Animal Organ Systems

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Animal Organ Systems

• Anatomy and Physiology

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Fundamentals of Life

• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the most basic structure of life.
• Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and water to
  survive.

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Natural Hierarchy

• Cells are the most basic and simple.
• Cells that are all alike work together to form
  tissues which perform tasks.
• Tissues that are alike work together to form
  organs which complete jobs.
• Organs work together in organ systems to carry
  out processes.
• Organ systems work together to support the life
  of an organism.

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How do we study animals?

• We look at the outside of them the outer
  physical structures.
• We look inside of dead animals the internal
  physical structures.
• We look at the tissues under a microscope
  microscopic structures.
• We study the chemical reactions between cells,
  tissues, and organs.

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Anatomy

• The study of the form, shape, and appearance of
  an animal its structures both internal and
  external.
• Gross anatomy is the study of the structures
  internal and external that we can see with the
  naked eye.
• Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can
  only be seen under magnification

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Physiology

• The study of the functions of the cells, tissues,
  and organs of the animal.
• Biochemistry
• How cells, tissues and organs work together to
  complete a taskdigestion.

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Why study anatomy and physiology?

• Efficient production of livestock requires
  understanding the anatomy and physiology related
  to Production.
• Production is muscle gain, milk or egg
  production, and hair or wool production.
• Raising animals requires an understanding of the
  requires needed for animal wellbeing.
• Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that
  their basic needs are met and they do not suffer.

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Mammals vs Non-mammals

• Most of our livestock are mammals.
• i.e. vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to
  live young, produces milk, maintains constant
  body temperature.
• Cattle, horses, pigs, goats sheep, etc.
• Exceptions are poultry aquacrops.
• Poultry birds ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.
• Aquacrops fish, shrimp, etc.

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Organ Systems

• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Circulatory
• Respiratory

• Excretory
• Digestive
• Endocrine
• Integumentary
• Reproductive

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Skeletal

• Bones
• 50 water, 26 minerals (Ca P), 20 protein, 4
  fat
• Core is soft and spongy called marrow
• Marrow makes new red blood cells for body.
• Cartilage
• Soft, tough tissue found between bones that
  cushions joints
• Ligaments
• Long stretchy tissue that holds joints together

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Skeletal

• Gives structure and support
• Protects internal organs
• Makes locomotion/movement possible

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Skeletal - Joints
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Skeletal - Skull

• Skull is made up of several fused bones

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Skeletal - Spine

• The spine is made up of many vertebrae and
  cartilage disks
• 5 types of vertebrae
• Cervical neck
• Thoracic body
• Lumbar lower back
• Sacral around hip
• Coccygeal - tail

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Muscular

• Muscles
• Fibrous cells that are design to contract and
  relax in pairs
• Voluntary under the organisms conscious control
  triceps
• Involuntary automatically move to regulate body
  functions heart and diaphragm
• Tendons
• Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles
  to bones.
• Muscles pull against bone when they contract
  which causes movement.

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Muscular

• Primary function is movement.
• External internal
• Also protect delicate organs
• Muscles make up about half our livestock animals
  weight.
• Composed mostly of protein.

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Muscular

• Three types of muscles
• Skeletal meat bicep voluntary
• Cardiac heart involuntary
• Smooth digestive system - involuntary

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Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
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ARhomboideus capitisBSpleniusCLevator
scapulae ventralisDSupraspinatusEInfraspinatus
FTeres majorGSerratus dorsalisHLongissimus
dorsiIMultifidae spinaeJClavotrapeziusKClavo
brachialisLAcromiodeltoidMSpinodeltoidNAcrom
iotrapeziusOSpinotrapeziusPSpinalis
dorsalisQLatissimus dorsiRRhomboideus
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Nervous

• Uses electrical impulses to send messages from
  brain throughout body.
• Controls activity, learning, memory
• Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous
  System

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Nervous

• Brain
• Soft tissues that coordinates all aspects of
  animal function
• Spinal Cord
• Main highway for nerve impulses to travel from
  brain to rest of body

• Nerves
• Branch out and reach rest of body
• Sensory organs
• Vision
• Olfactory
• Touch
• Taste
• Auditory

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Nervous - Brain

• Bain
• Cerebrum controls voluntary movement and
  thought
• Kicking, biting, vocals, licking, etc
• Cerebellum coordination of animals movement
• Walking
• Brain Stem most of the functions to maintain
  life
• Body temp, breathing, digestion, heart beat

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Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Cerebrum
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Nervous Cranial Nerves
Number Nerve Sensory Funct Motor Function
1 Olfactory Smell
2 Optic Vision
3 Oculomotor Position of eye Move eye, constrict pupil, focus
4 Trochlear Position of eye Move eye
5 Trigeminal Sense in face teeth Chewing
6 Abducens Position of eye Move eye
7 Facial Taste buds Blinking, facial expression
8 Auditory Hearing balance
9 Glossopharyngeal Taste buds Swallowing
10 Vagus Sensory of internal organs
11 Spinal accessory Muscles of shoulder Move neck and shoulders
12 Hypoglossal Muscles of tongue Move tongue
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Nervous Cranial Nerves
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Nervous - Sight
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Nervous Touch
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Circulatory

• Heart
• Technically a muscle
• Pumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves
• Arteries
• Carry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart to
  tissues
• Veins
• Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.

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Circulatory Heart - exterior
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Circulatory Heart - interior
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Circulation the flow of blood
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Circulatory Arteries and Veins
Vena Carva
Aorta
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Circulatory

• Plasma
• Liquid part of blood 55 of volume
• red blood cells
• Erythrocytes
• Carries O2 and carbohydrates (glucose)
• Platelets
• Thrombocytes
• Makes blood clot

• Blood
• white blood cells
• Neutrophil
• Monocyte
• Lymphocyte
• Eosinophil
• Basophil
• Fights pathogens

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Circulatory - Blood
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Circulatory Stained blood smears
Erythrocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
Nuetrophil
Monocyte
Thrombocyte
Lymphocyte
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Circulatory

• Also includes the Lymph Glands
• Secrete disease fighting materials
• Moves materials throughout the body

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Respiratory

• Nasal and Sinus Passages
• External opening of the body and passageways
• Pharynx Larynx
• Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea
• Larynx is the voice box
• Trachea
• Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with
  bronchi

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Respiratory

• Bronchus
• Tube that branch off of the trachea and carry air
  to lungs
• Bronchioles
• Smaller tubes that branch off of bronchi
• Alveoli
• Small sacks where gas exchange occurs
• Lungs
• bags that expand and contract to bring in fresh
  air and expel old air

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Respiratory

• Function is to bring oxygen into the body and
  expel carbon dioxide.
• Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in
  the alveoli.
• Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of
  the diaphragm.

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Excretory

• Also referred to as the Renal System.
• Kidneys
• Remove waste materials from blood
• Nephrons filter out wastes (urine)
• Found in the Medulla and Cortex of kidney
• Bladder
• Holds urine
• Ureters
• Connect bladder to urethra
• Urethra
• Empties urine to the exterior of the animal

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Digestive

• Large and varied system
• Breaks down food into usable energy
• Removes unusable food from body

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Digestion

• Monogastric 1 stomach cant digest cellulose
  (fiber) pigs and humans
• Ruminant 4 stomachs polygastric digest
  cellulose, produce own B vitamins and proteins
  cows and sheep
• Pseudo-ruminant - have 1 stomach, but have
  enlarged cecum that digests cellulose horses
  and rabbits

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Digestion - Monogastric

• Moutn
• Prehension gathering food teeth, lips, tongue
• Mastication Chewing break food into smaller
  pieces for swallowing teeth and saliva

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Digestion - Teeth
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Digestion - Monogastric

• Esophagus transport tube to stomach muscular
  contractions move food down

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Digestion - Monogastric

• Stomach
• conditions pH of 2, churning and contracting to
  mix and grind food
• ingredients food, HCl, enzymes

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Digestion - Monogastric

• Small intestine
• major site of nutrient absorption
• Functions villi absorb nutrients that have been
  broken down minerals, vitamins,
• amino acids,
• Fatty acids,
• simple sugars

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• Glands gallbladder secretes bile used for lipid
  breakdown Pancreas secretes enzymes for protein
  and carbohydrate breakdown

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Digestion - Monogastric

• Large intestine colon
• accumulates wastes
• absorbs water
• Rectum and Anus

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Digestion - Monogastric
Cecum
Rectum
Esophagus
Anus
Large intestine
Small intestine
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Digestion - Ruminant

• Mouth
• Prehension cow tongue is very long
• Mastication graze rapidly, and dont chew much
  1st time
• Esophagus liquids to the reticulum and solids
  to the rumen
• Rumen very large compartment

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Digestion - Ruminant

• Regurgitation when rumen full, force contents
  back up to re-chew
• Rumination
• re-mastication of cud or bolus
• Bolus ball of grass
• Adds saliva to food
• Esophagus re-swallow food
• Reticulum honeycomb

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Digestion - Ruminant

• Rumen
• fermentation vat
• 30 gal or more
• contains microbes that break down the cellulose
• pH of 6.5 7 for microbes
• releases methane belch
• creates B vitamins and proteins from amino acids
• also contains papalli that absorb nutrients
  released by microbes

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Digestion - Ruminant

• Omasum filter for large particles grinds them
  down
• Abomasum like the monogastric stomach acidic
• Small intestine same as monogastric
• Large intestine same as monogastric
• Rectum and anus

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Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum
Reticulum
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Digestion - Ruminant
Rumen
Large intestine
Omasum
Rectum
Anus
Cecum
Reticulum
Abomasum
Small intestine
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Digestion Pseudo-Ruminant

• Mouth
• prehension
• Mastication
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• same as monogastric
• too small in horses and inactive doesnt break
  down cellulose
• require frequent smaller meals

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Digestion Pseudo-Ruminant

• Small intestine absorption of nutrients same
  as monogastric
• Still has not digested the cellulose large
  amount
• Cecum
• enlarged area between small and large intestine
• contains microbes that break down cellulose like
  rumen

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Digestion Pseudo-Ruminant

• Large colon absorbs nutrients released by cecum
• Small colon absorbs water and collects waste
• Rectum and Anus

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Digestion Pseudo-Ruminant
Small colon
Large colon
Rectum
Esophagus
Anus
Cecum
Small intesine
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Endocrine

• Ductless glands in the body
• hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver,
  thyroid, adrenal
• Secrete hormones that chemically regulate certain
  functions of the body
• Play a large role in reproduction, digestion,
  growth, etc.

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Integumentary

• Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etc
• Keeps out pathogens, regulates body temp, gives
  shape and color, protects internal organs
• System made almost entirely out of protein
• Animal skin is called the hide
• Most animal hides made into leather

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Reproductive System

• Most complex system in animals
• Allows for reproduction of animals and the
  continuation of the species
• Different structures between male and female
• Most animals fundamentally have the same system,
  just varies in structure between species.