THE%20SCIENTIFIC%20REVOLUTION

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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Medieval View of Science

• Before 1500, people thought whatever the bible or
  ancient philosophers said must be true
• Teachings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen
• Science is based on common sense and reason
  basic thinking (Moon appears to be moving around
  the earth, earth must be center of universe
  witches, huh?)

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Geocentric Theory

• Earth is the center of the universe
• According to the belief, the sun, moon and other
  planets revolved around the earth
• Common sense supported that view- it seemed the
  sun rises and sets everyday
• Geocentric theory
• Aristotle and Ptolemy
• Church support God placed earth in center

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Geocentric Model

• Ptolemys
• Geocentric theory

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Major Movements brew something new

• The Renaissance inspired a spirit of curiosity
• People started questioning things nature, human
  ability, religion
• Inventions Printing press!
• The Reformation encouraged leaders to challenge
  the accepted ways of thinking about God and
  salvation
• Age of Discovery tools needed for exploration
  astronomy and mathematics needed for travel
  thoughts of discovery in all fields!

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New Way of Thinking

• Scholars/Philosophers publish works challenging
  classic thought in the 1500s
• Knowledge can help people/society!!!!
• Scientific Revolution!!
• Challenging accepted beliefs
• New ways of thinking of the natural world
• Use of observation, experimentation, logical
  reasoning
• Question everything! Nothing accepted to be true

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Nicolaus Copernicus

• First major challenge to the old ways of thinking
  was in astronomy
• Polish cleric, studied planetary movements for 25
  years
• 1543, published On the Revolutions of the
  Heavenly Bodies
• Stated new theory heliocentric theory

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Heliocentrism Takes Hold

• Numerous scientists added to Copernicus theory
• Tycho Brahe recorded the movements of planets for
  many years collected data, but did not publish
• Brahes assistant, Johannes Kepler proved
  Copernicuss theory was true through mathematics
• Proved that the planets rotated around the earth
  in elliptically, not in circles

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• Johannes Kepler

Johannes Keplers view of solar system
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Galileo Galilei

• Italian scientist
• Many new laws and theories
• Law of the pendulum and early ideas on inertia
  (both challenged Aristotles beliefs)
• Built improved telescope, began to look at the
  heavens in 1609
• Discoveries of the heavens published in Starry
  Messenger (1610)
• Jupiter has 4 moons
• Sun has sun spots
• Moon is not smooth (challenges Aristotle's belief
  of pure substances
• Defends heliocentrism

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The Church Takes Notice

• Catholic and Protestant leaders learn of his
  findings.
• Findings completely challenge church doctrine and
  beliefs
• Church afraid that this will undermine their
  authority
• If they are wrong about this, then they can be
  wrong about everything, right?
• 1616, church issues warning to Galileo, stop it!
• 1632, Galileo publishes Dialogue Concerning the
  Two Chief World Systems supports Copernicus
• Pope Urban VIII angrily calls him to Rome,
  orders an Inquisition
• Under threats of torture and death, he recants
  his findings. Why?
• Dies on house arrest in 1642
• However, his books had already started to spread
  his ideas!

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The Scientific Method

• Early thinking in astronomy leads to the birth of
  the scientific method
• The scientific method is a logical procedure for
  gathering and testing ideas
• Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes perfected the
  method

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Francis Bacon

• Bacon believed that lives could improve through
  science and knowledge
• As an English politician and writer, he attacked
  the ideas of ancient thinkers, and urged
  scientists to experiment
• Created Empiricism
• experimental method
• Use experiments and observations, then draw
  conclusions

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Rene Descartes

• Early Enlightenment Philosopher, scientist
• Was a skeptic, believed there is truth in nothing
  until proven by logic and math use of reason
• Developed analytical geometry to prove his
  theories
• The only thing he knew for certain was that he
  existed-because, as he wrote, I think, therefore
  I am

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Newtons Law of Gravity

• Studied math and physics at Cambridge brilliant
  man
• By 26, belief that all objects are affected by
  same physical force
• Great discovery, the movement of that force
  affects/rules everything in the universe
• Law of universal gravitation
• Every object in the universe attracts everything
  other object
• The degree of attraction depends on the mass of
  the objects and the distance between them

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World Forever Changed

• In 1687, Newton published his ideas in a work
  called Mathematical Principles of Natural
  Philosophy
• In the book he described the universe as a giant
  clock, with all parts working together and was
  explained mathematically
• Credited God as the clockmaker
• Argued to be greatest scientific discovery ever
  made opinion?

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Revolution Spreads Tools of the Trade

• 1590- first microscope developed by Dutch
  eyeglass maker, Zacharias Janssen
• 1670s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to
  observe red blood cells and bacteria swimming in
  tooth scrapings
• 1643- Evangelista Torricelli developed first
  barometer
• 1714- Gabriel Fahrenheit creates a glass mercury
  thermometer (32 degrees is freezing!)

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Medicine and the Human Body

• During Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted
  as fact, the writings of ancient Greek physician
  Galen
• Galen had never dissected a human being, but
  studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals
• Galen assumed the anatomy of a human was the same
• Medicine based off of a balance of four humors
• Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

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Andreas Vesalius

• Flemish physician
• Dissects humans to study the body, crushes
  Galens findings
• 1543, publishes On the Structure of the Human
  Body
• Large amount of diagrams of human organs,
  skeletal system, and muscles

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Vaccines

• 1700s, British doctor Edward Jenner introduced a
  vaccine to prevent smallpox
• Smallpox inoculation already existed, but was
  dangerous (used smallpox)
• Jenner used cowpox, a milder strain

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Chemistry is Born

• Robert Boyle Father of Chemistry
• 1661, published The Skeptical Chemist
• Challenged Aristotle's belief that physical world
  is made of four elements earth, wind, water, and
  fire
• Instead, matter is made of small particles that
  join and effect each other

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Science Births the Enlightenment

• Other scholars and philosophers applied a
  scientific approach to other areas of life
• They believed themselves to be rationale,
  methodical, and industrious- or enlightened
• These people would become the leaders of an
  intellectual movement called The Enlightenment