Title: Growth%20and%20Development%20of%20Cities:%20Week%202.%20What%20is%20Urban?%20
1Growth and Development of Cities Week 2. What
is Urban? Urbanization
2What is Urban?
- Urban as of relating to, characteristics of, or
constituting a city. (Websters New Collegiate
Dictionary) - A concentration of people with a distinctive way
of life in terms of employment patterns and life
styles - Urban population definitions lt 200 (Sweden,
Denmark), 2500 (US), 30,000 (Japan)
3What is Urban?
- Three key characteristics of cities -large
population size, social heterogeneity, and
population density contribute to the
development of urban way of life. (Louis Wirth,
1897-1952). - Urban villagers and suburbanites tend to maintain
their preexisting cultures and personailities
(Herbert Gans,1967) - The culture and personality types differ widely
with socioeconomic class (Oscar Lewis)
4Urbanization
- Foreign Born
- 15 in 1910
- 11 in 2000 (31.1 mil.) Immigrants
- Urbanization
- 10 in 1690
- 70 in 2000
- Suburban
- Originally a settlement on the fringe
- A place of inferior, debased, and licentious
habits of life (Oxford English Dictionary)
5Urbanization
Above Urbanization map of the United States
derived from city lights data. Urban areas are
coloredred, while peri-urban areas are colored
yellow. (Image courtesy Mark Imhoff, NASA GSFC)
Source members.aol.com/ copernicanview/us_urban_a
reas.gif
6Industrialization Homestead Steel
http//social.chass.ncsu.edu/kilgroe/indus.htm
7Immigration Ellis Island
http//www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/sl/ima
ges/ellis_island2.jpg
8Tenement House in Brooklyn
http//newdeal.feri.org/library/d22b.htm
9New York City Tenement (1890)
http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/1890
pic.jpg
10Tenement
- Below are some of the features of a typical
tenement structure. Features of a typical
tenement include - a building that has 4-6 stories.
- a number of families or tenants living together.
- each apartment has 3 rooms (the living or front
room, the kitchen, and a small bedroom).
11Tenement
- dimensions of the rooms are as follows living
room is 11' x 12' 6", bedroom is 8' 6" square,
and the kitchen is 12' x 10' square. - no toilet/shower/bath
- bathrooms located in rear yard
- fireplace in the kitchen
- no water available inside the building
- no electricity
12Transportation for Commuters
- Electric Trolley Services (then automobiles,
streetcars, railways) Suburbanization
13Public Policies Suburbanization
- Housing
- Federal mortgage insurance (1933)
- Before this, the mortgages were negotiated for
1/3 or ½ of the value of the house over a period
of five to ten years - The Great Depression destroyed the home financing
system (the foreclosures over a thousand a day in
1932) - Federal Housing Administration (FHA) established
in 1934 and mortgage insurance extended
significantly - Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 1965.
- Most of mortgages went to suburban houses (new
houses and economically sound locations). - Favorable tax treatment (the home mortgage
deduction)
14Public Policies Suburbanization
- Highways
- The suburbas prior ro WWII were part of the
cities. Short distance from the city center. - Interstate highway program in 1956 (33,500
million dollars fopr 41,000 miles of highway to
be completed by 1975)
15Decentralization
- Population movement followed and led by the
movement of employment and urban services. - Industrial decentralization accelerated in the
1920s with the growth of both cheap electricity
and transportation. - Shopping centers also followed population.
Large shopping centers from 20,000 in the mid
1980s (2/3 of the national retail trade) to
40,000 in 2000.
16Decentralization
- Edge City (Joel Garreau, 1991)
- New type of a decentralized city. No more a
suburb. Technoburbs by Fishman (1987). - 5 mil. Square feet of leasable office space
the workplace of the information age - 600,000 of leasable retail space
- More jobs than bedrooms
- Nothing like city as recently as thirty years
ago.
17Decentralization
- Edge City (Joel Garreau, 1991)
- Tysons Corner, Virginia
- Silicon Valley, California
- Along Route 128 in Boston, Massachusett.
- Southern California Irvine Spectrum,
Anaheim/Santa Ana, Southbay/Torrance/Carson, West
LA, Sherman Oaks/Van Nuys, Warner Center/West
Valley, Burbank/North Hollywood, Pasadena
18Decentralization
- Speed of Suburbanization
- Depression WWII
- House-building techniques (mass-production
Levittown developments) (William J, Levitt was
the Henry Ford of the building industry). (150
completed houses a week).
19An Early Family Poses in Front of their 1948 Cape
Cod
http//tigger.cc.uic.edu/pbhales/Levittown.html
20Current Trends
- Over a sixth of the population moves every year.
- Before 1970
- Movement to the West
- Redistribution from rural to urban places from
non-metropolitan to metropolitan areas - Within the metropolitan shifts, the movement up
the size hierarchy, with the largest
metropolitan areas gaining the most
21Current Trends
- Rural renaissance
- The growth of non-metropolitan areas at a faster
rate than that of the metropolitan areas. - Some industries moved to these areas.
- counterurbanization
22Current Trends
- From 1990 Census
- Speed volatility of change. Employment affected
by unprecedented national and international
forces (global economy). Unfavored areas
(outdated manufacturing based, cuctbacks in
mining military expenditure) vs. favored
(finacial, service, educational, health, and
leisure centers Las vegas, Phoenix, South of
Florida) - Growth Distribution of minority populations.
Concentration (in LA) - Employment is decentralising. Suburbs become
growth areas.
23Role of Government in Urbanization
- Federal Role
- Financial aid for housing,
- the creation of military bases and other
government installations, - the building of a huge highway network,
24Role of Government in Urbanization
- Federal Role
- The indirect funding of development in the
gunbelt. Since World War II, America's economic
landscape has undergone a profound
transformation. The effects of this change can be
seen in the decline of the traditional industrial
heartland and the emergence of new high tech
industrial complexes in California, Texas,
Boston, and Florida. The Rise of the Gunbelt
demonstrates that this economic restructuring is
a direct result of the rise of the military
industrial complex (MIC) and a wholly new
industry based on defense spending and Pentagon
contacts.
25Role of Government in Urbanization
- Role of State/Local Government
- A few states and localities have attempted to
influence the rate or nature of urbanization,
though not with a great deal of success.
26Census Geography
- Political Statistical
- National Region
- State Division
- County MA
- City Urbanized Area
- Congressional Census Tract
- State Legislative Census BG
- School Districts Census Block
27Geographic Hierarchy
- United States (1)
- Region (4)
- Division (9)
- State (50)
- County (3,219)
- County subdivision (36,351) Place (25,375)
- Census tract (or part) (66,304)
- Block group (or part) (211,267)
- Census block (8,262,363)
28Metropolitan Areas
- Metropolitan Areas (280)
- Metropolitan Statistical Areas (261)
- Central city (50,000) or UA (100,000)
- CMSA (1,000,000) (19)
- Central city (50,000) or UA (100,000)
- PMSA (76)
- Nonmetropolitan Areas
29Census Region
- Groupings of states that subdivide the United
States for the presentation of data. - There are four census regions-Northeast, Midwest,
South, and West. - Each of the four census regions is divided into
two or more census divisions. Before 1984, the
Midwest region was named the North Central
region.
30Census Division
- Groupings of states that are subdivisions of the
four census regions. There are nine census
divisions, which the U.S. Census Bureau adopted
in 1910 for the presentation of data. - Each census division is identified by a two-digit
census code. - Puerto Rico and the Island Areas are not part of
any census region or census division.
31Urbanized Area and Urban Cluster
- Urbanized Area
- The entire densely settled area in and around
each large city - 50,000 people
- 1,000 per square mile
- Urban Cluster
- The entire densely settled area in and around
each large city - 2,500 to 49,999 people
32Metropolitan Areas
- One of a large population nucleus, together with
adjacent communities that have a high degree of
economic and social integration with that
nucleus. Some MAs are defined around two or more
nuclei. - Each MA must contain either a place with a
minimum population of 50,000 or a U.S. Census
Bureau-defined urbanized area and a total MA
population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New
England). - An MA contains one or more central counties. An
MA also may include one or more outlying counties
that have close economic and social relationships
with the central county.
33Metropolitan Areas
- If a metropolitan area (MA) has more than one
million people, two or more primary metropolitan
statistical areas (PMSAs) may be defined within
it. - Each PMSA consists of a large urbanized county or
cluster of counties (cities and towns in New
England) that demonstrate very strong internal
economic and social links, in addition to close
ties to other portions of the larger area. - When PMSAs are established, the larger MA of
which they are component parts is designated a
consolidated metropolitan statistical area
(CMSA). - CMSAs and PMSAs are established only where local
governments favor such designations for a large
MA.
34Metropolitan Areas
- An outlying county must have a specified level of
commuting to the central counties and also must
meet certain standards regarding metropolitan
character, such as population density, urban
population, and population growth. - The territory, population, and housing units in
MAs are referred to as metropolitan. The
metropolitan category is subdivided into inside
central city and outside central city. The
territory, population, and housing units located
outside territory designated metropolitan are
referred to as nonmetropolitan.
35Metropolitan Areas
- The MAs and the central cities within an MA are
designated and defined by the federal Office of
Management and Budget (OMB), following a set of
official standards that are published in a
Federal Register Notice. - These standards were developed by the interagency
Federal Executive Committee on Metropolitan
Areas, with the aim of producing definitions that
are as consistent as possible for all MAs
nationwide.
36Incorporated Place
- Recognized in decennial census data products are
those reported to the U.S. Census Bureau as
legally in existence on January 1, 2000, under
the laws of their respective states, as cities,
boroughs, towns, and villages. - An incorporated place is established to provide
governmental functions for a concentration of
people as opposed to a minor civil division,
which generally is created to provide services or
administer an area without regard, necessarily,
to population.
37Census Designated Place (CDP)
- Delineated for each decennial census as the
statistical counterparts of incorporated places. - Settled concentrations of population that are
identifiable by name but are not legally
incorporated under the laws of the state in which
they are located. - The boundaries usually are defined in cooperation
with local or tribal officials. - CDP boundaries may change from one decennial
census to the next with changes in the settlement
pattern a CDP with the same name as in an
earlier census does not necessarily have the same
boundary. - There are no population size requirements for the
CDPs designated in conjunction with Census 2000.
38Census Tract
- Small, relatively permanent statistical
subdivisions of a county - The primary purpose is to provide a stable set of
geographic units for the presentation of
decennial census data. - Year 2000 is the first decennial census for which
the entire United States is covered by census
tracts. - Generally between 1,500 and 8,000 people, with an
optimum size of 4,000 people.
39Census Tract
- Designed to be homogeneous with respect to
population characteristics, economic status, and
living conditions. - Intention of being maintained over many decades
so that statistical comparisons can be made from
decennial census to decennial census. However,
physical changes in street patterns caused by
highway construction, new developments, and so
forth, may require occasional boundary revisions.
In addition, census tracts occasionally are split
due to population growth or combined as a result
of substantial population decline.
40Census Tract
- Census tracts are identified by a four-digit
basic number and may have a two-digit numeric
suffix for example, 6059.02. - Census tract numbers range from 1 to 9999 and are
unique within a county or statistically
equivalent entity.
41Traffic Analysis Zone
- A special area delineated by state and/or local
transportation officials for tabulating
traffic-related data- - journey-to-work
- place-of-work statistics.
- A TAZ usually consists of one or more census
blocks, block groups, or census tracts. - For the 1990 census, TAZs were defined as part of
the Census Transportation Planning Package
(CTPP). - Identified by a six-character alphanumeric code
that is unique within county or statistically
equivalent entity.
42Block Group
- Lowest geographic level for census sample data
(SF3) - A cluster of census blocks having the same first
digit of their four-digit identifying numbers
within a census tract. - For example, block group 3 (BG 3) within a census
tract includes all blocks numbered from 3000 to
3999. - BGs generally contain between 600 and 3,000
people, with an optimum size of 1,500 people.
43Census Block
- Lowest geographic level for census data (SF1)
- Bounded on all sides by visible features, such as
streets, roads, streams, and railroad tracks, and
by invisible boundaries, such as city, town,
township, and county limits, property lines, and
short, imaginary extensions of streets and roads. - Generally, small in area bounded by city streets.
However, census blocks in remote areas may be
large and irregular and contain many square
miles. - Identified uniquely within census tract by means
of a four-digit number.
44Political Boundary Changes
- Annexations to or detachments from legally
established governmental units. - Mergers or consolidations of two or more
governmental units. - Establishment of new governmental units.
- Disincorporations or disorganizations of existing
governmental units. - Changes in treaties or executive orders, and
governmental action placing additional lands in
trust. - Decisions by federal, state, and local courts.
- Redistricting for congressional districts or
county subdivisions that represent single-member
districts for election to a county governing
board.
45Statistical Boundary Changes
- Local, state, or tribal governments can have
changes to adjust boundaries to visible features,
to better define the geographic area each
encompasses, or to account for shifts and changes
in the population distribution within an area. - Changes to the boundaries for census tracts and,
for the first time, for census blocks are
available in relationship files, which are only
available in computer-readable form. - the census tract relationship files show a
measure of the magnitude of change using the
proportion of the length of roads and sides of
roads contained in partial census tracts.
46Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
Code
- FIPS codes are assigned for a variety of
geographic entities, including American Indian
area, Alaska Native area, Hawaiian home land,
congressional district, county, county
subdivision, metropolitan area, place, and state.
- The objective of FIPS codes is to improve the
ability to use the data resources of the federal
government and avoid unnecessary duplication and
incompatibilities in the collection, processing,
and dissemination of data. The FIPS codes and
FIPS code documentation are available online at
http//www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/index.htm.
47Optional Assignment
- Access the census web page http//www.census.gov/g
eo/www/index.html - List the name and FIPS code of the state, census
region, and census division where CSUN is
located. - List the name and FIPS code of CMSAs in
California. - What are the name and FIPS code of PMSAs
belonging to each of above CMSAs in California.
48Optional Assignment
- How many counties in California?
- How many cities in the county where you live?
- Using Census 2000 Tabulation Tallies, count the
number of census tracts, block groups and blocks
in California for Census 2000.
49Optional Assignment
- Using the Reference Maps, name the region,
division, state, county, metroplitan area, city,
106th congressional district, census tract, state
legislative district, census block group, school
districts, census block where you live.