THE CIVIL WAR

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THE CIVIL WAR

• 1861-1865

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THE CIVIL WAR

• After SC seceded in Dec. 1860, 6 more states
  joined them by Feb. 1861.
• Confederate States of America
• Capital city Montgomery, Ala.
• Constitution
• Legalized slavery, Presidential term 6 yrs,
  line-item veto,
• 2/3s approval needed to amend it., states could
  nullify laws,
• No importation of slaves,
• Jefferson Davis-President
• Alexander StephensVice-President

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• THE UNION
• PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN
• VICE-PRESIDENT HANNIBAL HAMLIN
• CAPITAL CITY WASHINGTON, DC
• CABINET
• WILLIAM SEWARD-SEC. OF STATE
• EDWIN STANTON- SEC. OF WAR
• CHIEF JUSTICE TANEY FORCED TO RETIRE

• WASHINGTON, DC

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START OF THE WAR

• Ft. Sumter April 12, 1861
• Lincolns call for volunteers.
• More states secede
• Capital moved to Richmond, Va.
• Lincoln asks Lee to lead his army. Lee declines.
• Lincoln appointed Irwin McDowell to lead the
  army.

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COMPARISON OF THE BLUE AND THE GRAY
CATEGORY NORTH SOUTH POPULATION 25,000,000 9
,000,000 (40 slaves) INDUSTRY/ 95
factories Tredegar Iron Works AGRICULTURE food
crops 1 metal forge, 2 gun factories cotto
n, tobacco RAILROAD 3 x mileage of south,
Standard State gauge MILEAGE gauge MONEY Green
backs, gold supply No backing GOVERNMENT Establi
shed 1776 No foreign recognition
1861 NAVY Naval officers stayed loyal Very
few 100,000 sailors MILITARY Winfield Scott,
George McClellan Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jack-
LEADERS Irwin McDowell, Ulysses Grant, son, Jeb
Stuart, PTG Beau- William T. Sherman, Phil
Sheridan regard, James Longstreet CAUSE Save the
Union, free the slaves Southern Independence
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

• Unions major weaknesses
• Over confidence,
• Long lines of supply and communications
• Fight an offensive war
• Southern Advantages
• Defending home and way of life
• Better fighters
• Better Generals
• Weakness
• Cotton Diplomacy
• Civil War Names
• North Union, Federals, Yankees, Billy Yank,
  Blue, USA
• SouthConfederacy, Rebs, Rebels, Johnny Reb,
  Gray, CSA

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• Names of Battles
• North closest physical feature (streams, creeks,
  churches, mountain)
• South closest village or town
• 1st major battle of the Civil War
• 1st Bull Run (Manassas) Virginia Railroad center
  July 1861
• Witnessed by 1000s of spectators anxious to watch
  only battle of Civil War!!
• North-Gen. Irwin McDowell, 35,000 troops
• South- PGT Beauregard, 22, 000 troops, with
  11,000 reinforcements led by Gen. Thomas Jackson
• Earned nickname Stonewall at this battle
• Great Skeedaddle US army routed and retreats
  toward Washington, DC
• Results
• South confident that they can win the war.
• North realizes war will not be 90 days long
• Lincoln replaces McDowell with George McClellan.

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UNION PLAN TO WIN THE WAR!!

• Gen. George McClellanArmy of the Potomac
• Brilliant motivator, organizer and trainer of
  troops
• Poor field commander and overly cautious
• Spent next 9 months training the Northern army
• Anaconda Plan (Winfield Scott--1862)
• 1. naval Blockade of Confederate coastline
• 2. Secure the Mississippi River all the way to
  New Orleans.
• Split CSA in half.
• Cutting off breadbasket from the East.
• 3. Keep constant military pressure on Richmond,
  Va.
• 4. Attack the Confederate mid-sectionAlabama,
  Tennessee and Mississippi.
• Battles of 1861 and 1862
• Missouri pacified by Gen. John C. Fremont
• Northern Arkansas fell to Union forces
• Port Royal, SC fell to Union navy.
• Feb. 1862 Ft. Donelson Tennessee and Ft. Henry Ky
  taken by Gen. Grant
• Earns nickname Unconditional surrender,
  drinking problem first exposed

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BATTLES OF 1861-1862 CONTINUED

• April 1862 Savannah fell to Union forces.
• April 1862 New Orleans fell to Adm. David
  Farragut, occupied by Gen. Benjamin Butler
  (Union)
• April 1862 McClellan begins Peninsular Campaign
• Objective
• 1. Capture Richmond by outflanking Confederate
  defenses from the Atlantic coast.---110,000 men
  vs. Gen J. Johnstons 40,000
• Results
• 1. McClellan wins Battle of 7 PinesUnion army 25
  miles east of Richmond. Gen. Johnston wounded.
• 2. Pres. Davis replaces him with Gen. Robert E.
  Lee.
• 3. June 1862 Lee splits forces, sends Stonewall
  Jackson with 15,000 troops up Shenandoah Valley
  toward Washington. Foot Cavalry.
• 4. McClellan sends 20,000 toward Washington,
  Jackson doubles back and he and Lee attack
  McClellans positions Battle of 7 Days before
  Richmond.
• 5. After fierce fighting and heavy casualties on
  both sides, McClellan retreats to Norfolk.
  Richmond saved, McClellan fired and replaced by
  Gen. John Pope.

• Union soldiers.
• 2. Richmond defended by 40,000 soldiers. Led by
  Gen. Joseph Johnston.
• 3. Mar. 1862 Union

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WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT 1862

• North
• 1862 gradual pick up of the economy due to war
  time industries
• Economics 1861mild depression closed cotton
  mills, bank failures.
• Economy improved once the war started being
  fought on large scale.
• Politics Democrats opposed the war.
• Sons of Liberty and Copperheads sympathized with
  the South
• Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus to deal with
  them.
• Imprisoned 10,000 people during war without ever
  putting them on trialClement Vallandigham
  (Ohio)
• Foreign Affairs England and France did not
  officially recognize CSA but supported it
  materially.
• Construction of CSS Alabama
• Relations with England deteriorated by 1862near
  war-- Trent Affair.

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SOUTHERN HOMEFRONT 1861-1862

• ECONOMICS
• Inflation
• Union blockade created economic hardships felt
  throughout the South.
• Food and material shortages
• Loss of slaves
• POLITICALLY
• Cotton Diplomacy
• Cotton Embargo failed
• Famine
• Surplus of Egyptian and Indian cotton
• Conscription Law
• Unfair to poor
• Rich could hire substitutes
• Owner of 20 or more slaves and certain
  occupationsdraft exempt
• Rich mans war, poor mans fight

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WAR IN THE WEST 1862

• Union army in the West Army of the Cumberland
• Southern army in the WestArmy of Tennessee
• (Union eastArmy of the Potomac)
• (Southern eastArmy of Northern Virginia)
• Gen. US Grants plan
• 1. capture Memphis, from there work south
  toward New Orleans
• 2. This would complete 2 parts of the Anaconda
  Plansplitting of Confederacy and the capturing
  of the River.
• BATTLE OF SHILOH (Pittsburg Landing, Tenn)
• April 6, 7 1862 Grant v. AS Johnston, Beauregard
• 24,000 casualties in 2 days, Union victory
  despite suffering more casualtiesWar of
  Attrition, win opened the way to the
  Mississippi.
• Many called for Grants resignation-- Butcher
• First modern land battle
• repeating rifles (Union cavalry)
• goal to kill men not to capture a place
• bayonet charges now were suicide

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WAR IN THE EAST 1862

• 2nd Bull Run
• Aug. 29-30 Gen. Pope v. Jackson and Longstreet
• Union attempts 3rd invasion of Richmond.
• South wins decisive victory.
• Lincoln fires Pope and replaces him with
  McClellan.
• Lee invades the North
• Goal to flank Washington, DC and attack it from
  the northwest.
• Unexpectedly a Union soldier finds Lees battle
  plans. Special Order 191
• Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
• Sept. 15-18 Gen. McClellan v. Lee
• McClellan drove Lee from the battlefield but did
  pursue him.
• Bloodiest battle of the Civil War Sept.
  1726,000 casualties
• Tactically the battle was a draw, strategically
  Lincoln viewed as a victory.
• McClellan fired and replaced by Gen. Ambrose
  Burnside

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EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• Northern view of slavery had become more
  abolitionist like by 1862.
• Lincoln concluded that slavery needed to be
  abolished.
• Lincolns first plan -- compensated
  emancipation but it was defeated in Congress.
• Lincoln then turned to his war powers as a way of
  using slavery as an agent to weaken the Southern
  government.
• In order for it to have meaning he needed a great
  Union victory
• --Antietam was that victory.
• Sept. 1862Lincoln issued the Emancipation
  Proclamation
• It would become effective on Jan 1, 1863.
• It simply stated all persons held as slaves
  within any States in rebellion against the US
  shall be forever free.
• It legalized what the Union army had already been
  doing.
• It also kept England and France out of the war.

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• Slaves in the border states were not freed.
• It changed the reason for the war Slavery.
• Freedmen were encouraged to join the Union army.
• 54th Massachusetts formedattack on Battery
  Waggoner in 1864.
• Resistance to the Emancipation Proclamation was
  stiff
• 1. Increased Southern determination to win.
• 2. Poor immigrant northerners resented it.
  Freedmen would now move North and compete with
  them for jobs.
• 3. The Democratic Party opposed it and won
  Congressional seats in 1862 election.
• Draft Law
• March 1863 Northern Conscription Law. Similar
  to Southern version.
• Irish immigrants resented being drafted to fight
  a war to free slaves so they could come and take
  their jobs.
• Spring and summer 1863 NY City riots over the
  draft. 100s killed.

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OTHER MAJOR BATTLES OF 1862

• Fredericksburg (Virginia)
• Dec. 13, 1862 Burnside v. Lee
• Union attempts 4th invasion of Richmond
• Union attempts a frontal assault on the heavily
  fortified Confederate position at Maryes
  Heights, suffers heavy casualties.
• Southern victory Union casualties 3-1 v.
  Confederate
• Lincoln him with fires Burnside and replaces
  Joseph Hooker.
• Battles of 1863 Year of Decision
• Chancellorsville (Virginia)
• Union attempts 5th invasion of RichmondLees
  Greatest Victory
• May 1-4 Hooker v. Lee

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1863 continued

• Chancellorsville contd.
• Stonewall Jackson killed
• Lincoln demotes Hooker and puts Gen. George Meade
  as Cmdr. Army of the Potomac
• Lee decides on 2nd invasion of NorthHarrisburg,
  Pa. Northern communications center. Telegraph
  lines from DC to NY, Phila. and Chicago met there
• Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi
• May 22 Grant and Sherman begin the siege of last
  major Confederate stronghold on Mississippi River
• Vicksburg defended by Gen. Pemberton (from Pa.)
• Gettysburg, Pa.
• July 1-July 3 Meade v. Lee
• The Turning Point of the war
• Joshua Chamberlain, George Pickett, JEB Stuart
• Union Victory

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• Fall of Vicksburg
• July 4 Pemberton surrenders to Grant
• Sept. 9 Chattanooga falls to Union forces led by
  Gen RosecransUnion controls all of Tennessee.
• Sept. 19, 20 Battle of Chickamauga
• Gen Bragg v. Gen Rosecrans
• South had North outnumbered, South won and
• Chased Union army back to Chattanooga.
• Last Southern victory.
• Nov. 23-25 Battle of Lookout Mountain
• Grant v. Bragg Battle above the Clouds
• First large-scale use of troop transport by
  train.
• Union victory, Bragg retreats toward Atlanta.
• Nov. 29 Lincoln issues Gettysburg Address
• Defines the meaning of the war.

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THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

• FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS
  BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW
  NATION,CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE
  PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL. NOW
  WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR TESTING
  WHETHER THAT NATION, OR ANY NATION, SO CONCEIVED
  AND SO DEDICATED, CAN LONG ENDURE.
• WE ARE MET ON A GREAT BATTLEFIELD OF THAT WAR.
  WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE A PORTION OF THAT FIELD,
  AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE WHO HERE GAVE
  THEIR LIVES THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE. IT IS
  ALTOGETHER FITTING AND PROPER THAT WE SHOULD DO
  THIS.
• BUT IN A LARGER SENSE, WE CANNOT DEDICATEWE
  CANNOT CONSECRATEWE CANNOT HALLOW THIS GROUND.
  THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD, WHO STRUGGLED
  HERE, HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR POOR
  POWER TO ADD OR DETRACT. THE WORLD WILL LITTLE
  NOTE, OR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE, BUT IT
  CAN NEVER FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE. IT IS FOR
  US THE LIVING, RATHER, TO BE DEDICATED HERE TO
  THE UNFINISHED WORK WHICH THEY WHO FOUGHT HERE
  HAVE THUS FAR SO NOBLY ADVANCED. IT IS RATHER FOR
  US TO BE HERE DEDICATED TO THE GREAT TASK
  REMAINING BEFORE USTHAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD
  WE TAKE INCREASED DEVOTION TO THAT CAUSE FOR
  WHICH THEY GAVE THEIR LAST FULL MEASURE OF
  DEVOTION THAT WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE
  DEAD SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAINTHAT THIS NATION
  UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOMAND
  THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR
  THE PEOPLE, SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH.

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BEGINNING OF THE END

• AFTER LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
• Mar. 1864, GRANT APPOINTED AS COMMANDER OF THE
  ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
• SHERMAN APPOINTED COMMANDER OF THE ARMY OF THE
  CUMBERLAND
• GRANT THEN MADE SUPREME COMMANDER OF US ARMY
• Gen. MEADE MADE FIELD COMMANDER OF ARMY OF THE
  POTOMAC
• FINAL UNION PLAN
• CAPTURE GEORGIA, PUSH NORTH INTO THE CAROLINAS
  AND VIRGINIA
• PUT LEE IN BETWEEN TWO HUGE ARMIES WITH NO WHERE
  TO ESCAPE.
• GRANTS OFFENSIVE AGAINST LEE JUNE 1864 ON TO
  RICHMOND CAMPAIGN
• SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA
• MAY 1864 SEIGE OF ATLANTA
• MARCH TO SAVANNAHTOTAL WAR
• ELECTION OF 1864
• LINCOLN, JOHNSON V. GEN. MCCLELLAN