Naming organic compounds

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Naming organic compounds
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Naming organic compounds

• The basic rules
• There are some general rules which you should
  remember when naming organic compounds
• The longest unbranched chain containing the
  functional group is the parent molecule or simply
  the longest unbranched chain for alkanes.
  Remember that the longest chain can go round a
  bend.
• Indicate the position of the functional group
  with a number, numbering from the end nearest the
  functional group.
• Name the branches and indicate the number of
  branches.

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• Indicate the position of the branches with a
  number, numbering from the end nearest the
  functional group.If there is more than one
  branch, the branches are identified in
  alphabetical order ignoring any di, tri etc.
• Be aware!Each branch needs to be numbered
  individually, even if they are attached to the
  same carbon atom.The rule is a comma between
  numbers and a dash between numbers and letters.

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Naming alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

• Alkanes
• The alkanes don't contain a functional group and
  so the branches are numbered from the end that
  gives the lowest set of position numbers for the
  branches.Use the above rules to see how the
  names of the alkanes below are built up.

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• Alkenes and alkynes
• The functional group in the alkenes is the carbon
  to carbon double bond.The functional group in
  the alkynes is the carbon to carbon triple
  bond.The basic rules of naming apply.The
  position of the double or triple bond is
  indicated by a number before the -ene or -yne
  part of the name.

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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones

• Alcohols
• The functional group in the alcohols is the
  hydroxyl group (-OH).Alcohols end in the
  letters -olThe basic rules of naming apply.The
  position of the hydroxyl functional group is
  indicated by a number before the -ol part of the
  name.

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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones

• Be aware!Alcohols can also be termed primary,
  secondary or tertiary.
• Primary has the -OH on the end of a
  chain.Secondary has the -OH on a non-branched
  carbon atom along the chain.Tertiary has the -OH
  on a branched carbon atom along the chain.

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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones
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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones

• Aldehydes
• All aldehydes contain a carbonyl functional
  group. The carbonyl group will never have a
  position number in an aldehyde as it is always on
  the end of the carbon chain.Aldehydes end in
  the letters -al.The basic rules of naming apply.

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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones
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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones

• Ketones
• Ketones also contain a carbonyl functional group
  but in ketones it is never on the end of a carbon
  chain.Ketones end in the letters -one.The
  naming rules in part 1 apply as before.

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Naming alcohols, aldehydes and ketones
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Naming carboxilic acids and esters

• Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional
  group (-COOH) The carboxyl group will never have
  a position number in a carboxylic acid as it is
  always on the end of the carbon
  chain.Carboxylic acids end in -oic acid.The
  basic rules of naming apply.

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Naming carboxilic acids and esters
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Naming carboxilic acids and esters

• An ester is made from an alcohol and a carboxylic
  acid.Esters have their own rules for
  naming.The first part of the name comes from
  the alcohol and it ends with the letters
  -yl.The second part of the name comes from the
  carboxylic acid and it ends with the letters
  -oate.

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Naming carboxilic acids and esters
Name of Alcohol Name of Carboxylic acid Name of ester
Ethanol propanoic acid ethyl propanoate
Butanol methanoic acid butyl methanoate
Pentanol ethanoic acid pentyl ethanoate