Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity. Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities.

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Explore the types and levels of challenge posed
by varying forms of tectonic activity.Research
contrasting locations to draw out the range of
tectonic activity and the different impacts
produced on communities.

• January 2010

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Explore the types and levels of challenge posed
by varying forms of tectonic activity.
Concepts Processes Theories Models
1.1 Range of hazards associated with Volcanoes and Earthquakes Volcanism Earth Movement Plate tectonics The Dregg Disaster model
1.2 Event profile
3.1 Why people live in hazard zones Occupancy Disaster risk equation
3.2 Range of hazards Plate Boundaries Constructive, destructive, conservative
3.3 Impacts range of scales and locations
3.4 Trends - frequency and impact Parks Hazard response model
4.1 Varying approaches to coping with hazards
4.2 Specific strategies
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Research contrasting locations to draw out the
range of tectonic activity and the different
impacts produced on communities.
hints at the type of supporting evidence needed,
for example a range of areas / types/ strategies,
and means a focus on the geographical places,
case studies and examples illustrating these.
CASE STUDIES must be in contrasting areas and on
a range of hazardsKnow your 6 case studies to
include 2 volcanic eruptions (1 LEDC 1 MEDC), 2
Earthquakes (1 MEDC, 1 LEDC) and 2 Tsunamis (1
LEDC 1 MEDC) with a BIG focus on
IMPACTS.Identify contrasts in impacts on
different types of communities i.e. urban/rural,
MEDC/LEDC, levels of education, communities'
perception of the hazards.IMPACTS should be not
all negative - there are some positive impacts as
well go back to "Why do people live in
hazardous areas". (3.1)
Go to Slide 10
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Explore the types and levels of challenge posed
by varying forms of tectonic activity.
N.B. 1.1 is a hyperlink
1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes
tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of
tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes
(lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and
earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement,
liquefaction, tsunamis, etc).
1.2 Event profile of hazards, including
frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent.
3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically
active areas and how this might relate to the
level of economic development.
3.2 The range of hazards associated with
different types of tectonic activity.
3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time.
4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and
governments to coping with tectonic hazards in
countries at different stages of development.
4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment
modifying loss burden, modifying the event and
modifying human vulnerability and the range of
approaches and strategies used in locations at
different stages of development.
Research contrasting locations to draw out the
range of tectonic activity and the different
impacts produced on communities.
3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic
hazards at a range of scales and at locations in
countries at different stages of development.
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1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes
tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of
tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes
(lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and
earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement,
liquefaction, tsunamis, etc).

• Tectonic activity can produce a very large range
  of hazard events
• Not all of these events are disasters
• A natural hazard event becomes a disaster when
  the event causes a significant impact on a
  vulnerable population.

Refer to the table in you have already made
Volcano Volcano Earthquake Earthquake
Hazard Example Hazard Example
Lava Mauna Loa Tsunami Banda Aceh

Return to slide 4
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1.2 Event profile of hazards, including
frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent.

• Not all tectonic hazards are the same
• Event profiles are a common way of comparing
  different hazards
• In this example the 2004 Asian Tsunami and
  ongoing eruption of Kilauea on Hawaii are
  compared
• Hazard profiles can be drawn for any event.

The nature of the hazard creates the level of
challenge
Refer to the event profiles you have drawn for
your 6 detailed case studies. Draw event profiles
so you can compare and contrast your examples
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3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically
active areas and how this might relate to the
level of economic development.
Benefits of living in an tectonic Area plus
side of Volcanoes

• Hazards x Vulnerability
• __________
• Risk Equation Capacity
• The risk of disaster grows as global hazards and
  peoples vulnerability increases, while their
  capacity to cope decreases.

Vulnerability Factors Wealth of the Individual
technical ability of the country level of
education Age of person Location (Rural Urban)
(MDC / LDC) degree of exposure migration of
the poor to a hazard zone Speed of onset
effectiveness of warning

• Are more people at RISK ?
• Population Growth 2. Land pressure 3.
  Urbanisation
• 4. Economic Growth more damage 5. Increase in
  reported disasters due to development of mass
  media and communications.

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3.2 The range of hazards associated with
different types of tectonic activity.



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3.2 The range of hazards associated with
different types of tectonic activity.
What factors determine the varied physical nature
of the hazard
Frequency
Type of magma (viscosity)
Depth of Focus
Proximity to population centres
Type of Plate Boundary
Risk Perception
Explosiveness of eruption
Quality and accuracy of Prediction and Forecast
Type of Fault
Material ejected
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3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic
hazards at a range of scales and at locations in
countries at different stages of development.
Every hazard event is different, and therefore
the specific impacts of disaster vary When
researching case studies, it is important to be
able to identify specific impacts and be able to
explain these Some impacts are tangible and can
be given a financial value. Others are
intangible, such as the destruction of a temple
or artwork. Many losses are direct and immediate
such as property damage, but others are indirect
these come later and are harder to quantify,
such as stress and psychological damage. Impacts
are often considered as human (death, injury,
illness), economic (property loss, loss of
income, cost of relief effort) and physical
(changes to landscape and topography).
Degree of Impact is affected by 1. Duration of
hazard 2. Scale of Hazard 3. Frequency of
Hazard and 4. Magnitude of hazard. Impacts can
vary geographically There are significant
differences between LEDC and MEDC countries.
Generally, LEDC hazards are social in nature
(Larger number of deaths) MEDC hazards are
economic in nature.
Physical Social Economic

Go to Slide 11
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3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic
hazards at a range of scales and at locations in
countries at different stages of development.
Go to Slide 12
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• Explaining the impact of Natural hazards
• The human context in which hazards occur is as
  important and often more important than the
  geophysical causes of the event.
• Factors influencing the human impact of natural
  hazards include
• Population Density in the area affected
• Prior experiences of hazards in the area
• Traditional methods of coping with hazards
• The degree of accuracy in predicting the hazard
• The effects of any hazard warning, preparation
  and / or evacuation procedures
• The speed and effectiveness of local, national
  and international emergency and long term relief
  services
• The overall level of economic development (LEDC
  MEDC)
• Perception of those involved

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http//www.em-dat.net/documents/Publication/public
ation_2004_emdat.pdf
3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time.
There is a decreasing number of deaths due to
hazards
The number/frequency of reported natural
disasters has increased
Since 1980, the average annual economic cost of
hazards has risen from less than 20 bn to more
than 160 bn.
Why ? Better understanding of natural
disasters Better preparedness Better technology
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4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and
governments to coping with tectonic hazards in
countries at different stages of development.
People cope with natural hazards in very
different ways The chosen ways are often related
to wealth and access to technology Humans do
have a capacity to ignore or seriously
underestimate risk, even when it seems obvious to
others Often it may seem obvious that people
should move out of harms way, but in reality this
may be impossible.
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Modify Loss burden Modify Loss burden Modify Loss burden Modify hazard event Modify hazard event Modify hazard event Modify Human Vulnerability Modify Human Vulnerability Modify Human Vulnerability Hazard Type and Example
Accept Loss Aid Insurance Environmental Control Hazard Resistance Hazard Resistance Community Preparedness Forecasting and Warning Land Use Planning Hazard Type and Example
Accept Loss Aid Insurance Environmental Control Design Retrofitting Community Preparedness Forecasting and Warning Land Use Planning Hazard Type and Example
VOLCANO LEDC
VOLCANO MEDC
EARTHQUAKE LEDC
EARTHQUAKE MEDC
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4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment
modifying loss burden, modifying the event and
modifying human vulnerability and the range of
approaches and strategies used in locations at
different stages of development.
Modify the event (hazard mitigation) Modify human vulnerability Modify the loss
Tsunami Coastal defences and engineering Warming and prediction systems Coastal zone management and landuse planning Provision of emergency kits Loss modification involves immediate rescue efforts, followed by relief efforts which focus on food, shelter, water and sanitation. Insurance can help recovery. Long term reconstruction is needed.
Earthquakes Not possible Ground shaking and liquefaction risk mapping Aseismic buildings Earthquake education and drills Prediction not possible Loss modification involves immediate rescue efforts, followed by relief efforts which focus on food, shelter, water and sanitation. Insurance can help recovery. Long term reconstruction is needed.
Volcanoes Lava diversion Monitoring, prediction warning and evacuation systems Hazard mapping e.g. lahar risk Education Shelters Loss modification involves immediate rescue efforts, followed by relief efforts which focus on food, shelter, water and sanitation. Insurance can help recovery. Long term reconstruction is needed.
Go to Slide 15
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Possible titles

• Discuss the challenges posed for communities by
  different tectonic hazards. (70)
• Examine the impacts caused by tectonic activity
  and explore the reasons why these vary. (70)
• "The severity of a hazard is determined by the
  economic situation in which it occurs". How far
  do you agree? (70)
• Explain why the same type of hazard may have
  different impacts (70)
• Discuss the factors which affect the social,
  economic and demographic impact of hazards
• To what extent is the human response to hazard
  affected by variations in the economic resources
  available?
• The frequency and magnitude of natural hazards
  are the main factors that explain the spatial
  variation in their impact. Discuss.
• How true is it to say that natural hazard events
  cause damage in MEDCs and deaths in LEDCs?
• Discuss the relationship between the nature of
  tectonic hazards and the human response to them.

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