Title: Lesson Overview
1Lesson Overview
2Studying Our Living Planet
- What is ecology?
- Ecology is the scientific study of interactions
among organisms and - between organisms and their physical environment.
3Studying Our Living Planet
- The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and
all parts of the Earth in which life exists,
including land, water, and the atmosphere. - The biosphere extends from about 8 km above
Earths surface to as far as 11 km below the
surface of the ocean.
4The Science of Ecology
- Ecology is the scientific study of interactions
among and between organisms and their physical
environment. - Interactions within the biosphere produce a web
of interdependence between organisms and the
environments in which they live.
5The Science of Ecology
- Organisms respond to their environments and can
change their environments, producing an
ever-changing biosphere.
6Ecology and Economics
- Economics is concerned with interactions based
on money. - Economics and ecology share the same word root.
Indeed, human economics and ecology are linked.
Humans live within the biosphere and depend on
ecological processes to provide such essentials
as food and drinkable water that can be bought
and sold for money.
7Levels of Organization
- Ecological studies may focus on levels of
organization that include the following - Individual organism
- On bison represents
- an individual organism
8Levels of Organization
- Ecological studies may focus on levels of
organization that include the following - Populationa group of individuals that belong to
the same species and live in the same area
A herd of bison (called a gang scientifically)
represents a population of bison in an area.
9Levels of Organization
- Ecological studies may focus on levels of
organization that include the following - Communityan assemblage of different populations
that live together in a defined area
The bison and elk (along with many other animals
that live in Yellowstone Park) make up the
community of organisms.
10Levels of Organization
- Ecological studies may focus on levels of
organization that include the following - Ecosystemall the organisms that live in a
place, together with their physical environment
The animals, plants, soil, air and water in
Yellowstone Park are all part of the Yellowstone
ecosystem.
11Levels of Organization
- Ecological studies may focus on levels of
organization that include the following - Biomea group of ecosystems that share similar
climates and typical organisms
Where we live in Wallace is part of the
coniferous forest biome that stretches around the
globe (see the light pink areas on the diagram at
right).
12Levels of Organization
- Ecological studies may focus on levels of
organization that include the following - Biosphereour entire planet, with all its
organisms and physical environments
YOU ARE HERE!
13Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- What are biotic and abiotic factors?
14Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- What are biotic and abiotic factors?
- The biological influences (living things) on
organisms are called biotic factors. Physical
components of an ecosystem (non living things)
are called abiotic factors.
15Biotic Factors
- A biotic factor is any living part of the
environment with which an organism might
interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms
and bacteria. - Biotic factors relating to a bullfrog might
include algae it eats as a tadpole, the herons
that eat bullfrogs, and other species competing
for food or space.
16Abiotic Factors
- An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the
environment, such as sunlight, heat,
precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents,
soil type, etc. - For example, a bullfrog could be affected by
abiotic factors such as water availability,
temperature, and humidity.
17Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
- The difference between abiotic and biotic
factors is not always clear. Abiotic factors can
be influenced by the activities of organisms and
vice versa. - For example, pond muck contains nonliving
particles, and also contains mold and decomposing
plant material that serve as food for bacteria
and fungi.
18Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
- In addition, trees and shrubs affect the amount
of sunlight the shoreline receives, the range of
temperatures it experiences, the humidity of the
air, and even the chemical conditions of the
soil. - A dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors
shapes every environment.
19Ecological Methods
- What methods are used in ecological studies?
20Ecological Methods
- What methods are used in ecological studies?
- Regardless of their tools, modern ecologists use
three methods in their work observation,
experimentation, and modeling. Each of these
approaches relies on scientific methodology to
guide inquiry.
21Observation
- Observation is often the first step in asking
ecological questions. - Questions may form the first step in designing
experiments and models.
What kind of questions might be asked if you came
upon this scene while studying a river?
22Experimentation
- Experiments can be used to test hypotheses.
- An ecologist may set up an artificial
environment in a laboratory or greenhouse, or
carefully alter conditions in selected parts of
natural ecosystems.
After finding the dead fish in the river, you
might take samples of the water and test them for
chemicals.
23Modeling
- Many ecological events occur over such long
periods of time or over such large distances that
they are difficult to study directly. - Ecologists make models to help them understand
these phenomena.
You might set up an aquarium that simulated the
conditions in the river and change things to see
how it affects the fish.