WORLD WAR I

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WORLD WAR I

• CAUSES, PRACTICES EFFECTS OF WAR

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World War I

• The War was also known as THE GREAT WAR and
  famously THE WAR TO END ALL WARS
• It was a global military conflict that took place
  mainly in Europe between 1914 1918.
• It was a total war which left great devastation,
  millions dead and shaped the modern world.
• World War I created a decisive break with the old
  world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic
  Wars. The results of World War I would be
  important factors in the development of World War
  II 21 years later.

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Long-Term Causes

• 1870-1904

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Long-term Causes Why did the war break out?

• Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalist
  Sentiment
• Colonial Expansion
• Anglo-German Naval Race
• Tension in the Balkans
• Ascension of Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Web of alliances

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MAIN CAUSES OF WWI

• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism

These background causes were building for
40-50 years before the actual outbreak of WWI.
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Cause 1 Militarism

• Militarism building up armed forces in
  preparation for war
• Characteristics
• Army and military forces are given a high profile
  by the government
• Increased military spending and production
• Implementation of the draft
• Led to an arms race

• The armies of both France and Germany had more
  than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and there was
  fierce competition between Britain and Germany
  for naval superiority.
• The British had introduced the 'Dreadnought', an
  effective battleship, in 1906. The Germans soon
  followed suit introducing their own battleships.

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MILITARISM
European Military Spending
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Year
Millions of
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Britain maintained a large lead over Germany in
all categories of warships.Both nations
believed that command of the seas was vital to a
great nation.
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The naval strength of the powers in 1914

Country Soldiers Large Naval Vessels Tonnage Size/Carrying Capacity
Russia 54,000 4 328,000
France 68,000 10 731,000
Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000
TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000
Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000
Austria-Hungary 16,000 3 249,000
TOTAL 95,000 20 1,268,000

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Cause 2 Alliances

• An alliance is an agreement made between two or
  more countries to give each other help if needed.
  
• A number of alliances had been signed by
  countries between the years 1879 and 1914.
• These alliances meant that some countries had no
  option but to declare war if one of their allies
  declared war first

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Formation of the WWI Alliances

• In 1879 Germany and Austria- Hungary agreed to
  form a Dual Alliance.
• This became the Triple Alliance when in 1882 it
  was expanded to include Italy. The three
  countries agreed to support each other if
  attacked by either France or Russia. It was
  renewed at five-yearly intervals.
• France felt threatened by this alliance. Britain
  was also concerned by the growth in the Germany
  Navy and in 1904 the two countries signed the
  Entente Cordiale (friendly understanding). The
  objective of the alliance was to encourage
  co-operation against the perceived threat of
  Germany.
• Three years later, Russia who also feared the
  growth in the German Army, joined Britain
  France to form the Triple Entente.
• The Russian government was also concerned about
  the possibility of Austria Hungary increasing the
  size of its empire. It therefore made promises to
  help Serbia if it was attacked by members of the
  Triple Alliance
• The formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by
  Britain, France and Russia reinforced the need
  for the Triple alliance.

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Cause 3 - Imperialism

• Due to industrialization, countries needed new
  markets resources ? Imperialism!
• Imperialism establishing political, economic and
  military dominance over weaker nations
• By 1900, all large European powers had colonies
  in Africa or Asia (not Austria-Hungary)

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• Imperialist rivalries formed as countries
  competed and fought over new territories and
  resources
• The great powers had come into conflict over
  spheres of influence in Asia (Open Door Policy
  China Japan) and over territories in Africa
  (Moroccan Crisis)
• Germany embarked late, but aggressively, on
  colonial expansion under Emperor Wilhelm II

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Cause 4 Nationalism

• The French Revolution resulted in chaos and the
  ascent of Napoleon to power. Napoleon's armies
  marched all over Europe, bringing not only French
  control, but French ideas.
• The rise of ideas of nationalism, devotion and
  pride for one's common people and ethnicity,
  increased in popularity during the Napoleonic
  Wars.
• Napoleon encouraged the spread of nationalism,
  which he saw in his troops, to better the French
  war machine.
• The French people began to feel pride in their
  culture and ethnicity. The world watched
  nationalism for the first time and saw the power
  the French gained from it.
• Following the Napoleonic Wars, all of Europe was
  sharing these ideas
• There were two types of nationalism that emerged
  during the era
• Desire for dominance desire for independence

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Nationalism
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Discussion

• In your opinion, which of the four background
  causes (militarism, alliances, imperialism,
  nationalism) was the biggest cause of WWI?
  Explain!

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BELLWORK 3/30

• In one sentence, explain how each of the
  short-term effects increased hostilities between
  the European Powers
• First Moroccan Crisis
• Bosnian Crisis
• Second Moroccan Crisis
• First Balkan War
• Second Balkan War
• THINKER Every one of the short-term causes made
  a future war more likely, but why didnt any of
  these conflicts lead to an actual war? How did
  European powers avoid war following these
  conflicts?

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Europe in 1914

• By 1914 Europe was divided in a power-struggle
  for the top place in the world economic market.
• At the start of the Great War in 1914, Germany
  was a relatively young power, only coming into
  existence following a series of wars in 1871.
  Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, aimed to
  maintain peaceful ties with Russia.
• When Kaiser Wilhelm II came to power, he quickly
  retired Bismarck, and upset the Chancellor's
  delicate balance of power by refusing to renew
  Germany's friendship with Russia.
• Germany soon found itself as a minority. Its only
  European ally was the weakest of the European
  powers, Austria-Hungary.

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Short-Term Causes

• 1905-1913

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Moroccan Crisis 1905

• In 1904 Morocco had been given to France by
  Britain, but the Moroccans wanted their
  independence. In 1905, Germany announced her
  support for Moroccan independence. War was
  narrowly avoided by a conference which allowed
  France to retain possession of Morocco. However,
  in 1911, the Germans were again protesting
  against French possession of Morocco. Britain
  supported France and Germany was persuaded to
  back down for part of French Congo.
• Why did Germany interfere in Morocco in both
  1905 and 1911?

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Bosnian Crisis 1908

• In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the former
  Turkish province of Bosnia.
• This angered Serbians who felt the province
  should be theirs. Serbia threatened
  Austria-Hungary with war, Russia, allied to
  Serbia, mobilized its forces. Germany, allied to
  Austria-Hungary mobilized its forces and prepared
  to threaten Russia.
• War was avoided when Russia backed down.

• There was, however, war in the Balkans between
  1911 and 1912 when the Balkan states drove Turkey
  out of the area. The states then fought each
  other over which area should belong to which
  state.
• Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia
  to give up some of its acquisitions.
• Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was
  high.

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International Situation by 1913

• Increased division between the two alliances
• Increased militarism (arms race, conscription)
• Increased nationalism
• Literature, press education prepared public for
  war
• Was war inevitable at this point?

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German War Plans

• What was the goal of Germanys Schlieffen plan?
  Was this plan a success?

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French War Plans

• What was Frances war plan?

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Russian War Plans

• Invade Central Powers!!!!!

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How did the short-term causes effect alliances?
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Serbian Nationalism

• Nationalism means being a strong supporter of the
  rights and interests of one's country. The
  Congress of Vienna, held after Napoleon's exile,
  aimed to sort out growing problems in Europe.
• Delegates from Britain, Austria, Prussia and
  Russia (winners in Napoleonic Wars) decided upon
  a new Europe that left both Germany and Italy as
  divided states.
• Strong nationalist elements led to the
  Re-unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in
  1871.
• Large areas of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia
  were home to differing nationalist groups, all of
  whom wanted freedom from the states in which they
  lived.

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Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia,
  ruling the German Empire from 15 June 1888 to 9
  November 1918.
• He was a grandson of the British Queen Victoria
  and related to many monarchs and princes of
  Europe.
• Launched Germany on a "New Course" in foreign
  affairs that culminated in his support for
  Austria-Hungary in 1914.

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BELLWORK

• What was the Black Hand? What was their objective
  in the assassination?
• After the assassination, why was Austria-Hungary
  hesitant to declare war on Serbia? What changed
  this?
• Summarize the Kaisers blank cheque to Austria
  (28). What did this promise?
• After the assassination, it seemed like this
  would just be another short term conflict, so why
  was this conflict impossible to contain in the
  Balkans?
• THINKER Do you think countries should be
  required to take the blame for starting war? If
  so, should they be punished following the war?
  Why or why not?

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Immediate Cause of WWI

• The assassination of Ferdinand and the outbreak
  of war

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The Black Hand

• In May 1911, ten men in Serbia formed the Black
  Hand Secret Society.
• Early members included Colonel Dragutin
  Dimitrijevic, the chief of the Intelligence
  Department of the Serbian General Staff.
• The main objective of the Black Hand was the
  creation, by means of violence, of a Greater
  Serbia. Its stated aim was "To realize the
  national ideal, the unification of all Serbs.
  This organization prefers terrorist action to
  cultural activities it will therefore remain
  secret."

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The Black Hand

• By 1914 there were around 2,500 members of the
  Black Hand. The group was mainly made up of
  junior army officers but also included lawyers,
  journalists and university professors.
• Three senior members of the Black Hand group,
  Dragutin Dimitrijevic, Milan Ciganovic, and Major
  Voja Tankosic, decided that Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand should be assassinated.
• The political objective of the assassination was
  to break off Austria-Hungary's south-Slav
  provinces so they could be combined into a
  Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia.

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The People chosen for the task

• Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko
  Grabez from Serbia made plans to assassinate him.

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Assassination at Sarajevo

• On 28 June 1914, the Archduke Franz-Ferdinand and
  his wife visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia,
  to review the troops.
• It was also Serbia's National Day - the
  anniversary of the battle, in 1389, when Serbia
  had been conquered by the Turkish Ottoman Empire,
  yet at which a Serb hero, Milos Obilic, had
  assassinated the Ottoman Sultan. This day was
  inextricably linked with Serbian nationalism, and
  with the assassination of foreign rulers.
• Waiting for Franz Ferdinand, lined up along the
  Appel Quay, Sarajevo's main road, were six young
  men. They were armed with pistols and bombs
  supplied by the Black Hand.  They were going to
  try to murder Franz Ferdinand

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• Austrian spies in Serbia had reported that there
  was going to be an assassination attempt.
  Panicked, the Prime Minister of Serbia, had also
  told the Austrian government that there was going
  to be trouble.
• Franz Ferdinand ignored these warnings. Only 120
  policeman were on duty in Sarajevo, and they were
  so excited that they forgot to watch the crowds,
  and looked at the procession instead.
• Franz Ferdinand was disguised in the uniform of
  an Austrian cavalry general.
• To reach the Town Hall the procession had to
  drive along the Appel Quay.   The six
  conspirators had posted themselves along the
  route the Appel Quay was a regular avenue of
  assassins.'
• At 10.10 am, as the procession drew near the
  Cumuria Bridge.

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• Near the Cumuria bridge
• 1st  Mehmed Mehmedbasic told a friend that he
  could not get a clear opportunity and that a
  policeman had approached him just as he was to
  throw the bomb.
• 2nd Vaso Cubrilovic told investigation that
  felt sorry for the Duchess said that he was
  badly placed.
• 3rd   Nedeljko Cabrinovic threw a bomb.  
  Wearing a long black coat and a black hat, he
  asked a policeman to tell him which car the
  Archduke was in seconds later he had knocked the
  cap off a hand grenade against a metal lamp-post
  and aimed it at the Archduke seated in the open
  car.   Franz Ferdinand later claimed that he had
  knocked away the bomb with his hand witnesses at
  the trial, however, all agreed that the bomb had
  bounced off the folded-back hood of the
  Archduke's car.   It blew up the car behind,
  killing two officers and injuring about twenty
  people.   Cabrinovic swallowed poison, but it
  failed to work.   After stopping to see what had
  happened, Franz Ferdinand's car sped to the Town
  Hall.
• 4th (landward side) Cvetko Popovic told a
  friend that could not see which was Franz
  Ferdinand because he was short-sighted told the
  trial the lost his nerve.
• In order to avoid the city center, the royal car
  traveled straight along the Appel Quay and took a
  right turn into Franz Joseph Street.

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• One of the conspirators, Gavrilo Princip, was
  standing on the corner at the time. An advisor
  immediately realized the driver had taken the
  wrong route and shouted "What is this? This is
  the wrong way! We're supposed to take the Appel
  Quay!"
• The driver put his foot on the brake, and began
  to back up. In doing so he moved slowly past the
  waiting Gavrilo Princip.
• The assassin stepped forward, drew his gun, and
  at a distance of about five feet, fired several
  times into the car. Franz Ferdinand was hit in
  the neck and Sophie in the abdomen.
• Princip's bullet had pierced the archduke's
  jugular vein but before losing consciousness, he
  pleaded "Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don't die!
  Stay alive for our children!
• Franz Urban drove the royal couple to Konak, the
  governor's residence, but although both were
  still alive when they arrived, they died from
  their wounds soon afterwards.

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Princip Bridge sight of Archduke Ferdinands
assassination
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Nedjelko Cabrinovic, statement in court
(23rd October, 1914)

• We did not hate Austria, but the Austrians had
  done nothing, since the occupation, to solve the
  problems that faced Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  Nine-tenths of our people are farmers who suffer,
  who live in misery, who have no schools, who are
  deprived of any culture.
• We sympathized with them in their distress. We
  thought that only people of noble character were
  capable of committing political assassinations.
  We heard it said that he (Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand) was an enemy of the Slavs. Nobody
  directly told us "kill him" but in this
  environment, we arrived at the idea ourselves.
• I would like to add something else. Although
  Princip is playing the hero, and although we all
  wanted to appear as heroes, we still have
  profound regrets. In the first place, we did not
  know that the late Franz Ferdinand was a father.
  We were greatly touched by the words he addressed
  to his wife "Sophie, stay alive for our
  children." We are anything you want, except
  criminals.
• In my name and in the name of my comrades, I ask
  the children of the late successor to the throne
  to forgive us. As for you, punish us according to
  your understanding. We are not criminals. We are
  honest people, animated by noble sentiments we
  are idealists we wanted to do good we have
  loved our people and we shall die for our
  ideals.

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Name Sentence
Gavrilo Princip 20 years
Nedjelko Cabrinovic 20 years
Trifun Grabež 20 years
Vaso Cubrilovic 16 years
Cvjetko Popovic 13 years
Lazar Ðukic 10 years
Danilo Ilic Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915)
Veljko Cubrilovic Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915)
Nedjo Kerovic Death by hanging commuted to 20 years in prison by Kaiser Franz-Joseph based on Finance Minister's recommendation
Mihaijlo Jovanovic Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915)
Jakov Milovic Death by hanging commuted to life in prison by Kaiser Franz-Joseph based on court's and Finance Minister's recommendation
Mitar Kerovic Life in prison
Ivo Kranjcevic 10 years
Branko Zagorac 3 years
Marko Perin 3 years
Cvijan Stjepanovic 7 years
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Time to play a game

• THE BLAME GAME!!!

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Who is to blame for starting WWI?

• You will be assigned a group, and each group will
  be responsible for blaming a different country
  for their involvement in WWI.
• In your group you must prepare a
  speech/presentation to present to an
  International Tribunal which will decide.. Who
  is to blame?
• Take into consideration
• Their involvement in short/long term causes,
  responsibility for the beginning of the war,
  their acts of aggression, lack of prevention of
  war, and historians arguments

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• RUSSIA
• Matt, Sarah, Courtney, Andres, Sophia, Afrooz
• BRITAIN
• Joseph, Cassie, Nate, Kim, Lauren, Genevieve

• GERMANY
• Ayham, Rachel, Coleman, Calli, Cezanne, Bridgette
• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
• Liam, Hannah, Hunter, Katja, Chandni

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• Which countries were bound to each other by which
  alliance?
• How did imperialism contribute towards Germanys
  increasing anger with Britain and France?
• Why was nationalism an important factor?
• Describe the part played by Germany in increasing
  European militarism.
• What links were there between the two crises and
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Nationalism

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BELLWORK - 13 March 2013

• Time to review over the background causes of WWI!
  For each of the four causes, explain how and why
  that cause created problems/tensions in Europe
  and pushed them closer to war.
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• THINKER In your opinion, which of the four
  causes had the biggest impact or created the most
  problems eventually leading to WWI?
• Explain the Bosnian Crisis.