Atoms and Organic Compounds

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Atoms and Organic Compounds
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• Atoms and Atomic Structure

Information from the periodic table of elements
Atomic number of protons (and electrons if
atom has no charge) Atomic mass protons (1amu)
neutrons(1amu)
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Calcium atomic of 12 atomic mass of 24
charge 0 Determine the of protons, neutrons
and electrons
Answer Protons 12 Electrons 12 Neutrons
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Sodium (Na) atomic 11 atomic mass
of 23 charge 0 Determine the of
protons, neutrons and electrons
Answer Protons 11 Electrons 11 Neutrons
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Drawing electron arrangements 2 electrons in
the first level 8 electrons in the second
level 8 electrons in the third level
Draw the electrons around an atom that has atomic
number of 12
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Why Do Atoms Bond?
Atoms with full outer shells are considered
STABLE They do not bond with other atoms
For Example Draw the atom neon Atomic 10
Atoms without full outer shells are considered
Reactive or unstable atoms.
For Example Draw the atom Li Atomic 3
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How to make a STABLE atom
1st Way
IONIC BOND results from the transfer of electrons
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Another Way To Make a STABLE Atom
2nd Way
Covalent bond results from the sharing of
electrons
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Why is Carbon So Cool?
Carbon needs four electrons to become stable Four
electrons Four bonds Four bonds LARGE
MOLECULES!
Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules
Carbon Large molecules will contain
CARBON! CHNOPS MOST POPULAR
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Vocabulary

• Organic Molecules Carbon based
• Hydrocarbons Organic molecules composed of only
  carbon and hydrogen
• Ex Methane CH4 ? Most abundant hydrocarbon in
  natural gas (Fuel used to heat homes)
• Most hydrocarbons important fuels
• Lipids contain long hydrocarbon chains ? In our
  body they are the energy storing fat molecules
• Inorganic Molecules Non-carbon based
• Ex H2O (water), NH3 (ammonia), O2 (oxygen)

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Vocabulary Terms Continued

• Organic compounds
• Large molecules built from many simpler, smaller
  molecular units called monomers
• Monomers are linked together to form polymers
• Monomer Monomer Polymer
• MONO One
• POLY Many

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Carbohydrates

• General Chemical formula for simple carbohydrate
• C6H12O6

Open chain structure
Ring-like Structure shape
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Simple Carbohydrates

• MONOSACCHARIDES
• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

C6H12O6
Isomeres same chemical formula, different shape

What do you notice?
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Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
C6H12O6
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Carbohydrates

• MONOSACCHARIDES
• ONE SUGAR
• Glucose
• Fructose

DISACCHARIDES TWO SUGARS Sucrose Lactose
POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGARS Starch (many
glucose monomers) Glycogen (many glucose
monomers) Cellulose
(many glucose monomers)
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Monosaccharides

• Sugar molecules Quick Energy
• GLUCOSE Energy storage
• FRUCTOSE Found in Fruit
• GALACTOSE Found in milk products also
  produced in the body
• Honey Contains both glucose fructose

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DISACCHARIDES
Di two
Glucose fructose sucrose
Glucose galactose lactose
Glucose glucose maltose
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Disaccharides

• Sucrose
• Major carbohydrate in plant sap ? nourishes all
  parts of the plant
• Maple Syrup
• Table sugar ? processed from the stems of
  sugarcane or the roots of sugar beets
• Lactose
• Found in milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, mayo,
  medications

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Complex Carbohyrates

• POLYSACCHARIDE (many)
• 1) Starch ---? plant storage/what we eat
• 2) Glycogen---? animal storage in liver/muscles
• 3) Cellulose---? makes cell walls
• 4) Chitin ---? exoskeleton of insects

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Polysaccharide Functions

• 1) Starch ? plant storage/what we eat (Ex.
  Potatoes)
• 2) Glycogen ? animal storage in liver/muscles
• 3) Cellulose ? makes cell walls
• 4) Chitin ? Insects exoskeleton (Tick)

• Primary source of energy!
• Quick or long term

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Polysaccharides

• STARCH
• Found in plant cells ? consists entirely of
  glucose monomers
• Plant cells break down starch molecules ? stored
  glucose becomes available for energy ? to perform
  work
• Foods high in starch ? Potatoes, rice, corn
• Humans are able to use the plant starch as food
  by breaking it down during digestion

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Glycogen

• Animal cells
• Humans/Turkeys store excess sugar in the form of
  glycogen
• Glycogen Chain of many glucose molecules

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Polysaccharides in you?

• We store glucose in long chains called GLYCOGEN
  in our liver. The liver can release the glycogen
  and break it down into glucose when we need more
  energy. Insulin helps do this.

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Cellulose

• Polysaccharide in plants
• Made of glucose monomers
• Serve as building materials
• Protect and stiffen the plant
• Example Cellulose makes broccoli stems rigid
• Most animals, including people, cannot digest
  cellulose Fiber (Passes unchanged through our
  digestive system)

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Carbohydrates

• What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called?
• Monosaccharide ? Simple Sugar
• What is the polymer of a carbohydrate called?
• Disaccharide ? 2 sugar units linked
• Polysaccharide ? Many sugar units linked

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Organic Compound Composed of 4 Forms
Lipids Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Fats Oils Waxes Steroids
Cell membranes are made of lipids
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LIPIDS

• Monomers
• Glycerol Fatty Acids TRIGLYCERIDE

Complicated
Simple
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Lipids

• Glycerol
• 3-carbon backbone
• Attached to 3 fatty acid chains

H CH O H C O H- CH - O
CO CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 - CH2 CH2
CH2 CH3 CO CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
- CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CO CH2 - CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
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Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
carbon
carbon
oxygen
oxygen
hydrogen
hydrogen
C6H12O6
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Characteristics of Lipids

• Contain
• A LOT of CARBON and HYDROGEN
• Very LITTLE OXYGEN
• Results in lipid molecules being Hydrophobic ?
  Lipids do NOT mix with water
• Hydrophobic example ? Salad dressing
• Oils inability to mix with water
• Typical of this class of water-fearing or
  hydrophobic compounds

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Lipids

• Functions of Lipids
• Required for the absorption of fat soluble
  vitamins
• Increase the flavor of food
• Provide a feeling of fullness
• Cushion our organs
• Provide our bodies with insulation
• Steroids
• Circulate in our body as chemical signals
• Fats
• Store these high energy yielding molecules
• Phospholipids
• Act as a boundary ? Form the plasma membrane of a
  cell

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Two Types of Lipids

• Fatty acid tails can be saturated

Notice the amount of hydrogen

• Fatty acid tails can be unsaturated

Notice the kinks! Notice the amount of hydrogen
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Saturated Fats

• All 3 fatty acid chains contain the maximum
  number of hydrogen atoms
• All carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains ? form
  single bonds with each other
• Solid at room temperature
• Examples Most animal fats, lard, butter ? Heart
  disease

H CH O H C O H- CH - O
CO CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 - CH2 CH2
CH2 CH3 CO CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
- CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CO CH2 - CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
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Properties of Saturated Fats

• Saturated fats are solid at room temperature

Notice how dense the structure is with all the
hydrogen
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Unsaturated Fats

• Contain less than the maximum possible number of
  hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acids
• Some of the carbon atoms are double bonded
• Ex Fats in fruits, vegetables, fish, corn oil,
  olive oil, (Essential fatty acids)

H CH O H C O H- CH - O
CO CH2 - CH2 CH CH CH2 - CH2 CH2
CH2 CH3 CO CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH CH -
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CO CH2 - CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 - CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
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Unsaturated Fats

• Functions of Essential Fatty acids
• Regulate blood pressure
• Help synthesize and repair vital cell parts

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Unsaturated Fats are liquid at room temperature
Properties of Unsaturated Fats
Notice fewer hydrogen Notice the kinks Becomes
less dense as a result
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Unsaturated Fats

• Monounsaturated?
• 1 double bond in a fatty acid tail
• Polyunsaturated?
• More than 1 double bond in a fatty acid tail

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What are Trans Fats?
Hydrogen atoms are crowded on one side of the
molecule, causing bending (kinks)
Hydrogen atoms are not crowded, the chain does
not bend (kink) Straight increased density
solid at room temperature. Other molecules and
enzymes find it more difficult to bind to them
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What Causes Trans Fats?

• Originally, the double bonds in unsaturated
  fatty acids were weakened by either natural or
  industrial processes
• Some Processes include
• 1) Partial hydrogenation (chemically adding
  hydrogen)
• 2) Repeated heating of oils
•  
• Naturally occurring trans fats can be found in
  some animal products, such as dairy products and
  beef fat
• The trans isomer is produced by bacteria in the
  gastrointestinal tract of cattle and other
  ruminants. 

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Other Types of Lipids
Steroids Classified as lipids because they are
hydrophobic, but very different in structure
Testosterone male sex hormone Estrogen female
sex hormone Cholesterol component of cell
membrane and starting point for other steroids
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What Does High Cholesterol Mean?
Your LDL to HDL ratio is high
Triglycerides cholesterol combine with protein
to form ?lipoproteins (fat-protein packages
that travel through the bloodstream) They help
deliver nutrients to the body. 
Trans fats increase this

• Come in two forms
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
• (consists of as much as 75 cholesterol)
• 2) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) good
  cholesterol
• (20-30 cholesterol)

Unsaturated Fats increase this
Function HDL is to remove excess cholesterol from
cells and arterial walls and transport it back to
the liver for disposal
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STEROIDS

• Chemical Signals
• Estrogen, testosterone sex hormones
• Best known steroid CHOLESTROL
• Essential molecule found in cell membranes
• Starting point from which your body produces
  all other steroids
• Bad reputation ? Link to cardiovascular disease

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Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
carbon
carbon
carbon
oxygen
oxygen
oxygen
hydrogen
hydrogen
hydrogen
Nitrogen
C6H12O6
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PROTEINS

• Polymer constructed from a set of just 20
  different kinds of monomers called
• Amino Acids
• Essential amino acids
• We cannot create ourselves
• Must be consumed in our diet in order to make a
  particular protein

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Functions of Proteins

• Make up many of the structural components of
  organisms
• Collagen
• Holds tissues together
• Keratin
• Strengthens hair, skin, nails, horns, feathers
• Circulate in the blood
• Hemoglobin
• Protein responsible for carrying oxygen within
  our red blood cells, that circulate throughout
  our body

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Functions of Proteins

• Make up muscles
• Provide long term nutrient storage
• Defend the body from harmful microorganisms
• Act as signals
• Glycoproteins
• Lubricate joints
• Enzymes
• Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells

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Protein Structure

• Proteins
• Unique 3-dimensional structure
• Corresponds to a specific function
• Amino Acid Monomers
• (Amino Group) NH2 CH COOH (Carboxyl Group)
• Unique Side Group
• Side group or R group ? Responsible for the
  chemical properties of each amino acid

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Building a Protein

• Cells link amino acids together into a
  POLYPEPTIDE chain
• (Each link Dehydration reaction)
• At least 100 amino acids long
• Proteins
• Composed of 1 or more polypeptide chains

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Building a Protein

• Order of amino acids makes each polypeptide chain
  unique
• Your body can make an enormous variety of
  proteins by arranging different amino acids in
  different orders
• Similarity between English language 26 letters
  ? thousands of different words
• Proteins 20 different letters amino acids ?
  thousands of different proteins

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Protein Shape

• A protein in the simple form of amino acids
  linked together cannot function properly
• Compare this to a strand of yarn and a finished
  sweater
• Functional sweater yarn that has been carefully
  knitted in a particular manner
• Functional protein
• Consists of 1 or more polypeptides precisely
  twisted, folded, and coiled in a particular manner

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Protein Shape

• Sequence of amino acids contributes to the way
  the protein folds
• Some amino acid side chains bond with each other
• These forces help to fold a polypeptide and to
  keep if folded

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Protein Shape

• Denaturation
• Protein is exposed to an unfavorable change in
  temperature or pH
• Causes the protein to unravel and lose its normal
  shape
• Ex Frying an egg
• Egg white changes from a clear liquid to a white
  solid