Teachers: Check powerpoint before using it in class to see if the photos show up ok. For some reason they ALWAYS like to change to 50% transparency. I have no idea why they do this, but I have to fix it every year!

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• Teachers Check powerpoint before using it in
  class to see if the photos show up ok. For some
  reason they ALWAYS like to change to 50
  transparency. I have no idea why they do this,
  but I have to fix it every year!

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(Background info)Democratic Party in Election of
68
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A. Democratic Primaries

• 1. MN Senator Eugene McCarthy criticized the war
  and challenged LBJ for the nomination.
• 2. McCarthy received almost as many votes as LBJ
  at the New Hampshire primary held in March 68.
• 3. Exhausted, LBJ withdrew, claiming he would
  finish his term focusing on ending the war in
  Vietnam.

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Democratic Primaries (cont.)

• 4. Hubert Humphrey, Johnsons current VP, joined
  the race
• 5. Robert F. Kennedy (dove) of NY joined the
  race, and won a majority of the primaries. His
  followers included African Americans, Hispanics,
  the poor, and the young.

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Kennedy Tragedy
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B. Kennedy Tragedy

• 1. Robert Kennedy won the California primary and
  seemed destined to win the Democratic nomination.
  
• 2. On the night of the CA victory, Kennedy was
  shot by a Palestinian immigrant- Sirhan Sirhan
• 3. Kennedy died the next day- only two months
  after MLK was assassinated.

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Chaos in Chicago
Anti-War Protestors outside the DNC, Chicago 1968.
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C. Chaos in Chicago

• 1. Dems met in Chicago to settle on a candidate
  for the Nov. election.
• 2. The party officially nominated VP Hubert
  Humphrey.
• 3. Anti-War rioting occurred outside the DNC,
  while even inside there were protests against US
  involvement in Vietnam.

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? Protesting even occurred inside the DNC in
1968. This did NOT get the Humphrey campaign off
to a good start!
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Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974
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I. Nixons Background

• A. Republican
• B. WWII Vet
• C. Former California Senator
• D. Vice-President under Eisenhower

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II. Election of 1968

• A. Repub candidate Nixon and his VP Spiro Agnew
  won.
• B. Humphrey ran as Dem.
• C. George Wallace ran as the American Independent
• Party candidate
• endorsed segregation

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(No Transcript)
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III. Election of 1972

• A. Nixon and Agnew won the 1972
• Presidential election by a landslide!
• B. Democrat- Senator George McGovern from South
  Dakota

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• Extra info
• George Wallace ran again for president, this
  time seeking to gain the Democratic nomination.
• While campaigning in May of 72, he was the
  victim of an assassination attempt. He survived
  but was left paralyzed from the waist down.

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Wallace Assassination Attempt
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IV. Domestic Policy
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A. Changes in the Supreme Court

• 1. Shifted from liberal court (Earl Warren, Civil
  Rights, etc.) to conservative court
• 2. Nominated Warren Burger as chief justice after
  Earl Warren
• 3. Placed three other conservatives on the court.

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B. Stagflation

• 1.Stagflation combination of rising unemployment
  and inflation
• 2. Large problems with federal deficit, due to
  War on Poverty and Vietnam
• 3. August 1971- New Economic Policy/
  NIXONOMICS- freeze on prices, rent, and wages.

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C. New Federalism

1. Republican attitude of reducing federal
   government's role in the economy return power to
   the states.
2. Federal govt offered loans to states for them to
   use as they chose

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D. Energy Crisis

• 1. 1970s- Rising oil costs
• became a major cause
• of inflation and consumer worry.
• 2. US had become increasingly dependent on
  foreign oil since WWII.
• 3. Oct, 1973- Arab nations cut off oil shipments
  to the US as punishment for US support of Israel
  in the new Arab-Israeli war.

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• 4. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (created in 1960) announced a price hike
• From the end of 1972 to 1974, oil prices went
  from 3.00 a barrel over 12.00 a barrel!
• Today, oil is 100 a barrel YIKES! ?

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• 5. This was a 400 jump in gas prices! This
  price hike, coupled with the oil embargo of other
  Arab nations, created shortages in oil, gas,
  heating, etc. ? energy crisis of winter,
  1973-1974
• -And we thought
• Katrina was bad?

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• a. Nixon called for energy conservation, making
  us less dependent on foreign oil.
• b. Law was passed that reduced highway speed
  limit to 55 mph.
• c. Construction on a pipeline from Alaska began.
• d. Looked to nuclear power plants to supplement
  our energy needs.

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E. Environmental Protection

• 1. EPA- established in 1970 in response to an oil
  spill off of the coast of Santa Barbara, CA and
  the FIRST Earth Day celebration.
• 2. Clean Air Act- set air-quality standards and
  tough emissions guidelines for automakers (1970)
• 3. Water Quality Act- required oil companies to
  pay part of clean up costs of oil spills (1972)
• 4. Endangered Species Act- protect the wildlife
  of extinction (1973)

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V. Foreign Policy
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A. Henry Kissinger

• 1. Nixons Secretary of State
• 2. Had advised Ike, JFK, and LBJ
• 3. Later will serve as Reagans foreign-affairs
  advisor
• 4. Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1973
• 5. Shared Nixons idea of Realpolitick- national
  interest, rather than ideals such as democracy
  and human rights- should guide US foreign policy.

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B. Nixon-Kissinger Approach

• 1. The chief goal of their foreign policy was to
  establish a balance of power among the worlds
  five major powers.
• a. United States
• b. China
• c. Japan
• d. Soviet Union
• e. Western Europe.

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• The only time in the history of the world that
  we have had any extended period of peace is when
  there has been a balance of power. It is when
  one nation becomes infinitely more powerful in
  relation to its potential competitors that the
  danger of war arises.
• - Richard Nixon, 1972

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C. China Visit- Feb. 72

• 1. Nixon is perhaps best known for his China
  visit.
• 2. Improved relations by lifting trade/travel
  restrictions
• 3. The 2 nations worked together to promote peace
  in the Pacific
• 4. Nixon proposed the eventual withdrawal of US
  troops from Taiwan, hoping that closer ties with
  China would further divide the Communist world.

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D. Moscow Summit- May72

• 1. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)- US and
  USSR sign a treaty limiting the number of
  continental nuclear weapons- those capable of
  traveling long distances.
• 2. Did not end the Arms Race, but did help reduce
  the nuclear threat
• 3. Nations entered into period of détente- a
  lessening of military and diplomatic tensions
  between the countries

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E. Cambodia- 69-70

• 1. Nixon planned to send troops through neutral
  Cambodia to cut off supply lines of North
  Vietnamese troops.
• 2. Nixon ordered widespread bombing of Cambodia-
  he and Kissinger kept this a big secret from
  Americans (feared international uproar over the
  invasion)

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• 3. A revolt overthrew Cambodian leader in March
  70- Nixons attitude changed
• 4. Because the new leader was pro-America, Nixon
  made his strategy public.
• 5. 80,000 US/South Vietnamese troops entered
  Cambodia. North Vietnamese entered as well, and
  Cambodia was under attack.

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(No Transcript)
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F. Anti-War Protests Increase

• 1. Kent State and Jackson State shootings
  occurred under Nixons administration. Columbia
  shootings were in 68 under Johnson.

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Kent State University May 4, 1970 Ohio Natl
Guard shot 9 students, killing 4. Some were
protestors of the Cambodia bombing campaign
others were simply on their way to class! JSU
May 14, 1970 2 students killed, 12 injured as
police fired on protestors
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• 2. Pentagon Papers 1971- NY Times began to
  publish secret government documents relating to
  the war.
• 3. These papers reveled that the government had
  frequently misled the American people about the
  course of the war.
• 4. Leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg, a
  former Department of Defense official (Plumbers
  break-in)

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G. Vietnamization

• 1. Strategy of turning over fighting to South
  Vietnam, gradually pulling out US troops.
• 2. Nixon thought this would bring peace with
  honor. He HOPED it would produce a stable
  anti-communist South Vietnam.
• 3. When Nixon took office in 69, troop numbers
  were 540,000. By 72 it had dropped to 24,200.

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H. War Powers Act

• 1. 1970 Congress repealed Tonkin Gulf
  Resolution
• 2. In 1973, seeking to prevent another Vietnam,
  Congress passed the War Powers Act
• 3. This act reaffirms Congresss constitutional
  right to declare war by setting a 60-day limit on
  the presidential commitment of US troops to
  foreign conflicts.

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I. Ending Vietnam War

• 1. As part of Vietnamization, leaders met in
  Paris - declared a cease-fire in Vietnam on
  January 23, 1973
• 2. April 29-30, 1975 North Vietnam captured
  Saigon. Americans were evacuated and finally came
  home.
• 3. Vietnam vets will not actually be welcomed
  home with the proper celebration until 1985.

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VI. Social Changes

• 1969-1974

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A. Man Lands on the Moon

• 1. July 16, 1969 Apollo 11 leaves Kennedy Space
  Center in route to the moon.
• 2. Astronauts Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong,
  and Buzz Aldrin
• 3.July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong first man on the
  Moon. One small step for man, one giant leap for
  mankind.

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B. Hurricane Camille 69

• 1. August 17 Category 5 hits Pass Christian,
  killing 256 people

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C. Charles Manson Killing Spree 69
1. Manson led a group known as The Family
infamously associated with the Tate-La Bianca
murders 2. First murdered actress Sharon Tate who
was 8 months pregnant at the time (in Beverly
Hills, CA). 3. A spree of murders occurred in the
next year. 4. Manson was set for parole in 2007
denied for 11th time.
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Do the Manson Dance?
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20 years later. Still CRAZY!
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D. Twenty-sixth Amendment

• 1. Ratified on July 1, 1971
• 2. Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18.

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E. Roe vs. Wade

• 1. Supreme Court case that decided a woman's
  right to an abortion fell within the right to
  privacy protected by the 14th Amendment.
• - One of the most controversial
• Supreme Court decisions in
• American history!!!

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F. Busing to Achieve Desegregation

• Busing is the practice of
• transporting students to
• certain schools in order to
• overcome the effects of
• residential segregation on local school
• demographics esp. needed in cities
• 2. Policy was upheld by Supreme Court in
• 1971 - Very controversial!

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VII. Watergate

• Nixon was convicted of a big NO-NO and resigns
  as president.

Stop - Complete Assignment 2
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• 1. Nixon planned to run for re-election in 1972,
  but his paranoia of others caused him to take
  measures to ENSURE his re-election.

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• 2.Watergate Break-In
• - June, 1972 Break-in of the DNC
• headquarters in the Watergate
• building.
• - 5 men carrying spy equipment were arrested.
• Burgler Ties to CRP
• - It was soon discovered that the
• burglars were tied to Nixons
• campaign organization, the
• Committee to Re-elect the President

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• Nixon Administration Cover-up
• - The White House asked the CIA to
• urge the FBI to back off of the
• investigation. CRP also paid
• 450,000 to buy the burglars silence.
• 5. Woodward and Bernstein
• - While most of the nation forgot
• the story, The Washington Post
• reporters began digging into the
• burglary and discovered its ties to
• the White House.

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• 6. Senate Investigation
• - The president denied any cover-up, but the
  Senate began an investigation in May of 1973. A
  special committee began calling government
  employees to reveal what they knew about White
  House (Nixon) activities.
• 7. Oval Office Recordings
• - During the investigation, it came out that
  Nixon had tape-recorded his conversations in the
  Oval Office.

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• 8. What Charges?
• unauthorized wiretapping, burglaries, bribing
  witnesses, illegal use of campaign funds
• Who was indicted?
• 25 people are indicted
• (attorney general, white house aids)

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• 9. Executive Privilege
• Nixon claims that the president does not have to
  give info to other branches of govt he refused
  to turn over tapes.
• 10. VP Agnew resigns
• He was convicted of income tax
• evasion. Also was charged with
• taking bribes while gov. of
• Maryland and as VP.
• - Gerald Ford appointed new VP

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• 11. Saturday Night Massacre
• - When the prosecutor insisted on having the
  tapes, Nixon insisted on him. His attorney
  general resigned rather than fire Cox. The
  deputy atty gen also refused and was fired.
  Another official finally fired him.
• - This caused many in the U.S. to question
  Nixons claimed innocence!

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• 12. Impeachment Proceedings
• - Supreme Court made Nixon turn over the tapes
  they revealed that
• he was involved with a direct cover- up of the
  break-in and suppression of the FBIs
  investigation
• - The House Judiciary Committee determined there
  was enough evidence to impeach Nixon and drew up
  articles of impeachment.

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13. Nixon Resigns- was to be impeached, so he
announced on Aug 8, 1974 that he would resign the
nextday.
Nixons famous farewell after leaving the White
House on the day of his resignation.