Catholics Vs. Protestants

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Catholics Vs. Protestants
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Henry VIII

• Split from Catholic Church and began new Church
  in England
• A popular decision for the English people who
  felt removed from the Roman Catholic Church and
  the Pope.
• By creating a new church and placing himself as
  the head, he may now grant himself a divorce from
  his Catholic wife who could not produce a male
  heir.

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The Spanish Armada

• Catholic Spain attacked the newly Protestant
  England to restore the country to Catholicism
• If successful they would gain control of England
  so that the English privateers would not raid
  Spanish ships coming from the New World

4
The Inquisition

• Tortured victims in order to weed out the
  non-believers and strengthen the Catholic Church
• The Inquisition was also used as a weapon against
  the Jews to confiscate their wealth for the kings

5
The Creation of the Jesuits

• A group formed into a new Religious Order to
  revitalize the weakening Catholic faith
• Used as a political tool of the papacy, until
  they became too powerful and they were outlawed.
  Reestablished 150 years later.

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The Thirty Years War

• A war in Germany between the Catholic and
  Protestant rulers
• Rulers and soldiers supported the rulers that
  would benefit them the most. (Catholic France
  supported Protestant kings to check the power of
  Catholic Austria.)

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The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

• An effort by the Catholic ruler of France to rid
  the country of Protestants
• Politically motivated, Catherine dMedici
  attempted the assassination of a Protestant
  leader and was about to be discovered.
• This massacre allowed her to escape prosecution.
  (She also kept one of the protestant leaders safe
  for future use against her Catholic rivals.)

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Henri Bourbon becomes the French King

• Henri converts to Catholicism
• Declared that Paris is worth a Mass (meaning
  that he converted to Catholicism in the hope of
  stabilizing France that was mostly Catholic.)

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The Rise of Commerce and Exploration
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Marco Polo

• 1275-1293
• Travelled to China and Japan for 25 years
• Visited Kublai Khan court (Genghis Khans son)
• Upon returning, wrote The Travels
• Very popular throughout Europe

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Columbus

• 1492
• Discovered Cuba
• Four voyages back to New World
• Was ruthless to the natives
• If the Indians did not find quota of gold, he
  would cut of hands
• He did not discover the New World
• He did kick start a massive migration from Europe

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Conquerors

• Renaissance Men Critical thinkers who are not
  confined by the physical and intellectual bonds
  of the Middle Ages
• Upper Middle Class
• People who have a background in trading and
  shipping
• Seekers of Glory This is a big step. Few in the
  world have ever taken a ship out of the sight of
  land. New technologies had developed in ships
  and sailing that allowed this now

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Commerce

• The goal of all voyages was financial gain
• Columbus (Who knew the world was round, he just
  thought it was smaller) was seeking a direct
  route to the Spice Islands to obtain items that
  were incredibly expensive in Europe
• To control the trade and market of hard to get
  items - would make them rich men

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The Commercial Advantages

• The voyages in the early years could pay off at
  1000
• So if you invested
• 3000, how much
• would your return
• be at 1000

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Catholicism

• In many ways the Age of Exploration was an effort
  to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church that was
  under attack from Christian Humanists and the
  Protestant Reformation
• At first the two main countries sending out
• voyages of exploration were the strongly
• Catholic countries of Spain and Portugal
• Many of the voyages brought along a
• priest to
• 1) minister to the crew and
• 2) to serve in an intellectual capacity should
• the translation of language(s) be
  necessary
• Many wanted to convert the natives, but for
• the most part religions provided the moral
• approval of materialistic aims

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Slavery

• Slavery had died out in Europe
• Smaller, family owned farms and the agricultural
  products did not require large labor
• Could not use the native population as a work
  force
• Disease killed millions of the natives
• this represents the greatest loss of
• life in human history. Cuba dropped
• from 1 million to 10,000 natives
• within 5 years of Spanish occupation
• Natives could easily relocate out of
• the reach of the conquerors

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Slavery

• Labor intensive crops
• Tobacco
• Sugar
• Slavery in Africa
• Slavery was common among the African tribes.
• - European Slave Traders purchased
  slaves
• from the various tribes and
  transported them
• to the New World as laborers
• - Africa became severely depopulated
  and
• many tribes were broken up or
  forced
• to move from the coast.
• Triangular Trade/Middle Passage
• - Trade route connecting Africa, the
  New World and Europe
• - The Middle Passage is the name
  given to the transportation of
• the slaves from Africa. Conditions
  were  horrible for the cargo as the
• shippers allotted a small amount
  of space for each person. Many times
• half would die before they reached
  the New World

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Bishop Bartolme de La Casas

• Fought for Indian rights
• and to forbid slavery
• Pope Paul III issued Papal Bull condemning Indian
  slavery
• Spanish king could not enforce the law as,
  Indians were generally hated

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New World
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Olmecs

• The first of the great civilizations of
  Mesoamerica originated in Central America around
  1200 BC called the Olmecs
• The Olmec farmed the river banks and created some
  cities for trade and religious ceremonies
• Teotihuacán was the major city and had as many of
  150,000 inhabitants and a 200 foot temple. Goods
  made by the craftsman here were traded throughout
  Central America

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Maya

• The Mayas, located in the Yucatán Peninsula,
  flourished from 250 -900 AD.
• The Mayas built large city-states, each
  revolving around a pyramid and containing temples
  and ballgame courts.
• The Mayan city-states were often at war with each
  other.

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Mayan Writing

• The Mayans had a writing system that was
  destroyed by the invading Spanish
• Only four survive today
• After 900 AD civilization lost use of writing
  system

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Mayan Calendar

• The Mayas created a calendar of 365 days, divided
  into 18 months with 20 days each. The remaining 5
  days were festival days.
• Every 52 years they would have a leap leap year
• Used Astronomy to help with dates

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Mayan Kings

• The Mayan city-states were ruled by an
  aristocracy with a hereditary monarchy.
• The King was believed to be descended from the
  gods.
• Were also the chief priests

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Mysterious disappearance

• Abandoned their cities
• Desalinization
• Stripping the land of minerals
• Did not practice crop rotation
• Farms went farther and farther away from the
  cities

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Toltecs

• Similar to other cultures
• Brought metal working to Mesoamerica, using gold,
  silver, and copper

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Aztecs

• The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in the middle
  of Lake Texcoco is now in the middle of Mexico
  City.
• The Aztecs were told by their god to settle where
  they found an eagle perched on a cactus, the
  current symbol of Mexico.

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Aztecs

• Great warriors, the Aztecs soon brought the
  entire area under their control, from the
  Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and as far south as
  Guatemala.
• Local lord controlled their area and paid tribute
  to the Aztec king.
• A god-king ruled the Aztecs and was supported by
  a prime minister and council of lords.

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Quetzalcoatl

• Many of the pyramids they built, were larger in
  mass than the Egyptian Pyramids.
• Used for human sacrifice, done to appease the sun
  god and postpone the destruction of the world.
• Quetzalcoatl, god of creation, virtue and
  learning, was believed to have gone into the east
  and would return with the sign of an arrow
  through a sapling. When the Spanish came with a
  cross on their uniforms, they thought that
  Quetzalcoatl had returned, making the Spanish
  takeover of the empire much easier

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Incas

• Centered in the high lands (Andes Mountains) of
  South America
• Great builders of cities, temples and 24,800
  miles of roads or stone highways, used only by
  government permission and for official and
  military purposes. Built temples of cut stone (no
  mortar) using forced labor with gold and silver

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Inca

• Incas kept records using a quipu, a system of
  knotted strings
• Created terranced farming for potatoes and corn

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• Answer the following in complete sentences.
• 1. Why did Spain have the armada?
• 2. Why was the Inquisition necessary and where
  did it begin?
• 3. Did Columbus really discover America?
• - In what year did he discover it?
• 4. Why did Europeans begin to use Africans as
  slaves?
• 5. Describe in detail the triangle trade.