??? ???(nucleus)? ???(chromosome)

1
??? ???
????????????
????????????????,??????????(haploid),????2??(d
iploid),????????????????4n?6n?8n?,????????????????
??2??,???????4n?8n?16n??????,???????????2n?4n?8n?1
6n?32n?64n?128n?????? ???????????,???2n46,???
2n48,??2n8,??2n56,??2n42,????????????2????,???
????400-600????????????????????????????,??????????
?217-223?????
2
??? (Chromosome) ?????? (Sister
chromatid) ????????????? ??????? (Metacentric
chromosome) ???????? (Submetacentric
chromosome) ???????? (Arocentric
chromosome) ??????? (Telocentric chromosome)
?????????
3
?????????????????
4
1???????(?????,kenetoche) ??????(???)????????,?
????????????????????????????????????????????,????
??????? ????3????,??????(kinetochore
domain)??????(central domain)??????(paring
domain)? ?????????????,???(outer
plate)???(inner plate)????(interzone)?????????(fib
rous corona)??????????,???????????????????????????
,?????????,?????????????
5
????????????????,????????,????????a??DNA??,????
171bp,??2000-3000?,??????????
???????????????,???????????????,???????????,??????
???INCENP(inner centromere protein),????????????CL
IP(chromatid linking protein).
???????????ACA?????ACA??CREST ????????????????????
??(anticentromere antibodies)??ACAs???????CENP???6
?,?CENP-A?F,???????17bp?DNA??????,?????????????,?
???????
6
(No Transcript)
7
?????????
8
????3????
9
??????
10
?????????????DNA
11
2????(primary constriction) ??????????????????,
????????,??????,????????????????,DNA???,??????????
??????????????????????(localized
contromere),?????????????????,??????(holocentromer
e)???????????????? 3????(secondary
constriction) ?????,??????????????????,????????
??,????????????????????????? 4??????(nucleolar
organizing regions, NORs) ???RNA??(5SrRNA????)
?????????????????????,???????????NORs?
12
5???(satellite) ????????????????,??????????????
??????????????????,???????????????? 6???(telomere)
??????????,????????????????(?X????????,???????
??????,?????????????????)????????????????,????????
,?????????????,???????GGGTTA,500-3000????
13
???????????????
14
?????DNA??????? ??????????????,?????3?
????,???????(autonomously replicating DNA
sequence, ARS)??????(centromere DNA sequence,CEN)
?????(telomere DNA sequence,TEL) ? 1???????(
ARS) ?DNA?????,??????200-400?ARS,???????11-14
bp,??AT?????(ARS consensus sequence,
ACS)???????????????????,?????????????????
15
2??????(CEN) ?????CEN??????????????????,???
80-90 bp?AT?,????11 bp?????CEN????????????,?a??DNA
,???????????,????????????????. 3?????(TEL)
?????????????,??5-10 bp?????????,???????GGGTTA????
????????????????DNA????????,??????(telomerase)????
??????????????????????,?????????,????????RNA???,??
?DNA????????3??
16
????????
17
??????????????,??????????DNA??,???????50-100
bp,???????????????,?????????,?????????????????????
????????,??????????????????????????bp?????????????
??????? 1983?,A. W. Murray???????????ARS?CEN?
TEL???DNA,????55kb????????(yeast artificial
chromosome, YAC)?YAC?????????????,???????????????
18
??????????
19
?????????? ??????????????????????1956??????,???
??50???????????????,??????????????????????????????
?????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????
???????????????????????? ??(karyotype)
?????????????,????????????????????????????????????
??????????(karyogram),??????(idiogram)?????????,??
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????
20
??????????
21
??????? ????????????,??????????????,??????????
???(band)???,?1968?????Casperson???????????????,??
???????????????????,?G?Q?R?,??????????,??????????
???,?C?Cd?T?N?? Q???????,?????????(??AT???,??GC??
?)G?Giemsa??????????????R???????????????,????G
iemsa?????????,???G?????C???????????????????????
??T?????????????????????N?Ag-As??,?????????????
??? 1975??????????????? ??????????????
22
???????????
23
??G???(????????AT???)
24
??Q??(Q??G???)
25
???C??(?????????)
26
??????????
27
??????? 1.?????(polytene chromosome)
1881?????Balbiani??????????????????????????,?????
????????100-200?,???1000-2000??????,????????500-40
00?????????????????????,?????????,??????????????,?
??????????????????,??????????,??????????????,????(
puff),????(Balbiani ring)??H3-TdR????,???????,????
?????????????? ?????????????????,??????????????
??
28
????????
29
??????????????
30
2.?????(lamp-brush chromosome)
1882?Flemming????,????????????????????????????????
?????????????,????,??????????????????,??????,?????
???2??????????????,???????????????????????????????
,??????????100 bp DNA,???????????????????
?????????DNA????????,??????????RNA???????,????????
?????????????,?????????????
31
?????
32
?????????