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Jean Watson's Theory of Caring

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Title: Jean Watson's Theory of Caring


1
Jean Watson's Theory of Caring
  • Ashley Bridges
  • Nicole Chambers
  • Jennifer Hanson
  • Chelsea Melrose

2
Introduction
  • Caring is the essence of nursing. - Jean Watson
  •  
  •     Jean Watson is a psychiatric and mental
    health nurse, who innovative views on nursing
    helped shape her nursing theory of caring. The
    following presentation will outline the origins
    and philosophy behind her theory, as well as
    present the four global concepts and how she
    incorporates each into her theory. Last, a case
    study will presented for student evaluation of
    understanding of Watson's theory.

3
Origins and Philosophies
  • Jean Watson specialized in psychiatric-mental
    health nursing which allowed her to recognize the
    needs of both the caregiver and the patient.
  • Watson's work is recognized as a "Human Science"
    for this reason.
  • Recognized human caring as the basis of nursing
    practice and placed a large emphasis on how the
    nurse and patient interact together to promote
    healing.
  • She equated health with harmony, resulting from
    the unity of the body, mind and soul.
  • Believed that nursing is based on human values
    and interest in the welfare of others therefore
    placing a large emphasis on the caregiver
    recognizing his/her own values as a nurse.
  • Believed that nursing is concerned with health
    promotion, health restoration and illness
    prevention therefore placing a large emphasis on
    the development of a trusting patient-nurse
    relationship and providing a caring environment.

4
Historical Background
  • Jean Watson developed her Theory of Human Caring
    between 1975 and 1979 while she taught at the
    University of Colorado
  • Theory evolved as she worked on a curriculum for
    a bachelor's of science in nursing program
  • Was originally based on her beliefs about nursing
    and was augmented by her doctoral studies in
    psychology 
  • Watson's goal in developing her theory was to
    bring meaning to nursing as a unique and distinct
    health profession with its own values and
    knowledge base
  • Wanted to bridge the gap between the caring and
    focus on health of nursing and the focus on
    diagnosis and illness of medicine (Fawcett, 2002)
  • Beliefs centered on the carative factors of
    nursing, which stood apart from the curative
    factors of medicine
  • Original theory proposed ten carative factors of
    nursing
  •  Wanted a body of work that was applicable to
    every area of nursing across time (Watson, n.d.)

5
Philosophic Values About Nursing
  • Watson's fundamental belief about nursing is that
    it is a human science (McCance, McKenna, Boore,
    1999)
  •  Believes that the primary goal of nursing is to
    help individuals achieve harmony of mind, body,
    and soul through caring transactions
  • Core of nursing is based on the essence of caring
  • Goal of nursing is to guide the individual to
    find meaning in sickness and pain, which will
    improve human nature
  • Nursing, as part of the transpersonal caring
    relationship, involves being present, showing
    kindness, developing trust, listening to the
    expression of feelings, and assisting in the
    meeting of basic needs (Watson, n.d.)

6
Knowledge Development
  • Believes that one has to experience the caring
    theory before one can learn about and research
    it, and ultimately, add to it
  • Because the theory can be experienced, it
    provides the opportunity to grow the theory and
    practice its fundamentals in personal and
    professional life
  •  Use of the theory is ever-changing
  •  Believes what is meant by nursing discipline
    needs to be rethought so that nursing can
    continue to mature as a distinct
    profession (Fawcett, 2002)
  • Nursing has generally borrowed knowledge from
    other disciplines, especially medicine
  • Once nursing knowledge can guide its own
    practices, then other disciplines can draw from
    nursing knowledge
  • Feels that caring should remain at the center of
    knowledge development and that all healthcare
    disciplines will have to incorporate a caring
    model into their practices to meet the public's
    expectations (Watson, n.d.)

7
Influences on Nursing Philosophy
  • The transpersonal caring relationship was the
    major influence on Watson's nursing philosophy
  • Transpersonal caring relationship is defined by a
    spiritual connection that allows for the
    possibility of healing
  • Transpersonal caring requires being involved in
    the moment, being authentic, providing a caring
    environment, and making a spiritual connection
  • Believed that caring in nursing has been present
    in every society and could be transmitted through
    the nursing profession (Fawcett, 2002)
  • Belief in holistic care was critical in the
    development of her caring philosophy

8
Global Concepts According to Watson's Theory of
Caring
  • Person, Environment, Health and Nursing

9
Global Concepts Person
  • One of the only theories involving the caregiver
    and the patient.
  • Encourages the nurse and patient to develop a
    trusting relationship
  • Requires nurse to be conscious of own morals and
    values
  • Encourages going beyond ones "ego" to reach a
    spiritual connection in promoting the patients
    comfort and healing.
  • The goal is to promote, protect, enhance, and
    preserve the patients dignity, humanity,
    wholeness and inner harmony.
  • The art of caring provides compassion and eases
    patients and families suffering.
  •  An individual who receives care, is respected,
    appreciated, cultivated and assisted with care
    while being viewed as an individual.
  • Watson's Carative Factors related to this
    concept
  • The formation of humanistic-altruistic system of
    values
  • The cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and
    others
  •  The development of a helping-trust relationship

10
Global Concepts Environment
  • Environment should support caring
  • accepts an individual as they are or who they may
    become.
  • A caring attitude is attained by ones culture to
    cope with its environment.
  • Watson's Carative Factors related to this
    concept
  •  
  • The provision for a supportive, protective,
    and/or corrective mental, physical,
    sociocultural, and spiritual environment

11
Global Concepts Health
  • Applying caring values in our practice is
    essential to our own health, as healthcare
    providers.
  • Encourages a teaching-learning environment that
    supports and promotes health.
  • The spiritual strength of the patient is
    recognized and encouraged for its contribution to
    the health of the individual.
  • Holistic approach to promote health and prevent
    illness
  • Maintaining functions of daily living.
  • Watson's Carative Factors related to this
    concept
  • The systematic use of the scientific
    problem-solving method for decision making
  • The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning
  • Assistance with the gratification of human needs

12
Global Concepts Nursing
  • Encourages nurses to practice the "art of caring"
    and provide compassion to ease patient and
    families suffering.
  • Promotes healing and dignity but it can also
    expand to help nurses reach their own
    self-actualization.
  • Believes that holistic health is central to the
    practice of caring in nursing.
  • Encourages nurses to be their genuine selves with
    their patients, which allows for development of a
    trusting relationship between the nurse and
    patient.
  • Nursing is the science of humans with experiences
    of health promotion and illness preventions
  • Nursing provides care for patients and
    facilitates health in a professional, ethical and
    personal interaction.
  • Watson's Carative Factors related to this
    concept
  • The promotion and acceptance of the expression of
    positive and negative feelings
  • The cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and
    others
  • The development of a helping-trust relationships
  • The instilation of faith and hope
  • The allowence for existential phenomenological
    forces

13
Evaluation of Watson's theory
  • Watson's background in mental health nursing
    helped her recognize the needs of both the
    caregiver and the patient, which directly
    influenced her views on nursing and development
    of her theory.
  • Theory was started while Watson was working
    towards a BSN, and evolved while in her doctorate
    program.
  • Theory originally began as Watson's definition of
    nursing.
  • Theory is unique to nursing, however, Watson
    established the carative factors in hopes that
    her theory could be applied to all areas of
    nursing.

14
Theory of Human Caring Where, When and How?
  • Can be applied to all areas of nursing, including
    both ambulatory and acute care
  • A guide to articulate what nursing is and does,
    beyond task orientation
  • A guide for all nursing roles and specialities
  • Framework that helps build awarenss of how our
    values guide moment to moment practice
  •  
  • Theory of Human Caring can be applied to
    interdisciplinary relationships within
    healthcare, as well as with nurse colleagues.
  • Two main elements of the theory are human caring
    and being sensitive to others, which can be
    applied to all interpersonal relationships
    (within family units, work, etc)

15
Case Study
  • Mrs. Doubtfire is a 43 year old female who is
    admitted to your oncology unit to receive
     chemotherapy and radiation for stage 2 breast
    cancer. She has been told that in order to
    adequately treat her cancer she must undergo a
    double mastectomy. As a mother of three teenage
    daughters, she voices concern to you that she
    will no longer feel feminine after already losing
    her hair and potentially both of her breasts. 
  • Using Jean Watson's theory of caring, answer the
    following questions related to Mrs. Doubtfire's
    situation.

16
1. Using Watson's caring philosophy, what would
your nursing care interventions be?
  • a. Convince Mrs. Doubtfire to have her breasts
    removed so that she will not die and leave her
    daughters behind.
  • b. Tell her that her daughters will still see her
    as a woman.
  • c. Sit down with the patient and allow her to
    express her positive and negative feelings about
    having the bilateral mastectomy.
  • d. Tell her that you will give her time to
    rethink her decision and go see your next patient.

17
2. Inspired by Watson's theory, what question
would help Mrs. Doubtfire share her feelings?
  • a."Tell me about your spiritual and cultural
    beliefs regarding feminity."
  • b. Don't ask questions, let her sleep and go
    review her chart.
  • c. Don't ask questions, put in a social work
    consult and have them come talk with her.
  • d. "Do you feel that having this surgery will
    effect having a relationship with your daughters?"

18
3. Identify the clinical carative factors that
you could apply to the situation with Mrs.
Doubtfire. Choose all that apply.
  • a. Assistance with the gratification of human
    needs.
  • b. The development of a helping-trust
    relationship.
  • c. Work in such a way that there is a sense of
    accomplishment.
  • d. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that
    leads to normal development and health and use
    the available health facilities.
  • e. The promotion and acceptance of the expression
    of positive and negative feelings.

19
References
  • Caruso, E., Cisar, N., Pipe, T. (2008).
    Creating a healing environment an innovative
    educational approach for adopting jean watson's
    theory of human caring. Nursing Administration
    Quarterly,32(2), 126-132.
  • Chitty, K.K., Black, B.P. (2011). Nursing
    theory the basis of professional
    nursing. M.,  Iannuzzi M., Zimmerman.
    (Eds.),  Professional Nursing Concepts and
    Challenges (pp.303-323). Maryland Heights,
    Missouri Saunders Elsevier.
  • Fawcett, J. (2002). The nurse theorists
    21st-century updates- Jean Watson. Nursing
    Science Quarterly,15, 214-219. Doi 10.
    1177/089431840201500307
  • Lukose, A. (2011). Developing a practice model
    for Watson's theory of caring. Nursing
    Science Quarterly, 24(1) 27-30. DOI
    10.1177/0894318410389073
  • McCance, T.V., McKenna, H.P., Boore, J.R.P.
    (1999). Caring theoretical perspectives of
    relevance to nursing. Journal of Advanced
    Nursing, 30(6) 1388-1395.
  •  
  • Nursing Theories. (2012, Jan 26). Jean Watson's
    philosophy of nursing. Retrieved from 
  •     http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watso
    n.html
  • Vance, T. (2003, March 20). Caring and the
    professional practice of nursing. RN Journal.
    Retrieved from http//www.rnjournal.com/journal_o
    f_nursing/caring.htm  
  • Watson, J. (n.d.). Theory of human caring.
    Retrieved from http//www.watsoncaringscience.org/
    index.cfm/feature/84_12/theory-of-human-caring.cfm
  •  
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