Title: ???? ??????? (nucleus and chromosome)
1???? ??????? (nucleus and chromosome)
? ?????? ? ????????? ? ??? ? ?????????? ?
??? ? ?? ? ???
2??????
- ? ???????????????????,?????
- ??????????
- ? ??????,??????????????????
- ??????????,???????
- ? ?????,????,??????????????
- ????????????
- ? ???????????
- ? ??????
- ? ??????
- ? ??????
- ? ??????????????????????
3??? ?????????
- ? ???
- (nuclear envelope)
- ? ?????
- (nuclear pore complex,NPC)
- ? ???
- (Nuclear Lamina)
4 ?????
- ?????
- ???????
- ????????????????
5(?)????
- ? ? ? ?(outer nuclear membrane)
- ???????
- ? ? ? ?(inner nuclear membrane)
- ????????(? ???
- ??B???LBR? P58)
- ? ? ? ?(nuclear lamina)
- ? ????(perinuclear space)
- ? ? ?(nuclear pore)
6 (?)??????
- 1.???????,?????????????????,????????????????
- 2.??????,?DNA??????????????????????
- 3.???????????????????,???DNA????RNA?????????????
????? - 4.?????????????????????
7????????????????????
- ?????????
- ?????????????,??
- ?????(domain-specific)
- ?????????????????
- ????????????
- ?????????????????
- ??????????,?????
- ????????????????
- ????????????
8???????(nuclear pore complex,NPC)
- ?????
- ???????????
- ?????????
- ????????????????
9(?)????
- ????(cytoplasmic ring)??
- ????(nuclear ring)??
- ??(spoke)
- ??????(column subunit)
- ?????? (luminal subunit )
- ??????(annular subunit)
- ????(central plug)transporter
10(?)??????????
- ?????????????,??????????125106,??????30???????,?1
000???????? - ? gp210 ? p62
11???????????????????
12 gp210???????
- ???????????????,??
- ??????????,????
- ???????????????
- ??????????????????
- ??
- ??????????????????
- ?????
13 p62???????????
- ????N??
- ???????????????
- ??????
- ?C??
- ???????????????
- ???,???p62??????
- ?????,??N??????
- ????????
14(?)????????
- ????????????,????? ????????????
-
-
???????????? ????????????
? ???
???????? RNA?RNP????
? ???
151?????????????
- ? ?????910 nm,??15nm,?
- ???????????10nm???
- ????????????
- ? ????
162?????????????
- ???????????
- ?????????
- ?????RNA????
172.1??????
- ????????????????????????????,????????,???????
???????????? - ?????????????????
- ?????1020nm,????26nm,
- ??????????????????
- ??,??????,???????
- ????
- ??????????,???????
- ?
182.2 ????????
19??????????
- ?????(karyophilic protein)
- ????????,?????????????????????
- ?????? (nuclear localization signal,NLS)
- ?NLS?????????????????????,??
- ???? ???,?Lys?Arg,??????Pro?
- ?NLS??????????????????(T??),
- ???????,???????10??????(???
- ?)?
- ?NLS???????????????,???????
- ???????????????????????,???
- ????
- ?????--????(nucleoplasmin)?????
20???????????
- ????NLS?????importin
- ????GTP??????
212.3 ????RNA????
- ??????
- (Nuclear Export Signal,NES)
- ?RNA?????????
22????? (Nuclear Export Signal,NES)
- ??RNA?????????RNA?????????,?RNA??????????
?????????,?????????????????????????,????????
23RNA?????????
- ????RNA?????????????RNA???????????
- ?RNA???I???rRNA???RNP????????,?????
- ?RNA???III???5s rRNA? tRNA???????????
- ?RNA ???II???hn RNA,?????5????3?????A???????????
,???????mRNA??,5??m7GpppG?????mRNA?????????? - ??????????????mRNA?????,?????????mRNA?????????,???
???(spliceosome)??? - ?mRNA????????????,?5???,3????
- ?RNA????????????????,???????????????
- ?????????????????,??????????????
24(?)???????????????
- ?????????????????????????,?????
- ???????,?????????
- ???????????????,????????????????????,??????
- ?????????????????,??RNA??????????,?????????????
25 ??? ???(chromatin)
- ???????????
- ?????????????
- ?????????????
- ??????
- ????????
26??????????????
27???????????
- ????(chromatin)
- ????????DNA???????????? RNA
- ?????????, ???????????????
- ????(chromosome)
- ????????????????, ?????????
- ?????
- ???????????
- ?????????????????????????
- ?????????
- ???????????????????,?????
- ??,?????
28(?)???(??)DNA
- ? ???(genome)
- ? DNA???????????
- ? DNA?????????
- ? DNA???????DNA
291????(genome)
- ???
- ????????????????????DNA???????,?????
????????DNA??, - ????????????????????,??????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????
-
302?DNA???????????
- ????DNA??(????)
- ?????DNA??
- ????????(short interspersed elements,SINEs)
- ????????(long interspersed elements,LINEs)
- ?????????????????????,?????????
- ?????DNA??
- ???DNA(satellite DNA)??????????????
- ????DNA(minisatellite DNA)???????????
- ? ??,???DNA????(DNA finger-printing)???
??? - ????DNA(microsatellite DNA)????????,?
- ?????,????????,?????????
313?DNA????????? (polymorphism)
- ?????DNA
- ?????DNA?????
- ? DNA????????
32????DNA
- ? B?DNA?????DNA,???
- ??DNA???
- ? A?DNAB?DNA???????,
- ?????
- ? Z?DNAZ?DNA?????,B
- ?DNA??? ?????,???
- ????
33 DNA????????
- ??(?????)???????????
- ???????
- ???????????????DNA???
- ??
- ??????DNA????????
- ?DNA????????????????
- ?????,?????DNA??????
- ???????????
34(?)??????
- ??DNA???????????????
- ? ???(histone)
- ? ????(nonhistone)
35???(histone)
- ??????????????,???????Arg?Lys??????,?????
,??????DNA????(??????) - ???????(nucleosomal histone)
- ???H2B?H2A?H3?H4,??DNA????
- ?????????
- ?????????????,??????
- ???H4????
- ?H1???
- ??????????H1?????, ???
- ???????
- ????????????????
- ?????????????H5??H1
36????
- ??????????????
- ??DNA???????,???????DNA???? (sequence specific
DNA binding proteins)? - ???????,?????????????????????
- ???????????? ?
37???????????
- ?a??-??-a????(helix-turn-helix motif)
- ?????(Zinc finger motif)
- ????????(Leucine zipper motif,ZIP)
- ???-?-??????(helix-loop-helix motif,HLH)
- ?HMG-?????(HMG-box motif)
38(?)??????????
- 1.?????????????
- ????????
- ???????H1
- ???????????DNA
- ???????
- 2.????????
- ?????????
- ??????????
- 3.??????????
- ??????
- ???????
39?????????
- ????H3?H4???????(H3)2(H4)2
- ???,?????????????,DNA??
- ???????????????H2AH2B?
- ??????H3H4??????,?????
- ???DNA???????????DNA???
- 146bp,?????1.75????
- ?DNA????????????
- H2AH2B H4H3 H3H4H2B H2A
- ??????????11nm??5.7nm??????
40?????????H1
- ???????166bp?DNA???????
- ???????H1???
- ?166bp?DNA?????????????
- ???????
- ????H1??DNA??????????
- ?,?DNA????????????,???????10bpDNA?????
- ?H1???????????????????????????
- ??????
41??????????DNA
- ?????????????????,???????DNA???
- ?????????????DNA??,????60bp,????????080bp
- ??????????????160240bp????
42??????
- ?????????
- ???????????DNA??????????????,?????????????????????
??? - ??????????????AT?DNA????????????????GC?DNA???????
??DNA???????????????????????AT????GC??????????? - ?????????(?????)
- ?????DNA??????????????????????????DNA??(???????)??
??????? - ?DNA?????????????(????)?????????????
43????????
- ????DNA????????????????,???????H1????????????1
0nm????????????,??????????
44?????????
- ????10nm????????,????30nm,??10nm,??????11nm??????,
??????6??????,??DNA??????6??
45??????
- ???????????
- ??????????????30nm???,???
- ????????????10nm?????
- ?????????????????,?????
- ?????
- ???X??????????????????
- ??,???????????11nm??6.0nm?
- ????,???????(dyad symmetry),?
- ???????????(H3)2?(H4)2???,
- ??????H2A?H2B???????????
- ?SV40?????(minichromosome)???????
463.??????????
- 1.DNA ?10nm????????(30nm??????),?????????
- 2.????30nm???????????????????????????????
?????-????? ? - 3.????????,????????????????????????
- ?????????????,???????????????????????????Bak???
1977??????????????????????????????? - ?????????????
47????????????
- ?????????????
- (multiple coiling model)
- ???????-???????
- (scaffold radial loop structure model)
- ?????????????
48????????????
????????,?Bak???1977????
??????????????,?10nm??????????30nm????,??????????
0.4um?????????,????????????
- ????????
- ????????(solenoid)
- ?????????(supersolenoid)
- ?????????(chromatid)
-
- ??7? ??6? ??40?
??5? - DNA ??? ???
???? ????
49??????-???????
- ??????,????????????(chromsomal scaffold)
,30nm??????????,???????????????????,?????,????????
????????????????????????????????? - ???????DNA???,?18????????????, ???????????(miniban
d)??????????????,??106??????????????
50 ???????(scaffold)
- ?????????
- ?????????????
- ?????????
- ?????????????
- ???????????
51(?)????????
- ????????????????????????,???????????????
52(?)???????? ????
- ?????????????????
- ?DNA??RNA?????0.4mol/L H2SO4???????,?????????,????
??????????,?????????????? - ??????/???????????????????
53(?)????????
- ? ???30???????
- ? ??????
- ?SC II135KD
- ?SC I 170KD ,?DNA?????II ,???????????????????
? -
54??????????
- ????????????????????
- ????????????
- ??????????,?????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ????
- ????????????????????,
- ????????????????
55 (?)????????????
- ???????????????????????????,??
??? ????? (??) (???)
56?????????
- (?)???????????????
- ??????
- ????? (euchromatin)
- ????? (heterochromatin)
- (?)???????????????
- ??????
- ??????(active chromatin)
- ???????(inactive chromatin)
-
57????(euchromatin)
- ???
- ?????????????????, ??????(?????750?),
???????????????????? - ???
- ?DNA?????10002000???
- ?????DNA???????DNA(????
- ???tRNA??)
- ??????????????,???????
- ????????????????
58????(heterochromatin)
- ???
- ???????,????????????, ?
- ?????,????????????????
- ????????
- ??? ???? ???? ??????
- ???
- ???????(????????)
- (constitutive heterochromatin)
- ???????(??????)
- (facultative heterochromatin)
59??????(????????)
- ? ???????????,??????,??????????????,DNA??????????
????????????,????????? - ? ?????????
- ? ?????????????????????????????????
- ? ???????????DNA????, ???DNA?
- ? ?????????, ???????????
- ? ???????????????????????
- ? ????????????????,???????????DNA?????,???????
60??(??)????
- ???
- ???????????????, ???
- ??????, ?????????, ??
- ??????X???????
- ???
- ???????????????????
- ?? ,??????????????X
- ????????,???X??????
- ???????????????????
61?????(active chromatin)
- ??????????????????????????????
-
62 ??????(inactivechromatin)
- ?????????????????,???????,????????????????????
???
63??? ???(chromosome )
- ???????????
- ????DNA???????
- ?????????
- ??????
64????????????
- ?????????????
- ???
- ?????????
65 (?)? ?
- ????????
- (metacentric chromosome)
- ?????????
- (submetacentric chromosome)
- ?????????
- (subtelocentric chromosome)
- ????????
- (telocentric chromosome)?
66???????????????
?????/???? ?????/?????? (??Levan?,1964
Green?,1980)
67(?)????????
- ????(centromere)????(???kinetochore)
- ????(secondary constriction)
- ??????(nucleolar organizing region,NOR)
- ???(satellite)
- ???(telomere)
68???????(??)
- ???????(kinetochore domain)
- ???(inner plate)
- ?????(middle space),innerzone
- ???(outer plate)
- ????(fibrouscorona)
- ??????(central domain)
- ?CENP-B??????
- ??????(pairing domain)
- ????????INCENP(inner centromere protein)
- ?????????clips(chromatid linking
proteins)
69?????DNA???????(functional elements)
- ????????????
- ?????DNA??(autonomously replicating DNA sequence,
ARS) - ????11-14bp?????????AT??????????
- 200bp????????ARS???????
- ????DNA??(centromere DNA sequence,CEN)
- ????????80-90bp?AT?11bp?????
- ???DNA??(telomere DNA sequence,TEL)
- ? ???????
- ? ??? ,??????????????????,
- ?????????????????????????
- ????????(artificial minichromosome)?
70??????????
- ???(karyotype)
- ????????????????,
- ???????????????????
- ??????(idiogram)
- ????????????????
- ???????, ??????????
- ??????????????,???
- ??????????
- ????????
71 ??????? (giant chromosome)
- ??????
- (polytene chromosome)
- ??????
- (lampbrush chromosome)
72(?)?????
- ?????????????????????
- ??
- ???????????????(endomitosis)
- ???????????
- ?????????,??????
- (housekeeping gene)????, ????
- (luxury gene) ??????
- ????????????????????
- ??????
73 (?)?????(lampbrush chromosome)
- ???????????????????,????????????????
- ??????????????????????????????????
- ???????????
- ???????????
74??? ??(nucleolus)
- ????????
- ??????
- ??????
- ?????
- ???
75 ?????????
- (?)????(fibrillar centers,FC)
- 1.????
- 2.????
- ? DNA??rRNA?????rDNA
- ????
- ?????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ?????RNA???I???????
- 3.????FC?????????????
- rRNA??(rDNA)??????
-
76?????????
- (?)??????
- (dense fibrillar component,DFC)
- 1.????
- 2.????
- ? rRNA
- ????
- 3.????
- ???????FC?DFC????,???
- ???????DFC???????
rRNP??
77 ?????????
- (?)????(granular component,GC)
- 1.????
- ???1520nm?RNP????,???????????????????????????
?????????????????? - 2.????
- ?????(GC)??????????,????????????????
78 ?????????
- ?????????,????????
- ????????(nucleolar associated chromatin)
- ????????
- ???????
- ?????
- ?????(nucleolar matrix)
- FC?DFC?GC?????????????
79 ??????? (nucleolar organizing
region,NOR)
- ?????????????,???????,?rRNA??????,????????????
?
???? rDNA rRNA??
??????????????(NOR) ?????????????
80???????
- (?)????????(ribosome biogenesis)
- ???????(vetorical process)?????????,
???????????????rRNA????????????????? - ?rRNA????????????
- ?rRNA?????
- ?80S????????
- (?)??????????mRNA???????
81rRNA????????????
- ?????
- ? 18SrRNA ?5.8SrRNA ?28SrRNA??(rDNA)????????
,1005000????????????,???????????NORs???RNA???I???
??(????) - ? 5SrRNA???????????NORs?????????,?RNA???III???
?? - ?????
- ???????
- ?rRNA????????????????
82rRNA?????
- ?????
- ???????
- ??????RNA(snoRNAs)???????????(snoRNPs)
- ???RNA(guide RNA)
8380S????????
- 1.rRNA??????45SrRNA???70????????,??80SRNP(?????)??
? - 2.????,80SRNP(?????)????5-10???????????20SrRNA????
????????32SrRNA???????? - 3.20SrRNA???????????????????RNA????,???18SrRNA????
?,5?????????????40S??????
8480S????????
- 4.????,32SrRNA???????????????????RNA????,??????5.8
S?28SrRNA???,?????5SrRNA???????????30?????????????
?60S??????? - 5.??????????RNA??????,?????????RNA?????,??????????
????? -
- 6.????????????????????, ???????????????????hnR
NA?????
85??????
- ????????
- ?????????????rDNA????????????
86??? ??????????
87?????????????
- ??????(active chromatin)?
- ??????(inactive chromatin)
- ??????????
88?????(active chromatin)? ??????(inactive
chromatin)
- ?????????????????
- ????????????????,??????????,????????????????????RN
A???????????? - ??????????????????
89?????????
- ????????DNaseI?????
- ?(DNase I hypersensitive site,DHS)???
- ??????DNA??,????5-????,
- ????bp?
- ? ???????DNaseI???? ??
- ???????????????
- ? ???????????H1????
- ? ???????????????
- ? ????????????H2B??????
- ? ????????????H2A????????
- ????
- ? HMG14?HMG17???????????
90????????????
- ???????????
- ????????
- ?????????
91(?)??????????
- ?DNA????????????????
- ??????????DNA????????,
- ???????????????????
- ?????????????????
- ?????????DNA?????????
- ?DNA???A/C???/????(???5-mC)
- ???????
- ???????????????,?????
- ??????(???????????,???(uH2A) //
Arg,His,Lys,Ser,Thr) - ?????????????(acetylation),????
- ?HMG????????????????
- ?HMG???????????DNA??,?DNA
- ???DNA-???????????????
92(?)???????
- ???????(locus control region,LCR)
- ????DNA?????????,????
- ??????????
- ????????????????DNA??
- ??????????????????
- ????(insulator)
- ????????????????????
- ?????????????????DNA
- ??,??????
- ??????????????????
- ???????
93(?)????????
- ?????????????DNA,???
- ??????????????????
- ????????(nucleosome plow)??
94??? ???(nuclear matrix)
- ????????(nuclear skeleton)???
- ??????????,???????????????
- ????????????????
- ???????????????(????-??????
- ???),????????
- ?????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ??????????????????????????
- ?????????
- ???????????????????????, ??
- ?????????RNA?
- ?????DNA????????????????????
- ???
95????(nuclear bodies,NBs)
- ?????
- ????(coiled bodies,CBs)
- ????????????
- (promyelocytic leukaemia protein bodies,PML
bodies)
96????
- ???????????????,?????
- ???????????????????
- (subnuclear domain),??????????
- ?????????????
- ??????????,???????????????????????????(molecular
warehouse)?
97???(coiled bodies,CBs)
- ????????(sn RNPs)???????
- ???????????,?p80 coilin
- ???????
- ??snRNP?????(biogenesis)??
- ?CBs????????????????
98???????????
- ?PML????
- ?????
- ?????????
- ?PML???????????
- ???????
- ?PML????????????
- ???????????????
- ?PML???????????,PML
- ????????????
99????? (Nuclear Lamina)
- ???????
- ???????????
- ???????
- ????????????
- ???????????
- ????????????
- ??????????
- ???????
100(?)??????
- ???????????????????????????,??1?3??????????
101(?)??????
- ?????A ??????
- ????
- ?????B???????
- ????
- ?????C??????
- ????
????? (Lamin)
102(?)??????????? ???????????
- ? ??????????????
- ??????10nm??
- ???????????????????
- ????????????????????????
- ?LaminA?LaminC?cDNA?????????????
- ???????????????a-??????
- ????, ??????????????.
- ???????????????????
- ? ?????????????????
103(?)???????????? ?????????
- ???????????????????
- ???????????????????
- ?????????????????????
1041?????????????
- ?A?????????????????????C?(?????
,isoprenylation)?????, ??????, A??????????????????
??? - ?B?????????????(farnesylated),???????????,??????,?
????????, ??????????
1052?????????????????????
- ?????????
- ?????????????,???
- ????(domain-specific)?
- ?????????????????
- ????????????
- ?????????????????
- ??????????,?????
- ????????????????
- ?????????????
1063???????????????????????
- ?????????,????????????????????????????????
??????????????????,??????????????????????????? - 1.???????????????,?????,????????,LaminA?C????????
???????LaminB?????????? - 2.???????????????????,??????????????????,????????
??
107(?)? ?
- ??????????????,?
- ????????????????
1084?DNA?????-???DNA
- ????DNA???????????
- ? ??????
- ? ??????
- ? ?????
109??????
- DAN???????DNA????????????????????????
110??????
111- ??????,?????DNA????????????????????????
- ?DNA????????????????,?????DNA????,?????DNA????????
???????????????????????????,????DNA????????????
112 ?????
- ?DAN?????????????????
- ???????
- ??????I
- ?????DNA??????DNA
- ??????II(?????)
- ?????DNA???????
- ?????????????,??????
- ????????????,????DNA
- ????????????