Chapter 15 Reaction and Reform in the Early 19th Century

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Chapter 15 Reaction and Reform in the Early 19th Century

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Title: Chapter 15 Reaction and Reform in the Early 19th Century

1
Chapter 15 Reaction and Reform in the Early 19th
Century

1. Reactionary rule gradually gave way to a
movement of reform.

2. The Reform Bill of 1832 redistributed seats in
the House of Commons and granted the right to
vote to most adult middle-class males. This
represented the decisive shift in political power
from the landed aristocracy to the middle
class.(p256-258)

3. Queen Victorias reign (1837-1901) proved to
the longest in English history.
4. The Chartist Movement and the Peoples Charter
(260)

5. The campaign for the repeal of the Corn Laws
(the tariff on wheat and other grains) proved the
increasing political power of the middle class.
(p261)

6. The Irish famine (1845-1846), which claimed
some 700,000 people, demonstrated the need for
lower food prices, and in 1846 Sir Robert Peel,
the Tory prime minister from 1841-1846, won
parliamentary approval for the repeal of the Corn
Laws.(p262)

7. The British opposed the intervention by the
conservative powers of Europe to suppress the
revolts against Spanish rule in Latin America
because they did not want any interference with
their profitable trade with Latin America.(p265)

8. The British traditionally sought to prevent
any Russian advance into the eastern
Mediterranean and the Near East. In 1820s, the
British cooperated with the Russians in support
of the Greek struggle for independence from the
Turks (part of the Ottoman Empire), because a
British presence in the region would place
restraints on the Russians. (p266)

9. Russias continuing pressure on the declining
Ottoman Empire and Russias claims to be the
protector of the Orthodox Christian subjects of
the Ottoman Sultan led to the outbreak of the
Crimean War (1853-1856). The British and French
intervened in the war because they wanted to
block any further expansion of Russian power and
esp. to prevent Russia from acquiring control of
the Turkish Straits.(p269)

10. For the British, the Crimean War had two
important long-term consequences the
establishment of the British Cross (nurse
Florence Nightingale) and a program of army
reform.(p270)
11. When the American Civil War broke out in
1861, Great Britain declared its neutrality.

12. During the early 19th century, the movement
known as romanticism influenced literature, the
arts, and thought in Great Britain, as it did
elsewhere in Europe. The romantics emphasized
feelings and emotions, faith and intuition, and
imagination and spontaneity instead of reason in
the 18th century Enlightenment. They rebelled
against the formalism and rigid rules of the 18th
century classicism. Many romantics had a
fascination with the culture of the Middle Ages,
an age of faith.(p271)

13. The representative figures William
Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and their
Lyrical Ballads Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe
Shelley and John Keats Sir Walter Scott.(p272)

14. Architecture during the romantic period was
dominated by the neoclassical and neo-Gothic
styles, as well as by a fascination with the
exotic, which promoted a revival of Gothic
architecture.(p273)

15. The romantics emphasis on the mystical and
supernatural led to a revival of traditional
religious belief. In England, a group of
Anglicans, knows as the Oxford Movement,
reasserted Catholic elements in the faith and
practice of the Church of England.(p273)

14
Chapter 16 The Age of Disraeli and Gladstone

1. Benjamin Disraeli heading the Conservative
Party, served two terms of prime minister in
1868 and from 1874 to 1880 William E. Gladstone
heading the Liberals, served four terms of prime
minister 1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886,
1892-1894.(p278)

2. The Reform Bill of 1867 redistributed the
seats in Parliament, and extended franchise to
most of urban workers the farmers were not
enfranchised.(p279)

3. In 1865, the British suppressed the Fenian
Rebellion in Ireland. The Fenians, a secret
revolutionary organization, was established in
1858 by Irish-Americans. Its purpose was to
achieve Irelands independence.(p279)

4. The Education Act of 1870 created, for the
first time, a national system of elementary
education.(p280)
5. The Ballot Act of 1872 introduced the use of
the secret ballot in British elections.(p281)

6. Tory Democracy the Conservative partys
support of extensive economic and social reforms
to benefit British workers.(p283)

In 1875, the Balkan provinces of Bosnia and
Herzegovina rebelled against Turkish misrule. The
Balkan crisis ended peacefully, Russian
expansionism had been contained, and the British
had advanced their interests in the eastern
Mediterranean.(p286)

7. Beginning of the campaign for Home Rule in
1871 the southern Irish were determined to
secure Home Rule, while the six counties of
northern Ireland, known as Ulster, were
predominantly Protestant, and desired to maintain
the union with Great Britain.(p287)

8. The establishment of the Labor Party at the
turn of the century came from the idea that
Britains industrial workers should establish
their own political party to represent their
interest more effectively in Parliament.(p293)

9. During the 19th century, under both Liberal
and Conservative leadership, Great Britain
achieved remarkable gradual reform
1) universal manhood suffrage

2) The state assumed an expanding role in
education
3) The government became more active in urban
sanitation, slum clearance, and housing
construction
4)The civil service, the army, and the judicial
system also experienced reform

24
Chapter 17 The British Empire in the 19th Century

1. While the British did not pursue an active
imperialist policy in the early 19th century,
they did maintain and consolidate their existing
possessions. (p299-303)

1) In the Western hemisphere, the British ruled
Canada, a number of islands in the West Indies,
British Honduras in Central America, and British
Guiana in South America.(p299)

2) In Africa, the British had acquired the Cape
of Good Hope during the Napoleonic wars, and they
also had controlled a number of trading stations
along Africas coasts.

3) In Asia, the British had defeated France in
the Seven Years War(1756-1763), gaining control
over India. The British started and protected the
opium trade with China through the two Opium Wars
(1839-1842, 1856-1858).

4) In the South Pacific, British possessions
included Australia and New Zealand.
5) The British also controlled a number of key
strategic points around the world Gibraltar, the
island of Malta, Ceylon, and Singapore.

2. During the 1870s, like other European powers,
Great Britain developed a new interest in
overseas expansion for a number of factors.(
p303-304)

30
National rivalries

1) While colonization offered a means to increase
a countrys military and economic power in
relation to that of its rivals, the idea also
came to be widely accepted that the possession of
colonies was a sign of national greatness and
vitality.

31
Religious and humanitarian motives

2) During the late 19th century, there was a
great upsurge in Christian missionary activity by
both Protestants and Roman Catholics. These
missionaries not only sought to follow the
command of Jesus Christ to go forth into the
world and make disciples of all nations, but also
believed in their mission to bring the advantages
of European civilization to less advanced people.

32
Economic motives

3) The growth of European industry led to
demands for new sources of raw materials, as well
as to a need for new markets for the products of
industry. Besides, those who had accumulated
fortunes from industry were seeking new
opportunities for investment.

3. In the 1870s, the European powers began a
race to acquire colonial possessions in Africa.
By the first years of the 20th century, virtually
all of the continent had been partitioned among
the imperial states, such as Great Britain,
France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal.
(p305-311)

1) In Great Britain purchased 45 of the total
Suez Canal shares, for the Suez Canal was
regarded as an essential link between Great
Britain and India.

2) South Africa, the Zulus, an indigenous
African people, resented the entry of Europeans
into their lands, and the Zulu War of 1879 broke
out, but ended with a decisive British victory.

3) In the Boer War, or the South African War
(1899-1902), the British army successfully fought
against two Boer Republics called the Transvaal
and the Orange Free State, and made them part of
the British Empire.

4. British imperialism in Asia covered India,
Afghanistan, Burma, Siam, the Malay Peninsula,
and China.(p311-316)
1) The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 Great
Britain refused to involve in it.

2) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 The
British remained particularly suspicious about
Russian intentions in East Asia, and in 1902,
they signed a defensive alliance with Japan in
the event of an attack on one signatory by a
third power.

3) The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 resulted
in a Russian defeat, and Japan acquired Liaotung
Peninsula and southern Manchuria. The British
were pleased with the victory of their Japanese
ally, which effectively contained Russian
expansionism in East Asia.

40
Chapter 18 The Triumph of Liberalism

1. A new Liberal Party had taken shape,
abandoning its earlier doctrinaire commitment to
laissez-faire principles and embracing a powerful
philosophy of socioeconomic and political reform.

2. Liberal reforms of 1906-1909 (p320)
1) The Workmens Compensation Act of 1906
provided workers with benefits in the event of
job-related injury.

2) The Old Age Pensions Act of 1908 provided
small benefits for retirees over the age of 70
who had only very limited incomes from other
sources.

3. Lloyd Georges Peoples Budget in April
1909, David Lloyd George, the chancellor of the
exchequer, proposed a bold redistribution of
national income by placing the heaviest burden of
taxation on the landowners and capitalists,
called for higher income tax rates for the
wealthy, and suggesting raising taxes on tobacco
and alcohol. (p322)

4. By weakening the power of the aristocratic
House of Lords, the Parliament Act of 1911
represented another step towards the creation of
full political democracy in Great Britain. (p324)

5. Other reforms of the Liberal government
1) Salaries for members of the House of Commons,
which was one of the six demands in the Peoples
Charter of 1839

2) The National Insurance Act of 1911 included a
program of compulsory health insurance supported
by contributions by the government, employers and
workers, and a system of unemployment insurance,
which was also supported by contributions by the
government, employers and workers. (p325)

6. On the eve of the outbreak of World War I in
the summer of 1914, Great Britain faced three
crises the suffragette movement, mounting labor
unrest, and Ireland.(p325-327)

1) In 1903, the Womens Social and Political
Union (WSPU) was established. In their drive to
secure the right to vote fro women, the
suffragettes engaged in militant and often
violent tactics, such as hunger strike, even
suicide.

2) Despite the reforms of the Liberal
government, the hardships and discontents of
Britains workers persisted and labor unrest
intensified because of inflation and declining
purchasing power. The strike movement started
from 1911, and continued till the time when
Britain went to war.

3) In May 1914, the House of Commons passed the
Home Rule Bill a third time. The Ulsterites armed
themselves, and the threat of civil war loomed in
Ireland. The outbreak of World War I averted
civil war in Ireland and the Home Rule Act of
1911 was replaced by the Home Rule Act of 1920.

7. Science and literature in the mid- and late
19th century
1) Darwinism
2) Thomas Huxley

3) Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism Spencer
contended that in human society, just as in
nature, life involves a struggle for existence as
a result of which the fittest survive. This
doctrine provided support for the economic
doctrine of laissez-faire, which emphasized free
competition and opposed state intervention in the
economy. (p328)

4) Alfred, Lord Tennyson was the most popular of
the Victorian poets.
5) Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert
Browning
6) William Makepeace Thackery and his Vanity
Fair
7) Charles Dickens and his works

8) George Elliot (real name was Mary Ann Evans)
and her The Mill on the Floss
9) Charlotte Bronte and her Jane Eyre, and
Emily Bronte and her Wuthering Heights

10) Thomas Hardy and his Tess of the
DUrbervilles and other works
11) Robert Louis Stevenson and his adventure
story Treasure Island

12) Joseph Conrad and his Heart of Darkness
13) H.G.. Wells and his science fiction The Time
Machine
14) Arthur Conan Doyle and his detective hero
Sherlock Holmes

15) Oscar Wilde was a leading figure in the
Aesthetic Movement that emphasized art for arts
sake.
16) William Butler Yeats was the leading figure
in the Irish literary renaissance.
17) George Bernard Shaw, an Irish-born
playwright, won the Nobel Prize for literature in
1925.

58
Chapter 19 Great Britain and the First World War

1. The European alliance system (p336-338)
1) The Three Emperors League (1872) Germanys
Emperor William I, Austrias Emperor Francis
Joseph, and Russias Tsar Alexander II pledged to
cooperate to preserve peace and the status quo.
This alliance revived in 1881.

2) The Dual Alliance (1879) Germany and Austria
formed the alliance after the Three Emperors
League collapsed during the Balkan crisis in the
late 1870s.

3) The Triple Alliance (1882) Italy joined
Germany and Austria in a defensive alliance.
4) The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) a
diplomatic revolution began as long-isolated
France and newly isolated Russia began to draw
closer.

2. Britains relations with Germany
deteriorated.
3. In 1902, the British signed the
Anglo-Japanese Alliance , the first step in
Britains abandonment of isolation. This alliance
reflected Britains concern about Russian
expansion in East Asia. (p339)

4. The Anglo-French Entente (1904) In spite of
the tension arising from colonial disputes in
Anglo-French relations, the French sought to
improve that relationship, believing that
Germany, rather than Great Britain, posed the
real threat to France.

5. The Anglo-Russian Entente (19070 settled
imperial disputes concerning Persia, Afghanistan,
and Tibet.(p341)

6. The two alliance systems
1) the Triple Entente of France, Great Britain,
and Russia
2) the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and
Italy

7. The outbreak of the war
1) On June 28, 1914, the heir to the
Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife were
assassinated in Sarajevo by a South Slav
nationalist. The Austrians declared war on Serbia
on July 28.

2) The Russians decided to back Serbia, and
Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. On
August 3, Germany declared war on France.
3) Following Germanys assault on Belgium, the
British went to war in August.

8. the Battle of the Somme in July 1916, the
British and French launched a great offensive on
the Somme River, with British casualties of
410,000, the French of 200,000, and German of
650,000. (p348)

9. Defeat of Russia By the end of 1916, the
Germans had defeated the Russians. The Russian
Revolutions of 1917 ended any possibility that
the Russians might continue fighting. (p350)

10. The German submarine fleet presented a more
substantial threat, and hoped to knock Great
Britain out of the war.

11. The United States declared war on Germany in
early April 1917, but American forces were not
present in large numbers on the front in France
until almost a year later. (p353)

12. In mid-July 1918, the French, British and
American armies began a counterattack that marked
the beginning of the long offensive that ended
the war. On August 13, German general admitted
losing the war.

13. The war imposed heavy burden on the British
people---high national debt and inflation, and
with war dead totaling 947,000.

14. As increasing numbers of British men entered
the armed services, women became more numerous in
the domestic labor force. Women workers could
only earn half the wages earned by men doing the
same jobs, but they gained greater freedom,
helped change male attitudes on the controversial
subject of womens suffrage.

74
Chapter 20 The Age of Baldwin and MacDonald

1. Following World War I, Great Britain
confronted serious economic problems, which
became even more intense during the depression
decade of the 1930s.
1) The war disrupted Britains trade links.

2) Due to the national debt, the British
finances were under a severe strain.
3) Industry had to be reconverted to peacetime
production.

4) Jobs had to be found for discharged veterans.
5) The loss of 900,000 people in the war deprived
Britain of an important part of its male
population.

2. The most significant political development
was the decline of the Liberal Party and the
emergence of Labor Party as one of the major
parties in the British two-party system.

3. The British confronted continuing problems in
Ireland, and in 1918, Sinn Feiners declared Irish
independence, and proclaimed the establishment of
an Irish republic, which led to civil war in
Ireland. In October 1921, the six counties of
Ulster became a part of what was known as the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, while the southern Ireland established
an independent state, the Irish Free State.

4. In the Empire, demands for independence
mounted in Egypt and India, while the
dominions--- Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and
the Union of South Africa --- called for greater
rights of self-government.

5. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) The Paris
Peace Conference produced five treaties for
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey,
among which the most important was the Treaty of
Versailles. It imposed restrictions on the German
armed forces, forced Germany to accept
responsibility for causing the war, and required
the Germans to pay reparations.

6. The Mandate System the Treaty of Versailles
deprived Germany of its colonies in Africa and
the pacific and assigned them as mandates to the
allies. The system was designed to protect the
indigenous population and prepare them for
independence, but in practice, it proved to be
little more than disguised annexation.

7. During 1919 and 1920, Great Britain enjoyed a
brief postwar economic boom, but during late
1920, an economic downturn began.

8. The 1929 Elections for the first time in
English history, the Labor party held the largest
number of seats in the House of Commons, and
MacDonald returned to the prime ministership.
(p372)

9. The return of Conservative government
(1935-1937) with Stanley Baldwin as Prime
Minister.
10. King Edward VIII had to abdicate in order to
marry Mrs. Simpson, a twice-divorced American
woman, and later became the Duke of Windsor.(p375)

11. British literature
1) Three pre-war writers remained prominent in
the postwar era Shaw, Wells, and Galsworthy.
Shaw won the Nobel Prize in 1925. Galsworthy,
who won the Nobel Prize in 1933, is best known
for his trilogy The Forsyte Saga.

2) Virginia Woolf used the stream-of
consciousness technique in her novels, and was
admired by the feminists, for her essays focus on
a womans need for independence and the
opportunity for creative work.

3) D. H. Lawrence shocked his contemporaries
with his frankness about sexuality.
4) T.S. Eliot and his The Waste Land
5) James Joyce, the Irish writer, and his A
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

88
Chapter 21 Great Britain and the Second World War

1. The Appeasement Policy on the part of Britain
and France
1) Soon after taking power in1933, Adolf Hitler
seized the initiative in foreign affairs and met
little resistance from Great Britain and France.

2) France believed it could act to contain Hitler
only with the full support of the British.
3) In Britain, there was a widespread belief
that the Treaty of Versailles had been unduly
harsh and that it should be revised in Germanys
favor.

4) Both Britain and France were preoccupied with
domestic economic problems resulting from the
Great Depression.
5) In both countries, intense memories of
the carnage of World War I created a
powerful desire to do everything possible to
avoid another conflict.

2. the Axis powers---- Germany, Italy, and Japan
3. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland.
Two days later, Great Britain and France declared
war on Germany. The Second World War began.

4. On June 5, 1940, Germany took Paris.
5. Under the leadership of Winston Churchill,
one of the greatest war ministers in English
history, the British people united with grim
determination to win what quickly became a total
global war.

6. British Royal Air Force (RAF) fought against
the Luftwaffe, the German air force in August and
September 1940.

7. In mid-January 1945, the Soviets took Warsaw,
Polands capital. The Soviets entered Berlin on
April 19, 1945, and the Germans surrendered on
May 7.

8. The Second World War brought an end to the
depression that had afflicted the British
economy. There was a shortage of labor, and wages
increased.

9. As one of the wartime Big Three, Great
Britain established a close special
relationship with the United States.

97
Chapter 22 Socialist Britain

1. By the end of World War II, two superpowers,
the United States, and the Soviet Union, had come
to dominate international relations.

2. In the Cold War, the great new international
conflict that developed in the late 1940s,
Britain firmly allied itself with the United
States.

3. The Labor Party won the 1945 elections for
the House of Commons, and for the first time in
British history, a majority Labor government took
office.

100

4. The Labor Party called for the creation of a
new Socialist Commonwealth, and its Program
included the establishment of a planned economy,
assurances of full employment, an expanded system
of social insurance, and the construction of more
housing.

101

5. The war had resulted in the loss of Britains
export market, and the loss of income from
merchant shipping and overseas investments. In
1946, Great Britain secured a 3.75 billion loan
from the US, and a credit of 1.25 billion from
Canada to overcome the crisis.

102

6. Marshall Plan Aid In 1948, the US initiated
the Marshall Plan to assist the economic recovery
of Western Europe. Britain received some 2
billion, which helped stimulate a modest economic
upswing. (p417)

103

7. Nationalization From 1946-1948, the Labor
government nationalized the Bank of England, the
coal industry, electric and gas production, civil
aviation, telecommunications, and the railroads
and other transport service.

104

8. Social Insurance
1) The National Insurance Act of 1946 included
unemployment insurance, pensions for retirees,
sickness insurance, maternity and widows
benefits, and death grants.

105

2) The National Assistance Act of 1948 was a
government program of aid for the poor.
3) The National Health Service in 1948 provided
free medical care for the British people, which
covered physicians and dentists services,
prescription drugs, hospital care, eyeglasses,
and dentures.

106

9. Austerity program was imposed to restrict
imports, increase exports, and reduce the balance
of payments deficit. The rationing of meat,
sugar, clothing, gasoline, and tobacco continued.

107

10. In 1949, the Irish Free State withdrew
completely from the Commonwealth of Nations,
becoming the Republic of Ireland.

108

11. In November 1947, the UN voted to partition
Palestine into Arab and Jewish sections. Britain
withdrew from Palestine in May 1948. (p420)

109

12. In August 1947, two independent states came
into being India, with its capital at New Delhi,
and Pakistan, with its capital at Karachi. The
control of the province of Kashmir became the
main dispute of the two countries.

110

13. Creation of two German States in 1949 the
Federal Republic of Germany, and the German
Democratic Republic (p424)

111

14. Britain supported the intervention in Korea,
sent a small force to South Korea, and increased
its defense budget. (p425)
15. The Suez Crisis of 1956 demonstrated the
dramatic decline in Britains power and position
in world affairs. (p429-430)

112

16. The British failed to modernize their
industry, and British industry lacked innovative
management. Besides, the economy continued to be
hurt by labor-management conflict.

113

17. Instead of tying the British economy closer
to that of the European continent by joining the
EEC, there was a desire for stronger relations
with the Commonwealth and the US.

114

18. In 1959, the British took the lead in
organizing the European Free Trade Association
(EFTA), a customs union with Sweden, Norway,
Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal,
which was called the outer seven, contrasted
with the inner six (France, Italy, West
Germany, and the Benelux states).

115

19. The spread of nationalism in the post-World
War II era resulted in the conversion of the
British Empire into the loose association of
independent states that constitute the
Commonwealth of Nations.

116
Chapter 23 Contemporary Britain

1. From 1964-1979, the Labor Party dominated the
British government, with the exception of the
years from 1970-1974, when the Conservatives held
office. During this period, the welfare state
remained intact.

117

2. The Labor government pressed forward with
modest programs of further nationalization. The
renationalization of the steel industry began in
1967.

118

3. Britains chronic economic problems ----
inflation, inefficiency in industry, and the
balance of payment ---- persisted. These economic
and financial problems forced the government in
November 1967 to devalue the pound from 2.80 to
2.40.

119

4. Roy Jenkins, the chancellor of the exchequer,
imposed further controls designed to cut the
governments budget deficit, reduce consumer
spending, increase exports, increase interest
rates, increase income and sales taxes, and place
restrictions on consume credit. By 1970, Britain
enjoyed a modest balance of payments surplus.
(p442-443)

120

5. During the early 1960s, the growing number if
immigrants from the Commonwealth, esp. India,
Pakistan, and the West Indies, led to growing
racial and social tensions in Britain.

121

6. British society during the 1960s was a more
permissive society the Beetles, the Rolling
Stones, rocknrollers, miniskirts, and the mod
fashions declining church membership and
attendance increase in the crime rate and the
number of illegitimate births. (p444)

122

7. The Heath Government 1970-1974 had to face
both the crisis in Northern Ireland and the
persistent problems of the economy.

123

8. Heath believed that British entry into the
Common Market would provide powerful impetus to
the economy. On January 1, 1973, Great Britain
became a member of the Common Market, along with
Ireland and Denmark.

124

9. By 1972, the British economy enjoyed a
short-lived prosperity. An increase in world
prices of raw materials, esp. petroleum, along
with labor-management conflict and shortage of
skilled labor, led to an increase in the
inflation rate and a slowdown of economic
expansion.

125

10. The Second Wilson Government 1974-1976 was
confronted with the economic crisis. His tax
the rich program served to undermine business
confidence still further.

126

11. The inflation rate reached almost 25 in the
summer of 1976, the highest in history.
Unemployment and the budget deficit increased.
The balance of payments deficit remained large,
and the value of the pound continued to decline
against major Western currencies, falling to
about 1.70 in June 1976.

127

12. Although Britain joined the Common Market in
1973, many left-wing Laborites continued to
oppose British participation in what they viewed
as a capitalist economic endeavor, while many
unions feared that their traditional privileges
would be undermined by those countries that were
less supportive of unions.

128

13. The Callaghan Government 1976-1979 The new
prime minister found it hard to come up with
enduring solutions for the countrys economic
problems. He failed to find a means to promote
the modernization of British industry and to take
other measures needed to get the economy off its
stop-and-go track.

129

14. The Thatcher Government 1979-1990 Margaret
Thatcher became prime minister in 1979. The Iron
Lady was not only the first woman in British
history to hold the prime ministership, but she
also held that office longer than any person
since Lord Liverpool in the early 19th century.

130

15. Emphasis was placed on bringing inflation
under control, curbing the power of the unions,
and reducing the role of the state in the
economy. By 1982, the rate of inflation had
declined to under 8, and there was a balance of
payments surplus.

131

16. During the world recession of the early
1980s, the British were unable to find jobs for
much of their work force, and unemployment
increased from 4 in 1979 to 13 in 1983.

132

17. In 1981, the Social Democratic Party was
formed. It was intended to be a center force in
British politics between the Conservatives and
the radicalized Labor Party.

133

18. A 1984 treaty with the PRC provided for the
restoration of Hong Kong to China in 1997.
19. Thatchers reform measures
1) Financial deregulation enhanced Londons
already substantial position as an international
financial center.

134

2) Decentralization or privatization of
state-owned enterprises
3) The Trade Union Act of 1984 further reduced
the power of the union leaders.

135

4) During the early and mid-1980s, Thatcher
remained a firm ally of President Ronald Reagan
in maintaining a hard-line stance in dealings
with the Soviet Union.

136
English History
137
Chapter 1 Celtic and Roman Britain

Historians tend to begin English history with the
Celts, who crossed from the European continent
and settled in the British Isles (England, Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland) during the first
millennium B.C. The Celts consisted of numerous
tribes that shared a culture dating back to the
Bronze Age in Central Europe (1200 B.C.)

138

Their warrior aristocracy possessed considerable
wealth and power. In the first century B.C., the
Romans began their incursions into Britain, and
in the first century A.D., Britain became a
province of the Roman Empire.

139

The Romans ruled Britain for 4 centuries, but the
influence of Roman culture on Britain was slight.
In Roman times, Christianity proved to be the
most enduring.

140
Celts

1.social classes nobles, freemen, slaves
2.Celtic religion known as druidism,
involved the worship of nature deities
1)immortality transmigration of souls
2)monument at Stonehenge

141
Roman Britain

1.The Celtic Queen Boudiccas revolt against the
Romans in A.D. 60 2.Hadrians Wall was
intended to protect Roman Britain from incursions
by Caledonian tribesmen.

142

3.London, the commercial center, became the
center of government for Roman Britain.4.By the
3rd century, Christianity was becoming
widespread. St. Patrick became the patron
saint of Ireland.

143

Hadrians Wall a stone wall built by the Roman
Emperor Hadrian across the north of England in
122 AD from the east to the west, in order to
defend Roman Britain from attack by northern
Caledonian tribes.

144
Chapter 2 Anglo-Saxon England

From the 5th century Roman Britain came under the
control of the Anglo-Saxons. In the next several
centuries, Anglo-Saxon institutions developed,
Roman Catholic Christianity became the religion
of the land, the several Saxon kingdoms became
the united kingdom of England, and the English
fought a long struggle against the Danes.

145

The history of England from the 9th century to
the early 11th century was dominated by the
struggle of the English against the Danes.
Although the royal house of Wessex regained the
throne by Edward the Confessor, soon after his
death England was conquered by the Normans, and a
new era in English history began.

146

1. Resistance from Britons the legendary King
Arthur of the Roundtable
2. The Anglo-Saxons worshipped nature gods.

147

3. The seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon
heptarchy developed Northumbria, Mersia, East
Anglia, Essex, Wessex, Kent, and Sussex.
4. The Celtic Christians didnt acknowledge
the pope as the head of the church, and the
Celtic church didnt require its priests to be
celibate.

148

5. King Ethelbert became the first Anglo-Saxon
king to embrace Christianity, and Augustine, the
first archbishop of Canterbury.
6. The class structure nobility, freemen,
serfs, and slaves

149

7. The government the hundreds as
administrative and judicial units the shires as
the largest administrative units in Anglo-Saxon
England the king and the witan (a council)
8. the law the customary law emphasized the
payment of monetary compensation compurgation
(proof by oath) the ordeal

150

9. In the struggle against the Danes, or the
Vikings
1). King Alfred of Wessex was considered the
greatest figure in the history of Anglo-Saxon
England, and the first king of a united England.
(P18-19)
2). King Edward the Confessor regained the
throne.
10. literature the poet Caedmon, and the epic
poem Beowulf

151
Chapter 3 The Normans

In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy, crossed
the English Channel and began his conquest of
England, which is an important turning point in
English history. William the Conqueror
established a powerful monarchy and created the
best-organized state to exist in Western Europe
since the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.

152

The Norman nobility replaced the old Anglo-Saxon
nobility, and the institutions of Norman
feudalism fused with Anglo-Saxon traditions.
England was brought into closer contact with the
European continent, from which the English gained
a lot, but England often became embroiled in
French affairs.

153

Lanfrancs efforts to reform the English church
enforcing clerical celibacy and monastic
discipline, improving the education of the
clergy, and eliminating simony(????)

154

William supported the reform, but refused to
acknowledge the supremacy of papal authority, and
didnt permit the pope to control the selection
of bishops and abbots.. He separated the systems
of secular and ecclesiastical justice .

155

1. Norman feudalism suzerain (feudal overlord)
and vassals manors and serfs
2. French became the language of government and
law, and educated people were fluent in French
and Latin. English was reduced to a spoken
language as a result, English grammar became
simplified, and the vocabulary was enriched with
French words.

156

3. Norman architecture was typical of Western
European architecture during the 11th and 12th
centuries, which was characterized by the use of
round arches, massive, heavy walls, and small
windows.

157

4. In 1087, William the Conqueror left the duchy
of Normandy to Robert, his eldest son, and passed
the English crown to his second son, William II,
known as William Rufus (William the Red-faced).

158

5. Henry, the kings younger brother became
king of England and, in 11o6, invades Normandy
and defeated Robert.
6. Henry I, who gained the title lion of
justice, also began the practice of sending out
itinerant justices, who went from the curia Regis
to the shire courts to administer justice in the
name of the king.

159

7. In less than a century after its establishment
by William the Conqueror, the feudal system began
to decline in England.
8. Henry began to take money payments, known as
scutage (shield money), from bishops in lieu of
service

160

.
9. In October 1154, Stephen, the grandson of
William the Conqueror and nephew of Henry I,
died. The direct line of Norman kings ended, and
England now had a new royal family, the Angevins,
also known as the Plantagenets.

161

10. During Stephens reign, the prestige and
power of the monarchy established by William the
Conqueror had declined as the nobility asserted
its claims against the crown.

162
Chapter 4 Henry II and His Sons

King Henry II, the first of the Angevin(??), or
Plantagenet(??? 1154-1485), kings of England, was
a capable, intelligent, and energetic monarch. He
combated the anarchy that had developed during
the reign of King Stephen.

163

Henrys two sons proved to be less capable
rulers. For most of his reign, King Richard I was
absent from England, fighting either on the Third
Crusade or in France. King John confronted three
opponents ---- King Philip Augustus of France,
Pope Innocent III, and the English barons, and
defeated by all three.

164

One of the greatest of Englands kings, he is
known for his enduring contributions to the
English system of justice and also for his bitter
conflict with Thomas a Becket, the archbishop of
Canterbury.

165

1. King Henry II became king at the age of 21.
His mother Matilda was Henry Is
daughter, and the widow of the Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V.
His father Geoffrey was the son of the
Count of Anjou, and was known as the Plantagenet
for the sprig of broom he wore in his helmet.

166

2. The Angevin Empire extended from Scotland
to the Pyrenees.
3. King Henry II created a new system of royal
law common to the entire kingdom----the
foundations of English common law.

167

4. The conflict between King Henry II and Thomas
a Becket resulted in Beckets murder.
5. King Richard I the lionhearted and the three
Crusades

168

6. King Johns conflicts with King Philip
Augustus of France, Pope Innocent III, and the
English barons weakened his position.
7. Magna Carta (P52) the first step in the
rcreation of constitutional government in England

169
Chapter 5 The Thirteenth Century

1. The conflict between the king and barons led
to the emergence of Parliament, which was the
most important development in English government
and politics in the 13th century.
2. The Friars (????)conducted an active
ministry among the people.

170

3. The universities offered education in four
areas the liberal arts, law, medicine, and
theology. (Oxford and Cambridge)
4. In the late 12th century, the graceful
Gothic style developed to supplant the heavy
Norman Romanesque. (perpendicular)

171

5. Economic activities and guilds of all kinds
6. William Wallace was regarded by the Scots as
a national hero.

172

7. The Westminster Statutes---- the change in
relationship from lord and vassal to seller and
buyer or landlord and tenant
8. limited representation of knights and
burgesses in Parliament----- the origins of
Parliaments development as a legislative body

173

9. Edward I won the nickname of the English
Justinian for his contributions to law and
justice. During his reign, feudalism declined,
and parliament became firmly established.

174
Chapter 6 The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries

The 14th and the 15th centuries were a time a
turmoil and intensified violence the Hundred
Years War, the Black Death, the peasants
revolt, and the Wars of the Roses. The authority
of the monarchy and the nobility declined, which
hastened the end of feudalism and helped the
expansion of Parliaments power.

175

Industry and commerce expanded, advances in
education occurred, and the English language and
literature emerged. English national
consciousness developed.
Henry Tudors victory in 1485 ended the turmoil
in the 14th and the 15th centuries.

176

1. King Edward II was a weak monarch,
dependent on favorites.
2. King Edward III fought an intermittent war
against France for nearly 25 years.

177

3. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) (p77-81)
4. The Black Death (1348-1349) claimed
one-third of Englands population.

178

5. In the 14th century the English Church began
to decline, and the ideas of John Wycliffe
foreshadowed the Protestant Reformation of the
16th century. (p83)
6. The Wars of the Roses (p87 91)

179

7. Emergence of Henry Tudor
8. In 1362, English replaced French as the
language of the courts of law.
9. Geoffrey Chaucer and his Canterbury Tales

180
Chapter 7 The Tudor Century Henry VII and VIII
(1485-1547)

Henry VII restored order and stability to the
kingdom following the turmoil of the Wars of the
Roses.
Henry VIII succeeded in breaking Englands ties
with the papacy, and this religious reformation
marked the beginning of a new era of turmoil.

181

Henry VII and Henry VIII provided orderly and
effective government, winning the support of the
prosperous middle classes, who appreciated the
peace and stability the kings brought to the
nation.

182

1. The power of the monarchs increased, while
the authority of Parliament declined.
2. During the 15th century the enclosure
movement had gained momentum in England.

183

3. Decline of the craft guilds
4. In the early 16th century, the Protestant
Reformation began on the European continent with
Martin Luther and John Calvin as representatives.

184

5. King Henry VIIIs six marriages
Catherine----mother of the future Queen Mary
Anne Boleyn----mother of the future Queen
Elizabeth
6. The Act of Union of 1536 incorporated Wales
completely into England.

185

7. The English Renaissance----Thomas More and
his Utopia (1516)
8. Henry VIII succeeded in breaking Englands
ties with the papacy.

186
Chapter 8 The Tudor Century Edward VI, Mary I,
and Elizabeth I1547-1603

Under King Edward VI, the Church of England
(Anglican Church) became more Protestant in
doctrine and practice.
Queen Mary attempted to restore Roman Catholicism.

187

Queen Elizabeth I led England during one of the
most glorious periods in its history. In
religion, she sought to find a broad,
moderate settlement that would satisfy the
great majority of her subjects, and thus resolved
the religious turmoil.

188

1. Under King Edward VI, the Church of England
became more Protestant.
2. Queen Mary I, Englands first reigning queen,
attempted to restore Roman Catholicism, and
prosecuted some 300 Protestants, which led to her
acquisition of the nickname Bloody Mary.

189

3. Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudors
(1485-1603), established the monarch as the
supreme governor of the Church of England.
4. Efforts to establish colonies in the New
World turned out to be unsuccessful while new
trading companies were established, such as the
East India Company (1600).

190

5. Queen Elizabeth I, who never married, used
the possibility of marriage as an instrument of
diplomacy with France and Spain.

191

6. Puritan movement came to challenge the
established Church of England and the authority
of the monarchy.
7. English efforts to establish colonies in
the New World were unsuccessful. (Sir Walter
Raleigh, an explorer, was the first to bring
tobacco to England)

192

8. Elizabethan literature
Shakespeare (1564-1616) and his works

193
Chapter 9 The 17th Century The Stuarts Versus
Parliament

In the early 17th century, James I and Charles I
tried to establish an absolute monarchy and
enforce their views on religion, and this
resulted in the Civil War and the execution of
Charles I in 1649.

194

The eleven-year experiment (1649-1659) in
republican government failed to provide England
with stability in politics and religion. The army
leaders took over.

195

1. King James I from Scotland had to face two
issues the relationship between the crown and
Parliament, and the relationship between the
Calvinist Puritans and the Church of England.
2. The King James Bible (1611)
3. The Gunpowder Plot and Guy Fawkes (Nov. 5,
1605)

196

4. Involvement in the Thirty Years War in
Germany (1618-1648)
5. King Charles I ruled England without
Parliament for 11 years (1629-1640)

197

6. The Short Parliament (3 weeks) was
summoned to suppress the Scottish revolt (
Presbyterian was the dominant religion).
7. The English Civil War(1642)

198

8. In 1644, a Scottish Roundhead army
defeated the Cavaliers.
9. The eleven-year Interregnum and the
experiment in republican government

199

10. Cromwell, an ardent Puritan, pursued an
aggressive foreign policy designed to promote
Englands commercial interests.( the Dutch War
and the War with Spain) His experiment in
republican government failed.

200
Chapter 10 The 17th Century Restoration and
Revolution

The 17th century was an era of political and
religious turmoil for England, but it was also a
time of remarkable achievements in the arts,
literature, science, and political thought.

201

The long conflict between Parliament and the
Stuart monarchs led to the Glorious Revolution of
1688, which restricted the power of the crown,
and established a constitutional monarchy, and
reaffirmed the position of the church of England
as the countrys established church.

202

1. King Charles II made no attempt to
reestablish royal absolutism and avoided
conflicts with Parliament.
2. The Dutch War of 1665--- the English
seizure of the Dutch colony of New Netherland
(later split into New York and New Jersey)

203

3. King James II attempted to impose royal
absolutism and promote a restoration of Roman
Catholicism.
4. The Glorious Revolution (the Bloodless
Revolution)-----the Whigs and the Tories (p152)

204

5. In 1689, Parliament awarded the English
Crown to William of Orange, the Dutch ruler, and
he became King William III.
6. The Bill of Rights (p152)

205

7. The Nine Years War (1688-1697) between
the French and the Holy Roman Emperor and his
allies
8. Some figures to be remembered Anthony Van
Dyck John Milton and his Paradise Lost
Francis Bacon Sir Isaac Newton Thomas Hobbes
John Locke( knowledge from experience, social
contract)(p166)

206
Chapter 11 The 18th Century The First
Hanoverians (1714-1901)

1. King George I, the elector of the German
state of Hanover, never learned English.
2. The Tories failed in supporting James
Edward Stuarts claim to the English throne.

207

3. King George I and George II maintained
close ties with the Whigs.
4. Robert Walpole served as the Kings chief
minister (prime minister) for some 20 years
(1721-1742). His economic policies were to
encourage industry and commerce, and to reduce
interest and taxes.

208

5. The Forty-Five (1745) was the last
attempt to restore the Stuarts to the throne.
6. The British Museum was built in 1753.

209

7. King George III tried to undermine the
Whig oligarchy and weaken the cabinet system that
placed limits on his authority. The party of
Kings Friends in 1760s resulted in the return
of the Tories to power since 1714.

210

8. Methodism began as a reform movement
within the Church of England, but it became a
separate denomination by the end of the 18th
century.

211

9. Literary figures Alexander Pope (the
Englands greatest 18th-century poet Daniel
Defoe and his Robinson Crusoe Jonathan Swift
and his Gullivers Travels Henry Fielding and
his Tom Jones.

212

10. Robert Walpole owed his long tenure as the
countrys first real prime minister to his
ability to manage the House of Commons.

213
Chapter 12 The 18th Century Empire and Politics

1. the Quadruple Alliance (p187) Great
Britain, Austria, France and the Netherlands to
restrain Spain
2. Second Hundred Years War between Great
Britain and Spain

214

3. the War of Austrian Succession
(1740-1748) Prussia, France, Bavaria and Saxony
as one side, Austria, Great Britain, and the
Netherlands as the other
4. The British focused their attention on the
colonial war against France (in North America,
the West Indies, and India)

215

5. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) involved
both a continental war and a colonial conflict,
resulting in a considerable expansion of the
British Empire.

216

6. When Prussia invaded the kingdom of
Saxony, the British contributed substantial
financial support to Prussia, hoping to divert
Frances resources away from the colonial war
overseas.

217

7. The British benefited from their control of
the sea.
8. The Treaty of Paris(1763) Great Britain
won a decisive victory over France, and little
was left of the French Empire in the New World

218

9. The American Revolution
10. Economic Reform Acts lessened the ability
of the Crown to influence Parliament.

219

11. In 1807, Parliament abolished the slave
trade.
12. In 1788, the first 750 British settlers,
most of whom were convicts, established Sydney
13. British policy of opposing Russian
expansionism in the Near East (the Middle East)

220

14. William Pitt the Younger, the leader of
the resurgent Tories, became Prime Minister. His
reform efforts included
1) establishing an auditing commission to
supervise government finances

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