ANIMAL TISSUES AND SYSTEMS

1
ANIMAL TISSUES AND SYSTEMS
1 of 49
2
ANIMAL ORGANIZATION

• Atoms?Molecules?Cells?Tissues?
• Organs?Organ Systems?Organisms

2 of 49
3
4 TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

• Epithelial-cells tightly packed together, little
  intercellular matrix. High rate of turnover.
  Great diversity.
• Connective-cells widely separated in abundant
  matrix. Slower turnover.
• Fibers present.
• Muscular-contractile fibers, for movement. Stops
  dividing shortly after birth.
• Nervous-conveys information throughout the body
  via specialized cells. No new cells after birth,
  in most cases.

3 of 49
4
EPITHELIA

• Classified on the basis of cell shape layers.
  Attached to underlying connective tissue via
  basement membrane. Free surface directed toward
  inner or external space.
• Squamous-flattened cells
• Cuboidal-square or cube-shaped cells
• Columnar-rectangular cells
• Simple epithelia-exist as a single layer
• Stratified epithelia-consist of ? 2 layers

4 of 49
5
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Abundant matrix, ranging from liquid (blood
  plasma) to solid (bone)
• Fibers present collagenous-for structural
  stability
• elastic-for flexibility
• Fibroblast is the basic cell type?see
  modifications and specializations in specific
  tissues

5 of 49
6
6 of 49
7
7 of 49
8
8 of 49
9
MUSCLE TISSUE

• 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal-attaches to skeletal bones?for movement
  of the skeleton. Long, poly-
• nucleate cells with striated fibers in
  parallel bundles. Voluntary control.
• Smooth-lines walls of internal organs to move
  materials within the body. Spindle-shaped,
  uninucleate cells-no striations. Involuntary
  control.
• Cardiac-the bulk of the heart wall. Contracts to
  circulate blood. Striated fibers, branching
  cells. Involuntary control.

9 of 49
10
NERVOUS TISSUE

• Composed of neurons 3 parts
• 1. Cell body-contains subcellular
• organelles
• 2. Dendrites-receptive segments
• 3. Axons-transmissive segments

10 of 49
11

11 of 49
12
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin and associated structures as
• -glands
• -hair follicles
• -nails
• -sensory receptors

12 of 49
13
13 of 49
14
INTEGUMENTARY GLANDS

• Eccrine sweat-widely distributed-secrete watery
  perspiration for evaporative cooling
• Apocrine sweat-concentrated in the axilla,
  genital anal areas-activated at puberty-secrete
  pheromones?function as sex attractants
• Sebaceous-associated with hair follicles?secrete
  oily sebum for lubrication of hair and skin

14 of 49
15
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
• -brain
• -spinal cord

• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
• -12 pairs cranial nerves
• -31 pairs spinal nerves
• -branching nerves
• -ganglia

15 of 49
16
NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION

• Impulses conveyed to CNS about external
  internal conditions via afferent neurons
• Responses conveyed from CNS to peripheral areas
  via efferent neurons

16 of 49
17
17 of 49
18
THE SENSES

• General Senses
  
  -touch, temperature,
  pain-widely distributed throughout the integument
• -stretch receptors and Golgi tendon organs to
  prevent damage to muscles joints
• -pressure pain receptors in visceral organs

18 of 49
19
19 of 49
20
SPECIAL SENSES

• VISION-eyes have photoreceptors
• HEARING EQUILIBRIUM-ears have mechanoreceptors
• TASTE (gustation)-tongue has chemoreceptors
• SMELL(olfaction)-nose has chemoreceptors

20 of 49
21
21 of 49
22
22 of 49
23
1 of 4
23 of 49
24
24 of 49
25
SKELETAL SYSTEM

• TISSUE COMPONENTS
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Tendons-connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments-connect bones to bones
• ARTICULATIONSJoints, where bones come together

25 of 49
26
ARTICULATIONS-3 BASIC FORMS

• Immovable jointssynarthroses
• Partially movable joints-synchondroses
• Freely movable jointsdiarthroses

26 of 49
27
27 of 49
28
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into
  the bloodstream
• Hormones are circulated to target organs which
  contain high affinity receptors for the hormone
• Hormone binding triggers specific responses in
  target cells

28 of 49
29
29 of 49
30
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Heart-2 atria, 2 ventricles-contract to pump
  blood
• Arteries-carry oxygenated blood away from the
  heart
• Veins-return deoxygenated blood to the heart
• Capillaries-exchange nutrients wastes between
  blood tissues

30 of 49
31
31 of 49
32
32 of 49
33
33 of 49
34
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

• HUMORAL IMMUNITY
• Antibody production by B lymphocytes
• Regulation of antibody production by helper (CD4
  T lymphocytes

• CELLULAR IMMUNITY
• Mediated by cytotoxic (CD8) T lymphocytes
• Lymphokine production by CD8 cells

34 of 49
35
IMMUNE RESPONSES MEDIATED BY CD8 CELLS

• Destruction of internalized particulate antigens
• Transplant rejection
• Delayed hypersensitivity
• Immune surveillance against cancer

35 of 49
36
1 of 49
36 of 49
1 of 49
37
ABO BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

• HUMAN BLOOD TYPES
• A- cells display the A antigen
• B-cells display the B antigen
• AB-cells display both A B antigens
• O-cells display neither A nor B antigens

37 of 49
38
38 of 49
1
39
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• GAS EXCHANGE
• REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
• VOCALIZATION

39 of 49
40
40 of 49
41
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
41 of 49
42
42 of 49
43
THE URINARY SYSTEM
43 of 49
44
44 of 49
45
45 of 49
46
FUNCTIONS OF URINARY TRACT COMPONENTS

• Kidneys-filter the blood produce urine
• Ureters-transport urine to the urinary bladder
• Bladder-Stores urine until it fills
• Urethra-passageway for urine elimination

46 of 49
47
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
47 of 49
48
48 of 49
49
49 of 49