A DAY WHEN WE EXPERIENCE...

• DISORIENTATION DUE TO THE INABILITY TO MAKE SENSE
  OR READ MEANING IN TO ONES SURROUNDINGS
• WE BELIEVE OUR WAY OF LIFE IS NATURAL BUT ITS
  NOT
• FOREIGN REGIONAL TRAVELS
• TRAVELER EXPERIENCES CULTURE SHOCK BECAUSE THINGS
  ARE UNFAMILIAR
• TRAVELER INFLICTS CULTURE SHOCK ON OTHERS BY
  OFFENDING THEM

14
CULTURE SURE HAS A WAY OF CHANGING WHAT IS MEANT
BY GOING TO THE BEACH!

• MOST CULTURES SHARE COMMON COMPONENTS. WE WILL
  NOW EXAMINE EACH IN TURN.

15
ANYTHING THAT CARRIES A PARTICULAR MEANING
RECOGNIZED BY PEOPLE WHO SHARE CULTURE

• REALITY FOR HUMANS IS FOUND IN THE MEANING THINGS
  CARRY WITH THEM
• THE BASIS OF CULTURE
• PEOPLE MUST BE MINDFUL THAT MEANINGS VARY FROM
  CULTURE TO CULTURE
• MEANINGS CAN EVEN VARY GREATLY WITHIN THE SAME
  GROUPS OF PEOPLE
• FUR COATS, CONFEDERATE FLAGS, ETC.

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SYMBOLS CAN BE CONFUSING
SYMBOLS ALLOW US TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF OUR LIVES

• DONT USE SYMBOLS IN AN UNCONVENTIONAL WAY
• BURNING A FLAG
• WATCH OUT FOR CULTURE SHOCK
• I LOVE MY DOG BUT SOMEONE IN CHINA WANTS TO EAT
  MY DOG
• ALTHOUGH WE ARE STARVING IN INDIA, DONT EVEN
  THINK ABOUT HAVING A CHEESEBURGER
• MISUNDERSTANDING SYMBOLIC GESTURES
• DONT EAT WITH YOUR LEFT HAND IN MUSLIM SOCIETIES
  BECAUSE THEY USE IT FOR BATHROOM HYGIENE
• A-OK MEANS YOURE A ZERO IN FRANCE
• A THUMBS UP MEANS UP YOURS IN AUSTRALIA AND
  IN IRAQ
• PRESIDENT OF PANAMA TRIED TO HUG PRESIDENT CARTER
  CARTER JUMPED BACK ( TO REFUSING A HANDSHAKE)

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A SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO
COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER

• CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
• PASSING ON CULTURE
• SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
• WE KNOW THE WORLD ONLY IN TERMS OF OUR LANGUAGE
• LANGUAGE DETERMINES WHAT PEOPLE THINK AND
  PERCEIVE B/C LANGUAGE FORCES PEOPLE TO PERECEIVE
  THE WORLD IN CERTAIN TERMS
• THE ONLY WAY I COULD FEEL MORE GAY IS IF I HAD A
  FAG!!!!
• THE WORDS SUNSET AND/OR SUNDOWN HAS CONDITIONED
  THE HUMAN BRAIN
• NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
• BEWARE OF USING GESTURES

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UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL LANGUAGE

• 15 OF AMERICANS ARE ILLITERATE
• WESTERN SOCIETIES WRITE LEFT TO RIGHT AND IN
  NORTHERN AFRICA AND WESTERN ASIA THEY WRITE RIGHT
  TO LEFT

• GM NOVA NO GO
• COORS PHRASE TURN IT LOOSE SUFFER FROM
  DIARRHEA
• AIRLINES FLY IN LEATHER FLY NAKED
• RESTRAUNT ADVERTISEMENT IT TAKES A TOUGH MAN TO
  MAKE A TENDER CHICKEN IT TAKES A SEXUALLY
  EXCITED MAN TO MAKE A CHICKEN AFFECTIONATE
• Ich bin ein Berliner Im a Jelly Donut

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• ABSTRACT STANDARDS IN A SOCIETY OR GROUP THAT
  DEFINE IDEAL PRINCIPLES
• CULTURALLY DEFINED STANDARDS THAT SERVE AS BROAD
  GUIDELINES FOR SOCIAL LIVING
• ITS WHAT OUGHT TO BE, STANDARDS OF GOODNESS
• EX LIBERTY/FREEDOM, FAMILY, CAREER
• SHARED IDEAS HELD COLLECTIVELY BY PEOPLE WITHIN A
  GIVEN CULTURE
• PARTICULAR MATTERS THAT INDIVIDUALS CONSIDER TO
  BE TRUE OR FALSE
• EX BELIEF IN ONE GOD, NO GOD, MANY GODS
• EXAMPLES
• If you value religion, you should believe in God.
• Because most U.S. adults share the value of
  providing equal opportunities for all, they
  believe a qualified woman could serve as
  president of the United States (Do We)??
• Is it odd that some groups value their religion
  to such a degree that they believe they must kill
  others to defend it?

VALUES
BELIEFS

• THEY CREATE OUR PERSONALITIES
• WE LEARN HOW TO THINK AND ACT ACCORDING TO
  APPROVED PRINCIPLES, TO PURSUE WORTHY GOALS, AND
  TO BELIEVE IN CULTURAL TRUTH (FAMILIES, FRIENDS,
  SCHOOLS AND RELIGION DO THIS)

THE IMPORTANCE OF VALUES AND BELIEFS
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Life Objectives of First-Year College Students,
1969-2004  Today's students are less interested
in developing a philosophy of life and more
interested in making money.
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A FEW CORE AMERICAN VALUES AND INCONSISTENCIES
THAT GO WITH THEM
ROBIN WILLIAMS TEN KEY VALUES IN US

• EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
• POS EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE THE CHANCE TO GET AHEAD
• NEG DIFFERENT TALENTS MEAN SOME WILL BE
  SUCCESSFUL
• ACHIEVEMENT AND SUCCESS
• POS U.S. ENCOURAGES COMPETITION AND REFLECTS
  WORTHINESS
• NEG IF YOU DONT MAKE A NAME FOR YOURSELF, WHY
  ARE YOU HERE
• RACISM AND GROUP SUPERIORITY
• POS COLOR, RACE AND SEX SHOULD NOT PLAY A ROLE
• NEG DESPITE MANY WORDS TO THE CONTRARY, IN
  AMERICA, WE VALUE WHITES, MALES AND THE UPPER
  CLASS (SOME MORE THEN OTHERS)
• INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
• POS WE VALUE INDIVIDUALITY
• NEG DONT STRAY TOO FAR FROM THE NORM, B/C WE
  SUPPORT COMFORMITY
• MATERIAL COMFORT
• PRO WE SAY MONEY WONT BUY HAPPINESS.
• NEG OUR GOAL IS TO ACQUIRE WEALTH

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ROBIN WILLIAMS CONTINUED

• ACTIVITY AND WORK
• POS DOERS AND THOSE THAT BELIEVE IN ACTION ARE
  ADMIRED (ACTION VS. REFLECTION)
• NEG WE VALUE THOSE THAT TRY TO CONTROL THEIR
  FATE RATHER THAN ACCEPT ONES FATE
• PRACTICALITY AND EFFICIENCY
• POS WE VALUE THE PRACTICAL OVER THE THEORETICAL
• NEG WE APPRECIATE DOING THINGS NOT DREAMING
  ABOUT THINGS
• PROGRESS
• POSWE ALWAYS BELIEVE THE PRESENT IS BETTER THAN
  THE PAST
• NEG THE LATEST AND GREATEST IS THE BEST (WE TEND
  TO REPEAT THE SAME MISTAKES )
• SCIENCE
• POS WE BELIEVE IN BEING RATIONAL AND USING
  SCIENCE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS (MEN)
• NEG WE DEVALUE EMOTIONS AND INTUITION (WOMEN)
• DEMOCRACY AND FREE ENTERPRISE
• POS WE VALUE INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, FREEDOMS, AND
  DEMOCRACY
• NEG WE FORCE OUR DEMOCRATIC IDEALS ON OTHERS
• POS WE VALUE OUR ECONOMY
• NEG WE DESTROY/INFLUENCE OTHER ECONOMIES TO
  PRESERVE OURS

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VALUES INCONSISTENCY AND CONFLICT

• DO WE VALUE OUR INDIVIDUALITY OR IS THERE A FOCUS
  ON CONFORMITY?
• DO WE HAVE TO COMPROMISE IN ORDER TO BELONG/BE
  ACCEPTED TO A GROUP?
• WHY DO YOU OBEY YOUR PARENTS AND/OR LISTEN TO
  WHAT YOUR FRIENDS TELL YOU , USUALLY?
• CAN INCONSISTENT VALUES IN HUMANS BE POSITIVE?
• DEMONSTRATES THAT OUR CULTURE IS DIVERSE
• ENCOURAGES CHANGE IN TRADITIONAL WAYS
• CULTURE OF VICTIMIZATION VS. PERSONAL
  RESPONSIBILITY

HOMOSEXUALS DISCHARGED IN 1996
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SPECIFIC CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS FOR HOW PEOPLE
SHOULD BEHAVE IN A GIVEN SITUATION OR RULES BY
WHICH SOCIETY GUIDES THE BEHAVIOR OF ITS MEMBERS
NORMLESSNESS WOULD DESTROY US!

• TYPES
• PROSCRIPTIVE (THINGS NOT TO DO)
• PRESCRIPTIVE (THINGS TO DO)
• FURTHER REAKDOWN
• WILLIAM SUMNER
• MORES (RIGHT AND WRONG) MORALLY SIGNIFICANT
  TABOOS
• FOLKWAYS (RIGHT AND RUDE) LESS SERIOUS OFFENSES

Taking off your hat to escape the heat is
different from taking off your hat to satisfy an
obligation. The former is a regularity and the
latter is a norm.
LAWS ARE NORMS WHICH CAN BE ENFORCED BY AGENTS OF
THE STATE.
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• SOCIAL CONTROL
• MEANS BY WHICH MEMBERS OF SOCIETY ENCOURAGE
  CONFORMITY TO NORMS
• REINFORCING EVERYDAY BASIC RULES (NORMS) GOVERN
  BEHAVIORS
• POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SANCTIONS
• CONFORMING BRINGS PRAISE
• NONCONFORMITY BRINGS PAIN
• GUILT JUDGING OURSELVES
• SHAME PUBLIC DISAPPROVAL
• ONLY CULTURAL CREATURES CAN EXPERIENCE THIS

WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT A HICKIE?
QUIET PLEASEI DONT WANT ANY KIND OF SOCIAL
CONTROL TO REACH OUT AND GRAB ME!
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AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM RECOGNIZING PAST AND
PRESENT CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN U.S. SOCIETY AND
PROMOTING THE EQUALITY OF ALL CULTURAL TRADITIONS
MULTICULTURALISM

• THE EARLY ENGLISH MAJORITY ESTABLISHED ENGLISH AS
  THE DOMINANT LANGUAGE AND SET UP SOCIAL
  INSTITUTIONS BASED ON THE BRITISH ECONOMY, LEGAL
  SYSTEM, AND RELIGIONS
• NON-ENGLISH MINORITY HAD TO CONFORM OR DWINDLE
  AWAY
• EXPECTED TO ASPIRE BE JUDGED BY ENGLISH WAYS
• EUROCENTRISM THE DOMINANCE OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL
  PATTERNS (ENGLISH)
• PEOPLE OF NATIVE AMERICAN AFRICAN DESCENT ARE
  NOT RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ACHIEVEMENT
• NATIVE AMERICANS WERE THE FIRST PEOPLE IN THE
  NEW WORLD
• CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND OTHER EUROPEANS
  UNLEASHED DOMINATION AND DEATH FROM WAR AND
  DISEASE, NOT A BETTER LIFE STYLE
• AFROCENTRISM THE DOMINANCE OF AFRICAN CULTURAL
  PATTERNS
• THEY WERE ENSLAVED BY EUROPEANS FOR YEARS
• STRESS AFRICAN CULTURE TO BLACKS OVER WHITE
  CULTURE
• CURRENT PROBLEMS WITH MULTICULTURAL VIEW
• DOES THIS ENCOURAGE DIVISION RATHER THAN UNITY BY
  URGING INDIVIDUALS TO IDENTIFY WITH THEIR OWN
  CATEGORY RATHER THAN WITH THE NATION AS A WHOLE
  (RACIAL SEGREGATION)?

ENGLISH IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
WHERE'S THE MELTING POT?
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THERE ARE TIMES WHEN CULTURAL DIVERSITY IS GOOD
FOR A SOCIETY, AS WELL AS TIMES WHEN IT SEEMS TO
WORK AGAINST THE GRAIN

• SUBCULTURES
• GROUPS WHOSE CULTURAL PATTERNS SET THEM APART
  FROM WIDER SOCIETY
• ARE YOU A PART OF ONE CULTURE OR MANY
  SUBCULTURES?
• RELIGIOUS GROUPS, ATHLETES, COWBOYS
• YUGOSLAVIA WAS THE SIZE OF WYOMING
• 25 MILLION PEOPLE, 3 RELIGIONS, 2 ALPHABETS, 4
  LANG, 5 NATIONALITIES, 6 POLT REPUB, INFLUENCED
  BY 7 COUNTRIES
• COUNTERCULTURES
• GROUPS WHOSE CULTURAL PATTERNS ARE AT GREAT ODDS
  WITH WIDER SOCIETY
• RADICAL MILITIA GROUPS, THE KLAN, THE SKINS,
  HIPPIES

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CULTURE CHANGES IN ONE OF TWO WAYS

• CULTURE INTEGRATION (cell phones)
• THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF
  A CULTURAL SYSTEM
• CHANGE IN ONE PART OF CULTURE (COMPUTERS) MAY
  LEAD TO CHANGES IN OTHER PARTS OF CULTURE
  (LANGUAGE)
• WOMEN JOINING THE WORK FORCE HAS CHANGED FAMILY
  PATTERNS (DIVORCE RATE, CRIME, LATER MARRIAGES)
• CULTURE LAG
• SOME CULTURAL ELEMENTS CHANGE MORE QUICKLY THAN
  OTHERS, WHICH MAY DSRUPT A CULTURAL SYSTEM
• NONMATERIAL NORMALLY LAGS BEHIND, WHILE
  MATERIAL (TECHNOLOGY) SPEEDS AHEAD AT ALARMING
  RATES
• HOW ARE WE TO APPLY THE TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF
  MOTHERHOOD AND FATHERHOOD IN A CULTURE WHERE ONE
  WOMAN CAN GIVE BIRTH TO A CHILD USING ANOTHER
  WOMANS EGG, WHICH HAS BEEN FERTILIZED IN A
  LABORATORY WITH THE SPERM OF A TOTAL STRANGER?

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ETHNOCENTRISM
CULTURAL RELATIVISM

• THE PRACTICE OF JUDGING ANOTHER CULTURE BY THE
  STANDARDS OF ONES OWN CULTURE
• BELIEVING THAT OUR CULTURE IS SUPERIOR TO OTHER
  CULTURES
• HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE JOBS? DO YOU GIVE THE MONEY
  YOU EARN TO YOUR FAMILY?
• WHY ARE CRAFTS AND OTHER ITEMS SO CHEAP IN
  THIRD-WORLD COUNTRIES?
• MANY OF THE PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CHILDREN (5-6)
• POOR FAMILIES RELY ON THEIR CHILDRENS INCOME TO
  SURVIVE
• AMERICANS BELIEVE CHILDHOOD IS A TIME OF
  INNOCENCE AND FREEDOM, WITH NO STRESS
• WHAT ONE CULTURE FINDS NORMAL, ANOTHER CULTURE
  MAY FIND IT CRUEL AND STRANGE
• WHO REPRESENTS THE FAR EAST AND THE MIDDLE
  KINGDOM (MAP)?

• THE PRACTICE OF JUDGING A CULTURE BY ITS OWN
  STANDARDS
• MUST UNDERSTAND VALUES AND NORMS OF THE OTHER
  CULTURE AND ALSO DISREGARD OUR OWN
• VIRTUALLY ANY KIND OF BEHAVIOR IS PRACTICED
  SOMEWHERE IN THE WORLD, BUT DOES THAT MEAN
  EVERYTHING IS EQUALLY RIGHT?
• CONFUCIUS, A CHINESE PHILOSPHER SAID, ALL PEOPLE
  ARE THE SAME ITS ONLY THEIR HABITS THAT ARE
  DIFFERENT!

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STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

• DEPICTS CULTURE AS A COMPLEX STRATEGY FOR
  MEETING HUMAN NEEDS
• BELIEVES CULTURAL VALUES GIVE MEANING TO LIFE
  AND BIND PEOPLE TOGETHER

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS

• TRAITS COMMON TO EVERY KNOWN CULTURE
• THE FAMILY
• THE CONTROL OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHILD
  REARING
• FUNERAL RITES
• COMFORT AND CONTINUITY FOR THE LIVING
• HUMOR
• SAFETY VALVE FOR SOCIAL TENSIONS
• DEVIANCE
• REMEMBER, EVEN IN A GROUP OF SAINTS DEVIANCE
  WOULD EXIST

GEORGE MURDOCK
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SOCIAL-CONFLICT ANALYSIS

• All cultural traits benefit some members of
  society at the expense of others
• Why do certain values dominate a society in the
  first place (wealth)
• Materialism a societys system of material
  production has a powerful effect on the rest of a
  culture
• Our competitive values have evolved from a
  capitalistic economy
• Taught to think that the rich and powerful have
  more talent and energy than others and are
  deserving (discourages reducing economic
  disparity)
• Change to the status quo will be demanded (civil
  rights, health care)
• Many will defend the status quo, but why?
• What do we and/or the elite really value
  equality or wealth?

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Sociobiology Analysis

• A theoretical paradigm that explores ways in
  which human biology affects how we create culture
• This paradigm rest on Darwins theory of
  evolution
• All living things live to reproduce
• The blueprints for reproduction is in the genes
  (carries traits to new generations)
• Random variations in genes allows some to acquire
  advantages over others
• Genetic patterns that promote reproduction
  survive and become dominant
• Species adapt to their environment and dominant
  traits emerge as the nature of the organism
• What does this all mean?

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DOUBLE STANDARD

• Men sperm is renewable throughout life
• Could fertilize every women on the planet
• Women egg is not renewable (born with a certain
  number)
• A woman can only bear a small number of children
• Men reproduce their genes most efficiently by
  being promiscuous (readily having sex)
• This is counter to a womans reproductive
  interests
• Women must carefully select a mate whose
  qualities will contribute to their childs
  survival (man sticks around)
• The double standard exists around the world b/c
  women and men tend toward distinctive
  reproductive strategies
• Some would say the DS is natural
• Historical domination over women is also the
  cause

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DOES CULTURE BIND US TOGETHER OR ENCOURAGE
INDIVIDUALITY?
CULTURE AS CONSTRAINT

• WE ONLY KNOW OUR WORLD IN TERMS OF OUR CULTURE
• CULTURE IS OFTEN FORMED BY HABBITS WHICH WE
  REPEAT
• RACISM AND PREJUDICE
• THE MEDIA OFTEN SHAPES CULTURE
• ARE WE MANIPULATED TO HELP THEM PROFIT
• SOCIETY INSISTS ON COMPETATIVE ACHIEVEMENT
  FREEDOM
• ISOLATES US FROM OTHERS
• DIVERTED FROM SECURITY AND SATISFACTION OF CLOSE
  RELATIONSHIPS
• HUMAN COMMUNITY OF SUPPORT IS DEPRIVED

CULTURE AS FREEDOM

• CULTURE IS EVER-CHANGING AND OFFERS AMPLE
  OPPORTUNITIES
• LOTS OF HOPE AND CREATIVE CHOICE DUE TO CULTURE
  AND DIVERSITY
• THE GREATER WE UNDERSTAND OUR CULTURE THE EASIER
  IT IS TO DECIDE HOW TO CHANGE IT

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Critical Analysis of Music in Popular Culture

• A. Listen carefully to the words of a popular
  song (possibly a controversial song).
• 1. AN APPROPRIATE SONG WOULD BE NICE!
• B. Think about what cultural undertones are
  verbalized in the lyrics.
• 1. How does the song relate to our culture and
  how does it differ?
• C. Analyze the song from a sociological
  perspective
• 1. Culture as freedom or constraint, cultural
  universals vs. culturally confined, ethnocentric
  vs. cultural relativism, cultural integration and
  culture lag, subculture vs. counterculture,
  popular vs. high culture, ideal vs. real culture,
  social control, norms (pre vs. pro), values and
  beliefs, language (sapir whorf) and symbols,
  culture shock, material vs. non-material cultural
  traits
• D. Requirements for the paper
• 1. One page, single spaced, 12 font, times new
  roman.
• 2. The more comprehensive (all inclusive) the
  analysis, the higher your grade.
• E. Grading
• 1. Appropriateness and sharing song with
  class 10pts
• 2. Analysis from a sociological
  standpoint 40pts
• 3. Total 50pts

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DIVERSITY IN CULTURE

• IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION
• EACH YEAR OVER 1 MILLION PERSONS HAVE COME TO THE
  UNITED STATES
• ONE OF THE MOST MULTICULTURAL COUNTRIES IN THE
  WORLD
• MONOCULTURAL IS THE OPPOSITE
• EXAMPLE JAPAN
• PATCHWORK QUILT
• TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE OUR LAND OF DIFFERENCES
• DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF CULTURE
• HIGH CULTURE (Violin)
• CULTURAL PATTERNS FOUND WITHIN A SOCIETYS ELITE
  GROUPS
• POPULAR CULTURE (Fiddle)
• PATTERNS THAT ARE WIDESPREAD

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IDEAL VS. REAL CULTURE

• DESCRIBE THE PERFECT RELATIONSHIP/MARRIAGE
• IDEAL CULTURE
• SOCIAL PATTERNS MANDATED BY VALUES AND NORMS
• REAL CULTURE
• ACTUAL SOCIAL PATTERNS THAT ONLY APPROXIMATE
  CUTLURAL EXPECTATIONS
• MARRIAGE AS AN EXAMPLE
• HOW REAL ARE THE FOLLOWING IDEAL SOCIAL
  PATTERNS?
• OPEN LINES OF COMMUNICATION - OR CLOSED?
• LOVING RELATIONSHIP - OR ABUSE?
• IN GOOD TIMES AND IN BAD - OR DIVORCE?
• EQUITY IN GENDER ROLES - OR LITTLE SHARING?
• FIDELITY IS IMPORTANT IN A MARRIAGE BUT WE DO
  CHEAT
• 25 OF MEN AND 10 OF FEMALES CHEAT (1994)