Chapter%201%20Lecture%20Notes

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Name Hour Date

• Chapter 1 Lecture Notes
• Science and the Environment

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Chapter 1 Section 1 Targets
Define and compare environmental science
with . List and Define the that
contribute to environmental science. Describe
the major environmental effects of , the
revolution, and the Revolution. Distingui
sh between newable and newable
resources. Classify environmental into three
major categories.
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What is Environmental Science?

• Environmental Science Study of how humans affect
  their and surroundings

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Goals of Environmental Science

• Major goal of environmental science is to
  and environmental problems.
• Environmental scientists study 2 main types of
  between humans and the environment
• How our actions the environment.
• Our of natural resources.

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Environmental Science vs. Ecology

• Environmental science involves many fields of
  study, including ecology.
• Ecology study of interactions of living
  organisms with one another and their environment.
• Major Levels Studied by Ecologists?

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5 Fields of Study Used by Environmental Scientists
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Scientists as Citizens, Citizens as Scientists

• Who is usually the first person to recognize an
  environmental problem?
• The of are the first steps toward
  addressing an environmental problem.

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Our Environment Through Time
Wherever have hunted, grown food, or settled,
they have the environment.
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Hunter-Gatherers

• Hunter-gatherers people who get food by
  plants and wild animals or scavenging their
  remains.
• Hunter-gatherers their environment in many
  ways
• They hunted animals, their populations
• The tribes also to burn prairies and prevent
  the grow of trees. This left the prairie as an
  open grassland ideal for hunting bison.

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Hunter-Gatherers

• In North America, a combination of rapid
  and by hunter-gatherers may have led to
  disappearance of large mammal species, including
• giant sloths
• giant bison
• mastodons
• cave bears
• saber-toothed cats

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The Agricultural Revolution

• Agriculture raising crops and livestock for food
  or other products useful to humans.
• Practice of agriculture began over 10,000 years
  ago.
• Often called the Revolution.
• Allowed human populations to grow at rate.
  WHY?
• Many were and replaced with farmland.
• Replacing forest with farmland caused soil loss,
  floods, and water shortages.

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The Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution from energy sources
  such as animals/running water to fossil fuels
  such as coal/oil.
• use of fossil fuels greatly increased
  efficiency of agriculture, industry, and
  transportation.
• For example, motorized vehicles allowed food to
  be transported cheaply across greater distances.
• On farms, machinery amount of land and human
  labor needed to produce food.
• With fewer people producing their own food,
  populations in urban areas steadily .

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Improving the Quality of Life

• Industrial Revolution introduced many
  changes such as the light bulb.
• Agricultural productivity , and sanitation,
  nutrition, and medical care .
• The Industrial Revolution also introduced
  newenvironmental such as pollution and
  habitat loss.
• We now have materials such as plastics,
  artificial pesticides, and fertilizers.
• Much of environmental science is concerned with
  associated with the Industrial Revolution.

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Spaceship Earth

• Earth is a system.
• Some resources are and as populations grow,
  they are used more rapidly.
• We may also wastes faster than they can be
  .
• Environmental problems on different scales
  local, regional, or global.
• A example would be your community discussing
  where to build a new landfill.
• A example would be a polluted river 1000 miles
  away affecting the regions water.
• A example would be the depletion of the ozone
  layer.

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Comprehension Check

• Name a global environmental problem.
• 2. Name a local environmental problem.
• 3. Could the local problem be a part of the
  global problem? If so, how?

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What are our Main Environmental Problems?

• Environmental problems can generally be grouped
  into three categories
• Depletion
• Loss of

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Resource Depletion

• Natural Resources any natural materials used by
  humans, such as, water, petroleum, minerals,
  forests, and animals.
• Classified as either a renewable or nonrenewable.
• Renewable resources can be replaced relatively
  quickly by natural process.
• Nonrenewable resources form at a much slower rate
  than they are consumed.

Recyclable vs. Renewable
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Pollution

• Pollution change in natural environment
  caused by of substances harmful to living
  organisms or by excessive wastes, heat, noise, or
  radiation

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Pollution

• Two main types of pollutants
• degradable pollutants
• be broken down by natural processes and
  include materials such as newspaper
• Are a problem only when they accumulate than
  they can be broken down
• degradable pollutants
• be broken down by natural processes and
  include materials such as mercury
• They can build up to levels in the
  environment

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Loss of Biodiversity

• Biodiversity of organisms in a given area or
  the genetic variation within a population
• These organisms can be considered
  resources.
• Can you think of 3 reasons why biodiversity would
  be important to our survival?

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Comprehension Check

• How do scientists define a nonrenewable resource?
• A. a resource that is used by humans
• B. a resource that can never be replaced
• C. a resource that can be replaced relatively
  quickly
• D. a resource that takes more time to
  replace than to deplete

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Comprehension Check

• 2. Which of the following is an important field
  for environmental science?
• A. ecology
• B. economics
• C. meteorology
• D. political science

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Comprehension Check

• 3. Which of the following phrases describes the
  term biodiversity?
• A. species that have become extinct
• B. the animals that live in an area
• C. species that look different from one another
• D. the number and variety of species that live
  in an area

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Comprehension Check

• Energy from the sun, water, air, wood, and soil
  are all examples of what kind of energy?
• ecological energy
• organic energy
• renewable energy
• solar energy

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Chapter 1 Section 2 Targets
Describe The Tragedy of the . Explain the
Law of and . List three differences
between develop and develop countries.
Explain what is, and describe why it is a
goal of environmental science.
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The Tragedy of the Commons

• Ecologist Garrett Hardin argued there is a
  conflict between the of the individual and
  the of society.
• The example he used was the , or the areas of
  land that belonged to the whole village.

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The Tragedy of the Commons

• want as many animals in the commons as
  possible.
• If too many animals graze on commons, they
  destroy the grass.
• Once grass was destroyed, everyone suffered
  because no one could raise animals on the
  commons.
• Hardins realized someone must take for
  maintaining a resource or it will become
  depleted.
• This can be applied to our resources.

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Supply and Demand

• Law of Supply and Demand as for a
  good or service increases, of the food or
  service also increases.
• Example oil production.

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Developed and Developing Countries

• countries have
• higher incomes
• slower population growth
• diverse industrial economies
• stronger social support.

• countries have
• lower average incomes
• simple agriculture-based communities
• rapid population growth.

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Population and Consumption

• Almost all environmental problems are traced back
  to 2 main causes
• The human population in some areas is for
  the local environment to support.
• People many natural resources than
  they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned up.

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Consumption Trends

• To support higher , developed countries use
  much more of Earths resources.
• Developed nations use of worlds resources,
  although they make up only of worlds
  population.
• This rate of consumption creates more waste and
  pollution per person than in developing countries.

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Ecological Footprints

• Ecological footprints calculations that show
  in a particular country.
• estimates used for crops, grazing, forests
  products, and housing. It also includes area
  used to harvest seafood and needed to absorb
  air pollution caused by fossil fuels.
• one way to express the differences in between
  nations.

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A Sustainable World

• Sustainability condition in which human needs
  are met in a way that a human population can
  indefinitely.
• Examples
• is a key goal of environmental science.

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Comprehension Check

• Population growth can result in what ethical
  environmental problem, addressed by ecologist
  Garrett Hardin in The Tragedy of the Commons?
• A. the conflict between water resources and
  industrial growth
• B. the conflict between forest resources and the
  lumber companies
• C. the conflict between political interests and
  international energy use
• D. the conflict between individual interests and
  the welfare of society

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Comprehension Check

• Use this graph to answer questions 6 and 7

6. What was the total population increase between
the years 1600 and 1900? A. 0.6 billion B. 0.9
billion C. 1.0 billion D. 1.5 billion

• If the rate of growth from 1900-1950 had been the
  same as the rate of growth from 1950-2000, what
  would the world population have been at the end
  of the century?
• A. more than 7 billion
• B. more than 10 billion
• C. more than 15 billion
• D. more than 20 billion

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Comprehension Check

• 8. Which of the following characterizes the
  environmental consequences of the current
  population trend?
• A. More people mean more housing construction.
• B. The need for food and resources is growing
  rapidly.
• C. The standard of living has risen around the
  world.
• D. There is no connection between population
  growth and environment.