Ancient Rome - Regents Review

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Rome
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The Geography of Rome
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Geography

• Livy Early History of Rome
• Not without reason did gods and men choose this
  spot for the site of our city- the hills, the
  river to bring us produce from the inland regions
  and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea
  itself, near enough for convenience yet not so
  near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our
  situation in the very heart of Italy- all of
  these advantages make it of all places in the
  world the best for a city destined to grow
  great.
• Why was Romes geography so important?

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The History of Ancient Italy
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First Settlers

• Latins (9th-8th Century B.C.E.)
• 1st around Rome
• Palatine Hill
• Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.)
• Colonize southern Italy and Sicily
• Greek cultural influence
• Etruscans
• Native to central and northern Italy
• Current day Tuscany
• Influence? Article?

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Roots of Roman Values

• Etruscans Influences

• Greek Influences

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Influence of the Etruscans

• Writing
• Religion
• The Arch

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The Mythical Founding of RomeRomulus Remus
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Italy in 750 BCE
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The Roman Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
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Republican Government
2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)
Senate (Representative body for
patricians) Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
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The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE

• Providing political and socialrights for the
  plebeians.

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Punic Wars

• Start of Imperial Expansion
• First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E)
• Started over who controlled Sicily
• Ended 20 years later with surrender of important
  colonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Rome
• During truce Carthage built up its forces and
  invaded Italy
• Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E)
• Carthaginian forces led by Hannibal
• 15 years of destroying Italy
• Rome wins
• Carthage gives up holdings in Africa and Spain
• Determined Roman control and civilization would
  take over Mediterranean world

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Hannibal

• Carthage (Northern Africa)
• First settled by Phoenicians
• Will fall to Rome
• Raised by his father to hate Rome
• Takes over military
• Tightened Carthages control of Spain
• Attacks Saguntum in Spain

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Carthaginian Empire
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Hannibals Route
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Territorial Problems facing the Roman Republic

• Results of the Punic Wars
• Territory too big for the Republic to control

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Economic Problems

• Increasing gap between the rich and the poor
• Rich landowners vs. slaves (1/3 population)
• Small farmers (proletariat)
• Cant compete Sell farms
• Result homeless, jobless
• Urban poor grows (1/4 of population)

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• Deaths lead to Civil War
• Power-hungry generals
• Soldiers for hire vs. citizens
• Rape of the Sabine Women
• Page 122

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The Roman Forum
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Romes Early Road System
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Roman Roads The Appian Way
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Roman Aqueducts
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The Roman Colosseum
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The Colosseum Interior
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Circus Maximus
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Reform Leaders

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• the poor should be given grain and small plots of
  free land.

Military Reformer

• Gaius Marius
• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.
• professional standing army.

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The First Triumvirate

• Julius Caesar
• (general)
• Marcus Licinius Crassus (rich man)
• Gaius Magnus Pompey (general)

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The Rise of Julius Caesar (100 44 B.C.)

• 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul
• 58 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul
• Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesars popularity
  orders Caesars army to disband and return home
• 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome defeats
  Pompeys troops
• Returns home in 46 B.C. and named dictator for
  life in 44 B.C.

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Julius Caesars Reforms

• Granted Roman citizenship to many provincials
• Expanded the Senate
• Created jobs for the poor
• Constructed public buildings
• Started colonies for people without land to own
  property
• Increased pay for soldiers

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The Fate of Julius Caesar

• The powerful feared Caesars growing power
  popularity
• March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by senators
• Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian
  Caesar

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Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE
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The Second Triumvirate

• Octavian Augustus
• Marc Antony
• Marcus Lepidus

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Second Triumvirate

• Divided empire
• Antony (general) - East and Egypt
• Octavian (Caesars grandnephew/ adopted son) -
  Italy and West
• Lepidus (politician) Africa
• Octavian encourages Antony to declare war on him
  and won at the battle of Actium

Start of Roman Empire!!
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The Roman Empire 27 BCE - 476 CE
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Octavian AugustusRomes First Emperor
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The First Roman Dynasty
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The Rise of Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. A.D. 14)

• Octavian
• Forces Lepidus to retire
• Defeated Mark Antony Cleopatra in Egypt in 31
  B.C.
• Becomes Augustus exalted one
• Master of Roman Worlds
• (Article and Discuss Packet from Class)

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The Augustan Age

• Sheet from book and Discuss

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Pax Romana 27 BCE 180 CE
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Pax Romana

• Roman Peace
• 31 BCE- 180 CE
• Greatest Achievement of Augustus
• Syria to Spain, Bristol to Belgrade
• Unified, peaceful, one ruler, common law
• Literature and Arts Flourished
• Trade
• Sam Laws

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Roman Culture

• Borrowed heavily from Greeks
• Had own native culture
• Law
• Administration
• Practical matters engineering, sanitation,
  finance, system of justice
• Arts
• Latin Language
• Literature
• Architecture

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The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire 14 CE
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The Legacy of Rome

• Republic Government
• Roman Law
• Latin Language
• Roman Catholic Church
• City Planning
• Romanesque Architectural Style
• Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch