The Age of Reform

1
Chapter 24

• The Age of Reform
• 1791 - 1911

2
Section 1 Liberal Reform in Great Britain and
Its Empire

• Women fought hard for the right to vote and were
  often arrested
• The Industrial Revolution brought wealth and
  power to Great Britain
• Also brought inequalities
• Liberalism supported govt protection of
  individual rights and civil liberties
• Suffrage the right to vote

3

• Trouble with voting property ownership, voting
  in the open change is demanded, mainly by
  workers and the middle class
• Many new voters are in existence
• Slavery was abolished in all British colonies in
  1833
• People want universal male suffrage and secret
  ballot

4

• People want money for members of Parliament so
  average ppl could afford to enter politics
• Queen Victoria had the longest reign in English
  history 63 years called the Victorian Age
• She had 2 very important Prime Ministers during
  her reign

5
Benjamin Disraeli

• Interested in guiding foreign affairs and
  expanding the empire

6
William Gladstone

• Concerned mainly with domestic and financial
  affairs
• Many reforms
• Education Act of 1870 creates national
  elementary education system
• Irish Question and home rule

7
Misc.

• Aborigines Australia victims of new diseases
  and British ideas of racial superiority
• 1893 New Zealand became the first country in
  the world to grant women the right to vote

8
Section 2 Expansion and Reform in the United
States

• Major issues slavery, expanding territory,
  states rights
• Growth (1788) United States was made up of 13
  states and had pop. of almost 4 million. (1900)
  United States had grown to almost 4xs original
  size and pop. of about 60 million.

9
Northwest Ordinance (1787)

• Settlers in new land would have same rights as
  original citizens
• 5,000 males have its own legislature
• 60,000 ppl adopt a constitution and apply for
  statehood

10
The expansion of The U.S.Territory
How obtained Date
States created
11
Civil War

• North Industry South Agriculture
• New Territories Slavery?
• Secede South Carolina Confederate States of
  America
• Total War enemys military and civilian
  resources were targets for destruction
• South lacked troops and industrial output

12

• More than 600,000 died
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Victory
• Freedom did not necessarily ease the lives of
  former slaves
• Impact on the Indians in the movement Westward

13
Civil War Amendments

• 13th Amendment abolished slavery in all states
• 14th Amendment gave former slaves citizenship
  rights and equal protection under the law
• 15th Amendment right to vote cannot be denied
  due to race or former enslavement

14
19th Amendment (1920)

• Gave the right to vote to women

15
Section 3 Revolution and Reform in France

• The French continued their long fight for
  political and social change.
• Louis XVIII died in 1824, his brother Charles X
  became King of France.
• Charles X believed in absolute monarchy and
  abolished most of the liberal reforms.
• When the French people revolted in July 1830
  Charles X gave up his throne

16

• New King Louis Philippe member of the Bourbon
  family who they thought to be liberal.
• Louis Philippe was King of France, but one
  approved by the French Parliament
• Citizen King he called himself this to win
  the support of the people

17

• Louis Philippe faced opposition
• Food shortages and unemployment between 1846 and
  1848 heightened tensions and discontent
• LP took away some freedoms
• LP will abdicate and leave for England
• Need for a new leader

18

• A president would be elected for one, four year
  term a republican form of government
• Voters chose Louis-Napoleon, the nephew of
  Napoleon Bonaparte
• He wants to serve more than one term and so he
  takes matters into his own hands
• Plebiscite allows him to stay in power gets a
  10 year term
• He wants to restore the empire of his uncle

19

• Become Napoleon III
• Authoritarian regime
• People lost many rights
• Newspapers censored and shut down
• Liberal university professors lost jobs
• No freedom of speech
• No organization of political opposition

20
Crimean War

• Russia claimed authority over certain holy places
  in Palestine
• France disputed this claim
• 1854 France, Great Britain, and Ottoman Empire
  form alliance and declared war on Russia
• The Crimea

21

• Both sides suffered massive losses
• Two important developments modern field
  hospitals and professional nursing corps
• France wins Crimean War
• France then turns to forming a colonial empire

22
Florence Nightingale

• By the end of the first year in the Crimea, the
  mortality rate had decreased from 42 to 22
  because of her reforms in hygiene and the
  supplies she donated.
• Before her death in 1910, she received the
  British Order of Merit for her work.

23
Franco-Prussian War

• Otto von Bismarck head of Prussian govt
• Decided war with France would help him unite the
  German states
• Disaster for France
• Napoleon III took control of the army and was
  captured
• Prussians invaded France and began a siege of
  Paris
• January 1871 Paris fell war was over

24
Treaty of Frankfurt

• Forced France to give up either all or part of
  Alsace and Lorraine
• Large payment to Germany

25
Give Peace A Chance

• French people wanted peace and elected people who
  would vote to accept peace.
• This ticked off the people in Paris
• They set up a council to govern the city called
  the Commune member were Communards
• French govt at Versailles wanted to disarm the
  Parisians

26

• Troops enter Paris and fight Communards street to
  street
• Communards were defeated
• Constitution of 1875 made France a Republic.
  Stood for nearly 75 years
• Anarchists Opposed all govt

27
Dreyfus Affair

• Accused and convicted of giving French military
  secrets to Germany
• Dreyfus, who was Jewish, was sentenced to life
  even though evidence existed that he was innocent
• When real traitor was discovered the Army clears
  him as opposed to admit wrong doing

28

• In 1906 Dreyfuss name was cleared
• Coalition political groups organized to support
  a common cause

29
Section 4 Latin American Independence Movements

• Inspired by Revolutions in North America and
  France
• Independence movements swept the entire region
  from Mexico to tip of S. America
• Distinct colonial life in Latin America developed
  and thrived
• Mercantilism the royal outlook on the colonies
  was that they were designed to benefit the home
  country and its ruler at colonial expense

30

• Haciendas large, self-sufficient farms that
  produced a variety of goods
• Rancheros (p. 624)
• American Indians were used as slaves farm
  workers, miners, servants
• As the Indian population decreased and the need
  for labor increased African slaves were imported

31
Social Gap Increases

• Peninsulares European born (Iberian Peninsula)
• Creoles white people born in the colonies
• Mestizos American Indian/European ancestry
• Mulattoes African/European ancestry
• African and Indian
• By the 1700s the majority of colonial population
  was of mixed ancestry
• Rules were passed that barred Mestizos from
  priesthood, universities, most political offices,
  and most prestigious craft guilds

32

• Taxes to help pay for Spains European wars
  caused bitter resentment in the colonies
• The hatred that the Peninsula has inspired in us
  is greater that the ocean between us

33
Haitis Slave Revolution

• Slaves and Mulattoes joined together (1791) under
  Toussaint-Louverture a freed slave
• This was the only successful revolution led by
  slaves anywhere in the world
• Haiti becomes the first independent country in
  Latin America

34
Leaders of the Fight in Spanish South America

• 1. Simon Bolivar
• Nicknamed the Liberator
• Bolivia named in his honor
• 2. Jose Francisco de San Martin
• His success in moving his entire Army through
  10,000 12,000 ft mountain passes to cross the
  Andes in Jan and Feb 1817 is ranked alongside
  Hannibals legendary crossing of the Alps in 218
  BC as one of the greatest military maneuvers in
  history.
• Benardo OHiggins

35

• Brazil got independence without war
• Portugal lost its entire empire Spain held only
  Cuba and Puerto Rico

36
Monroe Doctrine

• Spain tries to regain its lost colonies in 1820s
• United States takes notice
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) US would oppose any
  attempts by European nations to take back former
  colonies, create new ones, or interfere with any
  govt in the hemisphere
• This upsets the Europeans but they listen

37
Last Points

• Slavery was abolished throughout Latin America by
  1888
• With the growth of industry and trade many
  nations began to achieve stability and economic
  growth

38
Question

• Why would uprisings originate among the Creoles
  and not among the lower classes?
• The frustration of the powerful Creole class and
  lower classes inability to sustain a Revolution

39
Chapter 25 Nationalism In Europe 1806 - 1913
40
Cyrus Hall McCormick

• Manufactured grain reapers in Chicago in the late
  1840s.
• Before the reaper a farmer with a sickle could
  harvest only about half an acre of wheat per day.
• With a McCormick reaper 2 people could harvest 12
  acres a day

41

• Nationalism became a driving force for change in
  Italy, Germany, Russia, and other European
  regions. In this chapter you will read about
  those developments and what effects they had on
  the people and political futures of those
  countries.

42
Section 1 The Unification of Italy

• What factors might contribute to or detract from
  a desire for national unification?
• Contribute common culture, ancestry,
  traditions, language, customs, history, folk
  tales, holidays, religion, art, literature,
  music
• Detract different economic interests,
  regionalism.

43

• Conquest by Napoleon had unified Italy for a
  brief time.
• However, the Congress of Vienna again divided
  Italy into several large and small states
• Nationalism continued to grow
• Nationalists could not work openly and had to
  form secret societies

44

• Neither Pope nor King but rather a republic
  should rule Italy.
• Cavour wanted Sardinia to lead the way in uniting
  and industrializing Italy.
• He increased Sardinias political influence by
  siding with France and Great Britain during the
  Crimean War.

45

• Cavour saw Austria as the greatest barrier to
  Italian unification.
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies southern Italian
  Peninsula and island of Sicily
• Man names Garibaldi comes to the forefront
• Garibaldi was celebrated for military skill
• He spent 12 years in S. America learning the art
  of guerrilla warfare
• During 1860 the people in Italy except Venetia
  and Rome - had plebiscites and voted for national
  unity

46
Section 2 The Unification of Germany

• We want Germany to be considered one land and
  one people.
• Germany a patchwork of independent states
• Napoleon I Dominated Prussia for 7 years
• Napoleon I limited size of the Prussian Army
  and forced money and soldiers to France
• Austria was Prussias greatest German rival

47

• German economy began to move towards unification
• 1861 William I became King of Prussia
• The next year he appointed Otto von Bismarck to
  lead the Prussian cabinet
• Bismarck opposed democracy and the idea of a
  Parliament
• He thought the state should hold all authority

48
Bismarck

• The great question of the day will not be
  settled by speeches and majority decisions that
  was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 but by
  blood and iron.
• Hoped that successful foreign policy would calm
  an increasingly hostile public
• Always against any form of popular govt
• He does help create a strong Germany a major
  power!!!

49
Realpolitik

• Used to describe an artful, shrewd approach to
  politics that completely disregards ideology
• Bismarck was the master of this style
• Ex. he collected taxes w/o parliamentary
  approval, ignored the Constitution, edited the
  telegram from the King, provoked wars to help
  German unification

50
Machiavellianism

• Can be summarized by the often-quoted statement
  The end justifies the means.
• Rulers should maintain their power by whatever
  means necessary

51
Seven Weeks War

• Prussia vs. Austria
• Shocked the world at the modern approach to
  warfare movement by train, communication with
  the telegraph, modern weaponry
• Shifted the balance of power in Europe

52
Franco-Prussian War

• Prussian victory
• Provoked France into declaring war on Prussia
• 18 January 1871 German representatives met in
  the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
  and declared the formation of German Empire

53
Structure

• Kaiser emperor, head of govt, commanded
  military in war, could declare defensive war w/o
  approval appointed Chancellor and Bundesrat
• Chancellor under Kaiser, over legislature
• Bundesrat federal council approved or vetoed
  budgets
• Reichstag legislative assembly, approved
  military budgets every seven years

54
Section 3 Opposition to Bismarck

• Liberal ideas led to the fall of Bismarck and an
  increase in popular representation in govt
• Constitution gave the people little voice
• Dissatisfied groups formed political parties that
  opposed Bismarcks policies
• Bismarck was increasingly forced to attend to
  their demands

55

• Kulturkampf culture struggle -
  anti-Catholic program. Bismarck was
  Protestant
• Ended in failure in 1887
• Bismarcks govt and leadership helped the growth
  of industry

56

• Germany was able to industrialize more rapidly
  and efficiently by building on the innovations of
  other nations
• Bismarck pushed through laws that prohibited
  newspapers, books, or pamphlets from spreading
  socialist ideas
• He banned public meetings of socialists
• Bismarck decided to grant many of the reforms the
  socialists proposed so that fewer people would
  have reason to support the socialists

57

• William II comes to power in 1888
• He believed in absolute authority of the emperor
  brings him into conflict with Bismarck
• When Bismarck offered his resignation as a threat
  William II accepted it
• Germany had become a major power!!!

58
Section 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia

• In the 1800s liberal ideas from Western Europe
  stirred up unrest among the Russian people
• Russian industry lagged
• Ports were blocked by ice for much of the year
  and exits from the seas were controlled by other
  countries

59

• Russia is vast in land and variety among its
  people national groups, languages
• Such diversity in ethnic, national, and religious
  groups made unification difficult
• The czar ruled the huge Russian Empire as an
  autocrat one who holds absolute power

60

• Russia had struggled with the influence of the
  West
• Nationalistic ideas appealed to the ethnic
  minorities Poles, Finns
• Russification forced non-Russian people in the
  empire to use the Russian language, accept the
  Orthodox religion, and adopt Russian customs in
  place of their traditional ones.

61

• Russia wanted to increase its influence among the
  Slavic peoples under Russian leadership
• Russia promoted Pan-Slavism The union of all
  Slavic peoples under Russian leadership.
• Expansion southward was halted due to the defeat
  in the Crimean War
• The Ural Mountains

62

• Russia would first notice how backwards it was
  with their defeat in the Crimean War
• Serfs in Russia were bound to people and not to
  the land
• Emancipation Edict issued in 1861 by Alexander
  II frees all serfs
• It is better to abolish serfdom from above than
  to wait until the the serfs begin to liberate
  themselves from below.

63
Alexander II

• Alexander II limited the powers of the secret
  police, gave the press greater freedom, and
  expanded education.
• He also reorganized the military, reducing the
  period of active service from 25 years to 6
  years.
• Radical activity made Alexander II more
  conservative .
• After an attempt on his life in 1866, he
  repressed radical groups but continued his
  reforms
• He was assassinated in 1881.

64
Reforms Die With Alexander II

• The assassination of Alexander II ended liberal
  reforms and led to an era of intense repression
• Successors were not open at all to liberalism
  after all, look at what happened to the man who
  tried to help the people Alexander II
• Pogroms riots in which Jews were massacred
• The Russian governments attempt to block all
  change produced an explosive situation

65
1905

• Russo-Japanese War Russia lost again showed
  that Russia was behind in many areas
• Bloody Sunday 22 January 1905 czars troops
  shot unarmed people as they peacefully marched to
  deliver a petition
• There were mutinies in the army and navy
• The Revolutionary movement of 1905 failed to
  overthrow the czar
• The autocracy continued to resist change and use
  repressive measures to preserve their 1000-year
  old monarchy

66
Section 5 Unrest in Austria-Hungary

• By 1848 the uprisings in France had set off
  revolts in almost every other European nation
• When France sneezes, all Europe catches cold
• Hungary was one of the largest parts of the
  Austrian Empire
• A strong nationalist movement centered on
  throwing off Austrian rule and making the Magyars
  dominant in Hungary.

67

• After its defeat by Prussia in 1866, Austria
  responded to Hungarian demands for independence
  in 1867 by forming the Dual Monarchy also
  called Austria-Hungary.
• Austria and Hungary each had their own parliament
• Each provided a market for the other

68

• Ethnic minorities such as the Czechs, Slovaks,
  Serbs, Croats, Romanians, Poles, Slovenes,
  Ukrainians, and Italians existed in both Austria
  and Hungary.
• Balkans have very strategic location where
  Europe and Asia meet
• Map on p. 654

69

• By the 1800s the once-powerful Ottoman Empire had
  declined a great deal
• Russia supported the Balkans and saw the chance
  to exploit the weakening Ottomans
• Russia stood to gain a water route from the Black
  Sea to the Mediterranean Sea if the Ottoman
  Empire collapsed.
• Great Britain did not want to see the Russians in
  the Mediterranean

70

• Due to the increased Russia influence in the
  Balkans the Congress of Berlin was held in 1878
• Great Britain got the island of Cyprus as a naval
  base in the Mediterranean
• 1912 and 1913 2 Balkans Wars took place
• Serbia had growing hostility toward Austria and
  this greatly heightened political tension in the
  Balkans

71
The End