DSSQ: What countries do you think fought one another during the French and Indian War?

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DSSQ What countries do you think fought one
another during the French and Indian War?
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Answer
Belligerents Belligerents
 France New FranceAbenaki Algonquin Caughnawaga Mohawk Lenape Mi'kmaq Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot  Great BritainBritish AmericaIroquois Confederacy Onondaga Oneida Seneca Tuscarora Mohawk Cayuga Catawba Cherokee (before 1758)
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The French and Indian War
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Competing European Claims

• In the middle of the 18th century, France and
  England had competing claims for land in North
  America.
• The French held trapping and trade routes in the
  Ohio Valley.
• The English colonies were encroaching on French
  territory are the population grew.
• They also competed over trade issues with the
  Native Americans in the disputed region.

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Competing European Claims
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The Battle of Fort Necessity

• The French set up forts along to protect their
  fur trading interests.
• Some of these forts conflicted with English
  claims.
• Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young
  George Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to
  the French. This protest was ignored.
• The British sent a party to construct a fort on
  the site of modern Pittsburg.

Young George Washington
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The Battle of Fort Necessity
A recreation of Ft. Necessity.

• The force was driven off by the French who, in
  turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site.
• The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to
  expel the French from the site. Washington was
  quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native
  American numbers.
• Washington had to retreat to the hastily
  constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to
  surrender shortly there after. This incident was
  a prelude to the French and Indian War.

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The Albany Congress

• In 1754, war was inevitable.
• The colonies sent delegates to Albany to discuss
  strategy for common defense.
• They approved a document written by Benjamin
  Franklin promoting a substructure of government
  below British authority to govern the colonies.
• The council would be comprised of elected
  representatives from each colony and headed by a
  President-General appointed by the crown.
• The colonies were not ready for political union
  and it is unlikely that the British government
  would have supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the
colonies.
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From the Albany Plan of Union (1754)
From the Constitution (1787)

• the Presidenthe shall take care that the laws
  be faithfully executed
• the Presidentshall have power, by and with
  the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
  treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators
  present concur
• Congress will regulate Commerce with foreign
  Nations, and among the several States, and with
  the Indian Tribes
• Congress will raise and support ArmiesTo
  provide and maintain a Navy
• The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect
  Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises

• 9. That the assent of the President-General be
  requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and
  that it be his office and duty to cause them to
  be carried into execution.
• 10. That the President-General, with the advice
  of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian
  treaties and make peace or declare war with
  Indian nations.
• 11. That they make such laws as they judge
  necessary for regulating all Indian trade.
• 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build
  forts for the defence of any of the Colonies
• 16. That for these purposes they have power to
  make laws, and lay and levy such general duties,
  imposts, or taxes

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Braddocks Defeat

• In July 1755, the British sent a force from
  Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne.
• The heavy force was defeated by the smaller
  French force and their Native American allies.
• Both the British commander, Braddock, and the
  French commander Beaujeu, were killed.
• 23 year old George Washington won accolades for
  rallying the defeated British and preventing the
  battle from turning into a rout.
• The first two years of fighting were
  characterized by humiliating defeats for the
  British.

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The Seven Years War in Europe

• The French and Indian War was essentially the
  North American theatre of a larger conflict, the
  Seven Years War, in Europe.
• Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an
  alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia,
  Sweden and Spain.
• Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies
  to Prussia to fight in Europe and committed
  British troops and resources to winning the war
  against the French in North America.
• The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to
  1763.

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Fortunes Reverse

• In 1757, expansion advocate William Pitt became
  the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead
  country to victory.
• Pitt concentrated on
• expelling the French from North America
• buying the cooperation by the colonists by
  stimulating the North American economy with a
  massive infusion of British currency
• buying the support of the Native Americans with
  promises of fixed territorial boundaries.

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Fortunes Reverse

• The greatly fortified force devastated the
  Cherokee to the South and began capturing
  strategic French forts and cutting off their
  supply lines.
• The British conquered Quebec in 1759.
• In 1760, they captured Montreal.
• In the final years of the war, the British
  defeated the French Navy and took French colonies
  in the Caribbean.
• The French Empire in North America came to an
  end.

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French Defeat Treaty of Easton

• The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, essentially
  sealed Frances fate.
• In the treaty, the British promised the Six
  Iroquois Nations to stop settlements west of the
  Alleghenies in exchange for their neutrality in
  the war.
• This caused the French to abandon Fort Duquesne
  and, by 1760, Detroit and Montreal, the last two
  French strongholds in North America, had fallen.
• This was the end of major fighting in North
  America.

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The Treaty of Paris

• The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and
  Indian War.
• The French transferred its claims west of the
  Mississippi to Spain and ceded its territory east
  of the Mississippi to the British.
• The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited
  colonization to the Eastern seaboard.

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Pontiac's Rebellion

• Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with
  the British.
• The British exhibited little cultural
  sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop
  encroachments on Indian land.
• This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac,
  a Native American leader who united various
  tribes with the goal of expelling the British.
• The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.
• Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides
  most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst
  gave the Native Americans blankets infested with
  smallpox.

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Chief Pontiac Address to Ottawa, Huron, and
Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763)

• It is important that we exterminate from our
  lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us.
  You see as well as I do that we can no longer
  supply our needs, as we have done from our
  brothers, the French. The English sells us goods
  twice as dear as the French do, and their goods
  do not last.
• When I go to see the English commander and
  say to him that some of our comrades are dead,
  instead of bewailing their death, as our French
  brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I
  ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with
  the reply that he has no use for us.
• Are we not men like them? What do we fear?
  It is time.

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The Royal Proclamation of 1763

• Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion
  prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate
  an end to encroachments on territory promised to
  the Indians.
• Settlers were not to establish themselves west of
  the Proclamation Line.
• The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many
  to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.

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