Title: The Age of Ideologies
1The Age of Ideologies
2A theme to keep in mind for the rest of our
course.
Dual Revolutions
3- The Age of Ideologies
- 1815-1850
- Reactions to Post Industrial and Post French
Revolutionary World (Dual Revolutions) - Simmering Social Unrest
- The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
4Why were the French Revolution and Industrial
Revolution So Important to Intellectual Trends?
- French Revolution
- Ideas of the Enlightenment were spread throughout
Europe by Napoleons armies - Even though these ideas were bottled up by the
Congress of Vienna, they were NOT destroyed - Industrial Revolution
- Society was dramatically, if unintentionally,
changed - Power shifted increasingly from the aristocracy
to the factory owning (bourgeois) class - Proletariat concentrated (often unhappily) in the
city - (parallels the French Revolution)
- Factory working conditions are, in many ways,
degrading - Urban life is new and not carefully planned-
crime, pollution, debauchery, etc. - What does it all mean? ? new intellectual themes
5The Age of Ideologies
- Part II- Start at the Beginning- The Congress of
Vienna
6The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 June
9, 1815)
- Meeting of Conservative Leaders after Waterloo
- Intend to Erase the French Revolution
7Key Players at Vienna
Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)
The HostPrince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand
(Fr.)
8Congress of Vienna Represented Conservatism
- Tradition- ancien regime had been around for so
long that it must be good and must match with
Gods laws - Religion is a bedrock of society
- Look what liberalism just caused!
- Revolutions were just bourgeois troublemakers
inciting the good, peaceful, contented lower
classes
9Even Traditionally Liberal England Swung in a
more Conservative Direction After The French
Revolution
- Is this logical?
- Horrors of the French Revolution force the
country to the right - Corn Laws
- England cannot import wheat after the Napoleonic
Wars - Designed to keep profit of aristocratic land
owners high - Peterloo Massacre
- Poor are protesting laws like the Corn Law and
demanding a wider franchise to get laws more
supportive of the people - St. Peters Field protestors are attacked by the
British regular army - Irony of naming after Waterloo?
10(No Transcript)
11Corn Laws Help to Explain the Rise of the
Chartists
- The reason laws are only for the rich is that
- only the rich can vote
- If workers can vote, politicians must court them
12Key Principles Established at Vienna
- Balance of Power
- Ring France with Strong Countries
- Legitimacy
- Return hereditary monarchs
- Compensation
- France was occupied for 5 years
- Paid reparations
- Both of these punishments might have been
avoided, but for the ______________________
13Key Tension at Vienna
- Compensation
- the demands of the victors (especially the
Prussians and the Russians) for compensation
threatened the Balance of Power - Arguments between Russia/Prussia and
England/Austria almost resparked war
- Balance of Power
- preserve peace in Europe
V
- Solution
- Britain and Austria turned to France for support.
- Prussia and Russia were forced to compromise
- Why was this good for France?
- More lenient treatment
14Changes Made at Vienna (1)
- France was deprived of all territory conquered
by Napoléon. - Bourbons restored to the French throne
- Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw
(Poland). - Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of
Poland, and other German territories. (sentinel
on the Rhine) - A Germanic Confederation of 30 states (including
Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under
Austrian rule. - Austria was given back territory it had lost
recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. - The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic
and the Austrian Netherlands to rule. (why?) - Why dont I have England listed here?
15Europe After the Congress of Vienna
16Was the Congress of Vienna Successful?
- Yes
- Congress System (what was this?)
- No general European war for 100 years
- Holy Alliance (what was it?)
- Carslbad Decrees (in Germany)
- United action to crush uprising in the Two
Sicilies
- No
- Continuing struggle between the forces of
conservatism and liberalism/radicalism - Revolutions in 1830 and 1848
- Some Liberal Movements were successful
- Latin America wins its independence
17Why Such Fear of Liberalism?
- The Usual
- stirred up the lower-classes and caused war and
bloodshed - Threatened tradition/status quo/hierarchy/ Great
Chain, etc. - A New Concern
- Liberalism was increasingly connected to
nationalism - nationalist aspirations in central Europe, which
could lead to war and the breakup of the Austrian
and Russian Empires - Austria, for examples was dominated by the
minority Germans, contained many ethnic groups,
including Hungarians/Czechs - So what does nationalism mean for Metternich or
the Tsar?