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ENGLISH GRAMMAR SECTION THREE THE DEFINITE
ARTICLE p2 SECTION FOUR NOUNS p6 SECTION FIVE
PRONOUNS p21 SECTION SIX ADJECTIVES p32 SECTION
SEVEN COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES p33 SECTION
EIGHT COMPARISON OF ADVERBS p37 SECTION NINE
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME p39 SECTION TEN
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE p52 SECTION ELEVEN THE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE p63 SECTION TWELVE THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE p74 SECTION THIRTEEN
THE FUTURE TENSE p85 SECTION FOURTEEN THE SIMPLE
PAST TENSE p91 SECTION FIFTEEN THE PAST
CONTINUOUS TENSE p99 SECTION SIXTEEN THE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
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SECTION THREE THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 3.1
Usage The Definite Article is used before
singular and plural nouns when the noun is
particular or specific e.g. the teacher the
crowd the mountains 3.2 Usage Exceptions The
is not used before A uncountable nouns with a
general meaning e.g. I think geography is very
interesting. (not the geography) Bill cannot eat
meat. (not the meat)
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Here are some more examples of general
uncountable nouns life, transport, music,
society B the name of a language e.g. French
is a difficult language to learn. (not the
French) I speak English at home and German at
the office. (not the English or the German) C
names of countries e.g. Eric lives in England.
(not the England) Joan went to Italy for a
holiday. (not the Italy)
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D days of the week, names of months,
years e.g. He arrived on Monday. (not the
Monday) Bill visited me in July. (not the
July) E names of meals e.g. What do you want
for breakfast? (not the breakfast) Mary ate
lunch at midday? (not the lunch) F titles
names of people e.g. President Mitterrand (not
the President Mitterand) Queen Elizabeth II (not
the Queen Elizabeth II)
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G names of towns/cities and famous
buildings e.g. in Paris (not the Paris) at
Oxford University (not the Oxford University) H
certain nouns e.g. at school (not the school)
by car (not the car) Here are some more
examples in/to prison at/to university at/to
work at/from home at night on holiday
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SECTION FOUR NOUNS 4.1 Usage There are of
three types of nouns countable, uncountable,
collective countable nouns are nouns that can
be counted and have a plural form. uncountable
nouns are nouns that cannot be counted and do not
have a plural form. collective nouns are the
name for a group/collection of people/animals/thin
gs. In English, Nouns are used in the same way
as they are in French but they are not defined as
masculine/feminine/neuter. Some nouns are clearly
masculine or feminine man (men) - masculine ,
woman (women) - feminine.
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Domestic animals are called he or she to
distinguish between male and female. e.g. I have
a dog and he sleeps all the time. 4.2 Structure
Countable Nouns A To form plural nouns add -s
to the singular form e.g. book books elephant
elephants However, for some groups of nouns,
different rules apply
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B Nouns with distinct male and female forms.
Common examples include masculine feminine
masculine feminine actor actress hero
heroine author authoress host hostess businessma
n businesswoman man woman duke duchess prince
princess earl countess waiter waitress god
goddess widow widower
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C Singular nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch and x
add -es in the plural form singular plural
singular plural glass glasses bush
bushes stitch stitches box box
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D Many singular nouns ending in -f change -f to
-v and add -es in the plural form. There are a
few nouns ending in -f that behave normally and
add -s in the plural form. Here are common
examples of both types singular plural singular
plural calf calves chief chiefs half halves
cliff cliffs leaf leaves roof roofs loaf
loaves shelf shelves
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E Singular nouns ending in -fe change -fe to
-ves in the plural form knife - knives life -
lives wife - wives F Singular nouns ending in
a -y after a consonant change -y to -i and add es
in the plural form city - cities company -
companies factory - factories G Singular nouns
ending in -y after a vowel add -s in the plural
form boy - boys key - keys toy -
toys trolley - trolleys
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H Some singular nouns ending in -o add -es in
the plural while others add s. It is important to
learn the most common nouns of both
types singular plural singular plural hero
heroes banjo banjos potato potatoes dynamo
dynamos tomato tomatoes piano pianos volcano
volcanoes solo solos
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4.3 Structure Countable Nouns Exceptions A
Certain nouns do not add -s in the plural. Common
examples are aircraft counsel graffiti
media offspring spaghetti B Some nouns,
particularly the names of animals and fish, have
the same form in singular and plural. Common
examples are antelope - antelope buffalo -
buffalo deer - deer fish - fish pike - pike
sheep - sheep salmon - salmon trout - trout
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C A number of nouns have no singular form even
if there is only one singular/plural
singular/plural singular/plural
singular/plural barracks headquarters pliers
shorts clothes jeans premises spectacles content
s manners pyjamas spirits cross-roads means
scissors trousers goods outskirts savings
valuables
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D Certain compound nouns add -s to the first
word in the plural form. Some examples
are- editor-in-chief - editors-in-chief father-
in-law - fathers-in-law son-in-law -
sons-in-law passer-by - passers-by
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E Some nouns change vowels and/or add consonants
in the middle of the word or add - en in the
plural form foot - feet child - children goose
- geese ox - oxen man - men woman -
women mouse - mice louse - lice
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F Certain singular nouns ending in -ex or ix
remove the last two letters and add -ices in the
plural form.. Common examples are- appendix -
appendices index - indices vortex - vortices G
Certain nouns used commonly in English are the
same in English and French bureau - bureaux
gateau - gateaux tableau - tableaux
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4.4 Structure Uncountable Nouns Uncountable
nouns cannot be counted normally and have no
plural form e.g. milk sugar soap meat 4.5
Structure Uncountable Nouns Exceptions A
Some uncountable nouns can be counted by naming
the container/shape/weight in which they are
found e.g. a bottle of milk a bag of sugar a
bar of soap a tin of meat
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B Certain uncountable nouns can be counted by
using a piece of .... , a bit of .... e.g. a
piece of information a piece of news a piece of
advice a bit of information a bit of news a bit
of advice Here are some more nouns that may be
used in this way advice, furnitue, homework,
housework, luggage, money, research.
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4.6 Structure Collective Nouns Collective nouns
can be singular or plural and name
groups/collections of people/animals/things e.g.
a crowd of people a herd of cows a bunch of
bananas A When the collective nouns is the
subject of the sentence, the verb is usually
singular e.g. A flock of sheep is very noisy. A
team of horses was pulling the old carriage. B
When the individual members of the collective
group are important, the verb is plural e.g.
The police are protecting the town. The
government are protesting about the low wages of
members of Parliament.
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SECTION FIVE PRONOUNS Pronouns replace nouns
for various purposes in English and as in French,
there are several types of pronouns personal,
reflexive, demonstrative, possessive.. e.g.
Derek himself took it to Marcel and showed him
the details. These books are mine and Mary
bought them for me in London.
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5.1 Usage Personal Pronouns Different groups
of Personal Pronouns have different roles in
sentences A The Subject I, you, he/she/it
can replace singular nouns and we, you, they can
replace plural nouns as the subject in a
sentence e.g. Brian went to the cinema He
went to the cinema. Joan and Mary visited Italy
last July They visited Italy last July.
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B The Direct Object me, you, him/her/it can
replace singular nouns and us, you, them can
replace plural nouns as the direct object in a
sentence S V DO
S V DO e.g. Bill left Jane
at the school gate Bill left her at the school
gate. Joan met Tom and Mary in the park Joan
met them in the park.
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C The Indirect Object me, you, him/her/it can
replace singular nouns and us, you. them can
replace plural nouns as the indirect object in a
sentence S V IO
S V
IO e.g. John Smith gave the cat some food John
Smith gave it some food. My parents gave Jill
and I a car My parents gave us a car.
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5.2 Structure Personal Pronouns Personal
Pronouns are usually found in the same position
in a sentence as the noun/nouns they are
replacing S V IO
DO e.g. Henry wrote Ann a long letter. He wrote
her a long letter.
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5.3 Structure Exceptions A With certain
verbs, to can be put before the Indirect Object
and the Indirect Object is placed after the
Direct Object S V
IO DO e.g. The manager passed
Jennifer a glass of wine. S
V DO IO The manager
passed a glass of wine to her. Here are some
more verbs of this type to bring, describe,
explain, pass, pay, owe, pass, pay, promise,
read, sell, send, show, suggest, take.
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B With certain verbs, for can be put before the
Indirect Object and the Indirect Object is placed
after the Direct Object. S
V IO DO e.g. My
mother cooked the children some eggs. S
V DO IO My mother
cooked some eggs for them. Here are some more
verbs of this type to bring, buy, cook, fetch,
find, get, leave, open, order, reserve, save.
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5.4 Usage Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive
pronouns myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself
in the singular and ourselves, yourselves,
themselves in the plural can be used in two
ways e.g. I drove myself to Marseille. Bill
himself found the lost watch.
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5.5 Structure A to mention again the identity
of the subject of the sentence with the meaning
for ...... the reflexive pronoun is placed
immediately after the verb e.g. John found a
nice house to buy. John found himself a nice
house to buy. B to emphasise identity, the
reflexive pronoun is placed immediately after the
noun e.g. The brothers do not know the
answer. The brothers themselves do not know the
answer.
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5.6 Usage Possessive Pronouns The possessive
pronouns mine, yours, his/hers/its in the
singular and ours, yours, theirs in the plural
show that an object/person/thing belongs to
someone who is not named. e.g. Mary and Bill are
buying a house and the house is theirs. (the
house of Bill and Mary) Who owns this car? It's
mine. (the car of the writer) 5.7 Structure In
sentences, possessive pronouns replace the
missing name of the owner of the
object/person/thing.
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5.8 Final Note My, your, his/her/its in the
singular and our, your, their in the plural are
Possessive Adjectives. They are used to show that
a person/place/thing belongs to someone whose
identity is known e.g. "Mary and Bill are our
children," said Ann and John. The pilot landed
his plane safely.
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SECTION SIX ADJECTIVES 6.1 Usage As in
French, adjectives are used in English to
describe/give more information about nouns e.g.
the blue car the sad teacher the intelligent
lion 6.2 Structure A Adjectives are placed
immediately in front of the noun they are
describing e.g. the wild pig the enormous
elephant the angry boxer B In English,
adjectives do not agree with the gender of
nouns e.g. the tall man the noisy boy the happy
prince the tall woman the noisy girl the happy
princess
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C Certain words ending in -ly are adjectives and
not adverbs e.g. a friendly letter a lovely
scene an early train Here are some other
adjectives of this type daily, hourly, weekly,
monthly, yearly. SECTION SEVEN COMPARISON OF
ADJECTIVES 7.1 Usage To compare the
description of two or more people/animals/things/p
laces. e.g. John is young but Mary is younger
and Michael is the youngest.
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7.2 Structure Regular Adjectives e.g.
Adjective Comparative Superlative young younger
youngest small smaller smallest There are five
rules for the construction of the Comparative and
Superlative forms of regular adjectives. A
Short adjectives of one syllable add -er and -est
to the adjective e.g. old older oldest Here
are more examples of adjectives of one syllable
young, small, tall, cheap, few.
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B When an adjective ends in -y, change this
letter to -i and add -er and -est e.g. easy
easier easiest Here are more examples of
adjectives that end in -y heavy, early, busy,
healthy, noisy, lucky, silly, happy. C When an
adjective ends in -e, remove the -e and then add
-er and -est e.g. large larger largest Here are
some more examples of adjectives that end in -e
brave, wise, safe, pale, simple, late. D When
an adjective ends with a vowel plus a consonant,
double the consonant and then add -er and
-est e.g. big bigger biggest Here are some more
examples of adjectives of this type thin, hot,
fat, fit.
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E Adjectives of three or more syllables and some
adjectives of two syllables do not change but
more and most are put in front of these
adjectives e.g. beautiful more beautiful most
beautiful Here are some more examples of
adjectives of this type delicious, efficient,
humorous, expensive, careful, modern, famous,
correct, honest. 7.3 Structure Irregular
Adjectives There are three adjectives which do
not follow any rule these must be
memorised Adjective Comparative
Superlative good better best bad worse
worst far farther/further farthest/furthest
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SECTION EIGHT COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 8.1
Usage To compare the description of two or more
people/animals/things/places. e.g. John runs
fast but Mary runs faster and Michael is the
fastest. 8.2 Structure Regular Adverbs e.g.
Adverb Comparative Superlative quick quicker
quickest slow slower slowest There are two
rules which control the formation of the
Comparative and Superlative forms of regular
adverbs.
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A In general, add -er and -est to the
adverb. B When an adverb ends in -ly, more and
most are put in front of the adverb. 8.3
Structure Irregular Adverbs There are three
irregular adverbs which do not follow any rule
these must be memorised Adverb Comparative
Superlative good better best badly worse
worst far farther/further farthest/furthest
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SECTION NINE PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 9.1 Usage
At, On, In These prepositions are used to show
the time and date of events, activities and
situations e.g. at three o'clock. in June. on
Monday. 9.2 Structure At at particular time
dawn, midday, noon, night, midnight, nine o'clock
etc.. e.g. at dawn. at the a particular time
in a week/month/year start/end of the
week/month/year, weekend. e.g. at the start of
July. at calendar festival season Christmas,
New Year, Easter, Pentecost etc.. e.g. at
Easter. at meal breakfast, lunch, mid-morning,
tea, dinner, supper etc.. e.g. at breakfast.
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9.3 Structure On on day of the week Monday,
Tuesday, Wednesday etc. e.g. on Thursday. on
particular part of a day Friday morning,
Saturday afternoon. e.g. on Sunday evening. on
particular date 25 July 1994, 4 January. e.g. on
19 March. N.B. On the nineteenth of March is
how this date is read aloud or said in
conversation. on calendar festival day
Christmas Day, Palm Sunday. e.g. on Easter
Sunday.
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9.4 Structure In in the a part of a day
the morning, the afternoon, evening. e.g. in the
afternoon. in month January, February, March,
April, May etc.. e.g. in June. in season of
the year Spring, Summer, Autumn. e.g. in
Winter. in specific year 1988, 1989, 1990
etc.. e.g. in 1994. in the a specific
century nineteenth century. e. g. in the
twentieth century. in historical period of
time the Dark Ages, Pre-historic Times. e.g. in
the Middle Ages.
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N.B. No preposition is used if the day/year has
each, every, last, next, this before it e.g. I
go to Switzerland each Christmas ( not at each
Christmas ) I'll see you next Monday afternoon.
( not on Monday afternoon ) Martin left home
last evening. ( not in the evening ) 9.5 Usage
For and Since These prepositions explain how
long an event, activity, situation has
continued e.g. for three days since last
Thursday
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9.6 Structure For for a period of time two
days, one week, three months, four years e.g. for
the weekend. This phrase can be used with all
verb tenses. e.g. Michael went to the Bahamas
last year for three weeks. - past I am in Paris
for ten days. - present My cousin will be
visiting the West Indies for two months next
February. - future
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9.7 Structure Since since a point of time
past tense last week, the war ended, 1990,
yesterday. The point of time does not have to be
accurate. e.g. My sister and her husband have
worked in India since 1991. Mary has been very
ill since yesterday evening.
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9.8 Usage During and While These prepositions
explain a period of time in which an event,
activity or situation took place e.g. during the
next month while I was swimming. 9.9 Structure
During during a noun or phrase the war, the
nineteenth century e.g. during my schooldays.
This phrase can be used with all verb tenses
past, present, future and is the same as the
French pendant e.g. Marcel received many
telephone messages during the last week. -
past I am seeing John during the morning. -
present Bill will return to England during the
Christmas Holiday. - future
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9.10 Structure While while subject verb
to eat, talk, swim, walk etc.... This clause can
be used with all verb tenses past, present,
future and is the same as the French pendant
que e.g. We will take you to the theatre while
we are in London. While David was in Spain, he
didn't go to a bull fight. N.B. In English,
While can often be replaced by when and retain
the same meaning. while infinitive -ing
(Present Participle) thinking, running, driving
etc.. e.g. While swimming in the sea, Elizabeth
was attacked by a shark. Solange met Andrew
while studying History at the Sorbonne.
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9.11 Usage Before and After These prepositions
explain accurately the timing of an event,
activity or situation e.g. before the weekend
after the holiday 9.12 Structure Before before
a noun Monday, Christmas, examinations etc..
e.g. before the weekend. before subject
verb to eat, study, swim, talk. etc.. All verb
tenses can be used. e.g. He spoke to his teacher
before the examinations began. Before you say
anything, I must explain why I am here. before
infinitive -ing (Present Participle) to read,
write etc.. e.g. before eating.
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9.13 Structure After after noun the lesson,
the meal etc. e.g. after the journey after
subject verb to draw, sit, read etc.. All verb
tenses can be used e.g. Patricia was very happy
after she won the tennis match. Why did the
Queen smile after the President shook her
hand? After she finishes her studies, Ann will
work in South Africa. after infinitive -ing
(Present Participle) to decide, say, report
etc.. e.g. after crying.
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9.14 Usage By, until, till These prepositions
describe a time limit for commencement/completion
of an activity. e.g. by Sunday until April 1995
till next week By means not later than and can
be used with all verb tenses. Until/till
explains how long an activity continues, will
continue or has continued and can be used with
all verb tenses. N.B. Until/till have the same
meaning till is a short form of until.
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9.15 Structure By by noun describing
time/date examples this afternoon, tomorrow,
Thursday. e.g. Please pay me by Friday
morning. Will you finish your work by four
o'clock? By the end of the year, Mark spoke
English very well. 9.16 Structure Until,
till until/till noun describing time/date
examples next week, this evening, tomorrow. e.g.
Tom's wife will stay here until/till the end of
next week. Until/till the end of the month, you
can use my computer. The Williams Family lived
in Germany until/till 1991.
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9.17 Usage From - - - - to/until From . . . .
. to/until defines the beginning and end of a
period of time, present, past or future e.g.
from April 1989 to July from November until
March 9.18 Structure From - - - - -
to/until/till From time/day/date/year to
time/day/date/year and can be used with all verb
tenses. e.g. From 1987 until 1991, Mary was at
university in Brussels. Each day, Derek works in
the bank from nine till five thirty. My shop
will be closed from 1st July to 31st August
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SECTION TEN PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 10.1 Usage
At, on, in At, on and in are prepositions of
place and show the position of people, places and
things e.g. at the cinema on the wall in the
shop 10.2 Structure At at the place the
cinema, theatre, school, cross roads etc.. e.g.
at the bank. at specific place Orly Airport,
Buckingham Palace e.g. at Notre Dame
Cathedral. at specific address including the
house number/name e.g. at 33 rue de La Fayette,
Paris. N.B. In English, at is not normally used
with names of villages, towns and cities.
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10.3 Structure On on a/the surface of a
place or object shelf, wall, floor, ceiling
etc.. e.g. on the table. on the directions
left/right/other side/nearside/far side e.g. on
the left. on levels of a building first
floor, second floor, top floor etc.. e.g. on the
ground floor. on the parts of a ship port
side/ starboard side/bow/stern. on parts of
the body his foot, her leg, our heads etc.. e.g.
on his left arm. on a/the types of
transport horse, bicycle, train, foot etc.. e.g.
on the ferry, on a horse. N.B. English people
say in a car ( not on a car ).
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10.4 Structure In in names of countries
France, England, Germany etc.. e.g. in
Belgium. in names of towns, villages, cities
Paris, London etc.. e.g. in Cairo. in named
places Buckingham Palace, the Louvre etc.. e.g.
in Windsor Castle. in the geographical
regions Auvergne, Lake District etc.. e.g. in
the Pas de Calais. in streets, roads, avenues
rue du Lion, Fish Street etc.. e.g. in Stratford
Avenue. in the rooms and places kitchen,
bedroom, foyer, auditorium etc.. e.g. in the
bathroom.
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in the weather sun, rain, hail, snow etc..
e.g. in the fog. in parts of the body his
foot, her leg, our heads etc.. e.g. in his
foot. in a/the types of transport car,
train, van, lorry, aeroplane, ship e.g. in a
train.
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10.5 Prepositions Exceptions A In English,
certain expressions are different from French and
must be learned at the moment on holiday in a
loud/angry/quiet/low voice at this/that moment
on the radio in a good/bad mood at the same time
on television in a bad temper at no time on the
menu in a suit at present on the agenda in a new
dress at the end/beginning in clean/dirty/new
shoes
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B Some expressions are used without a/the, here
are some common examples at school in bed at
home in business at school in hospital at
school in prison at work at university at 37
k.p.h.
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C Both on and in can be used for types of
transport and parts of the body On is used when
the part of the body/type of transport is the
most important detail. In is used when position
is the most important piece of information. e.g.
Peter travelled to London on the train. -
type John sat in the last carriage of the London
train. - position Mary has a cut on her left
arm. - part of the body Anna has broken a bone
in her wrist. - position in the body
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D At and in can be used with places which can
contain large numbers of people cinema, theatre,
church, stadium etc.. At is used when the
activity is the most important piece of
information. In is used when the place/position
is the most important detail. e.g. I will meet
you for a meal at the usual restaurant. Richard
and Mary met in the foyer of the Royal Theatre.
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E Both at and to can be used with places At is
used when there is no active movement in the
phrase/sentence. To is used when there is
movement in the phrase/sentence e.g. At school,
there are forty teachers and four hundred pupils.
- no movement Martin is cycling to London to
visit his friends. - movement
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F Both at and to can follow certain verbs the
meaning of the verb is different in each case to
throw, run, shout. e.g. Bill threw a stone to
me. ( a friendly action ) Bill threw a stone at
me. ( a hostile action intending to hurt someone
) Mary ran to me. ( a friendly action ) Mary
ran at me ( a hostile action intending to attack
) Eric shouted to me. ( a friendly action
) Eric shouted at me ( a hostile action
intending to express anger )
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G The preposition by is often used with
transport when the type of transport is very
important the common examples are by aeroplane,
bicycle, horse, car, ferry, horse, lorry, ship,
train e.g. The businessmen travelled to Africa
by aeroplane and in Africa, they travelled by
car. N.B. Walking is travel on foot ( not by
foot )
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SECTION ELEVEN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 11.1
Usage A to make a statement about actions that
are continuing or things happening
repeatedly. e.g. Jean lives in France. Mary
watches television each evening. B to give
instructions/directions. e.g. You take the first
left then take the next right. C to tell jokes
and stories. e.g. A man comes into the pub and
he says ............
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D to ask a simple question using do/does. e.g.
Do you like English food? Does your father speak
English? E short answers to a simple
question. e.g. Do you enjoy English food? Yes, I
do.
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11.2 Structure A the verb to be singular
plural I am We are You are You are He/she/it
is They are
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B the verb to have singular plural I have We
have You have You have He/she/it has They
have The general rule for construction of the
Simple Present Tense of most verbs is Use the
infinitive form of the verb for all persons
except the third person singular which adds - s
or -es.
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C the verb to sit singular plural I sit We
sit You sit You sit He/she/it sits They sit D
the verb to go singular plural I go We go You
go You go He/she/it goes They go
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11.3 Structure Exception A Verbs that end with
a consonant plus -y to try, fly, worry, cry,
deny, study In the third person singular of the
Present Simple Tense of these verbs, replace the
-y with - ies. i.e. He/she/it tries, flies,
worries, cries, denies, studies. B Verbs that
end with a vowel plus -y to play, enjoy, delay,
obey, buy In the third person singular of the
Present Simple Tense these verbs are
normal. i.e. He/she/it plays, enjoys, delays,
obeys, buys.
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11.4 Structure Negatives In the negative, the
Present Simple Tense requires the auxiliary verb
do/does- e.g. Positive I walk home every
day. Negative I do not walk home every day. /I
don't walk home every day. Positive She studies
English at weekends. Negative She does not
study English at weekends. /She doesn't study
English at weekends.
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11.5 Structure Questions In forming questions,
the Present Simple Tense requires the auxiliary
verb do/does e.g. Do you speak English? (not
speak you English?) Does the cashier use a
computer? (not use the cashier a computer?) N.B.
Carefully note the word order for a question
including a negative. e.g. Positive Do you
understand my question? Negative Don't you
understand my question?
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11.6 The Simple Present Tense Position of
Adverbs There are rules for the positioning of
certain adverbs always, often, never, usually,
sometimes A In positive statements In the
Simple Present Tense, these adverbs are placed
after the subject and before the verb S ADV
V e.g. The teacher always shouts at the
class. The student often talks in class.
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B In negative statements In the Simple Present
Tense, these adverbs are placed after the
negative e.g. Positive Chantal is usually
happy at work. Negative Chantal is not usually
happy at work /Chantal isn't usually happy at
work. Positive The manager often drives his car
to work Negative The manager does not often
drive his car to work. /The manager doesn't
often drive his car to work.
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C In questions In the Simple Present Tense,
the question uses the form do/does and the adverb
is placed after the subject. S ADV e.g. Do your
sons sometimes travel by train? Does your father
usually walk to the office?
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SECTION TWELVE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
12.1 Usage A to describe something happening
now or for a limited time in the future. e.g.
Mary is working today. John is learning French
this year. The policeman is not driving his car
this week. The students are not learning English
this term. N.B. Word order in the negative
sentence.
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B to describe an expected or unexpected event
that happens frequently and uses the adverb
always e.g. The teacher is always shouting at
his class. It is always snowing in winter. C
to make appointments and arrangements using
go/come e.g. I am going to the dentist at 9
a.m..(not I go) Eric is coming here tonight (not
Eric comes)
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D to describe an event that is to happen and
where the sentence includes a word/phrase with
limited future meaning on Monday, on Tuesday
etc.. in June, in July etc.. this afternoon,
this evening, tomorrow etc.. next week, next
month, next year etc.. e.g. Michael is buying a
new car next Tuesday. For my holiday in July, I
am flying to Japan.
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E to form a question in the present tense e.g.
Are you coming to my house? (not come you) Is he
going to work today? (not goes he) N.B. the word
order in a question.
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12.2 Usage Exception Some verbs are never used
in the Present Continuous Tense. A Verbs of
"thinking" to think (when it means believe),
believe, agree, understand, know, remember,
forget, mean, doubt. e.g. I understand the
teacher's lesson. ( not I am understanding) B
Verbs of "feeling" to wish, love, hate, like,
dislike, imagine, want e.g. The soldier wishes
to go home.(not is wishing) C Verbs of
"possession" to have, own, belong, want. e.g.
The rich man owns three cars (not is owning)
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D Verbs for "reporting" to say, tell, answer,
report. e.g. My uncle says he is poor. (not is
saying) E Particular verbs to cost, seem,
appear, need, weigh, prefer, recognise,
taste. e.g. The elephant weighs fifty kilos.
(not is weighing)
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12.3 Structure The verb to work singular
plural I am working We are working You are
working You are working He/she/it is working
They are working The general rule for
construction of the Present Continuous Tense of
most verbs is Take the Simple Present Tense of
the auxiliary verb to be plus the infinitive plus
-ing.
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12.4 Structure Negatives In negative sentences,
the word not is placed immediately after the
auxiliary verb and before the verb ending in
-ing. S AUX V e.g. Positive The driver is
running to his bus. Negative The driver is not
running to his bus. /The driver isn't running to
his bus.
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12.5 Structure Questions To form questions, the
auxiliary verb to be and the subject are
reversed. S AUX e.g. Statement We are going to
the restaurant. AUX S Question Are we going to
the restaurant? S AUX Statement The small boy
is listening to the radio. AUX S Question Is
the small boy listening to the radio?
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N.B. Carefully note the word order for a question
including a negative. The word not follows
immediately after the auxiliary verb and before
the subject. AUX S e.g. Isn't he visiting his
mother today? Aren't the fish swimming quickly?
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12.6 Final note on the Present Tenses In
general, we use the Present Continuous Tense for
temporary situations- e.g. They are going to
the park. We use the Simple Present Tense for
permanent situations- e.g. I celebrate
Christmas every year.
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SECTION THIRTEEN THE FUTURE TENSE The Future
Tense describes events/activities that are to
happen later the same day or in near or distant
time after the immediate time. 13.1 Usage The
future can be expressed in four ways in
English A. by using the Simple Future Tense
will/shall with an infinitive. e.g. The teacher
will give me the answer on Monday. B by using
the Present Continuous Tense of the verb to go
with an infinitive when the action is to take
place very soon e.g. I am going to wash my car.
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C by using the Present Continuous Tense with a
word/phrase indicating the future e.g. The
Channel Tunnel is opening for passenger travel
next year. D by using a statement beginning
with let us or let's when wishing to ask a
question e.g. Let's go to the cinema this
evening! (Shall we go to the cinema this
evening?) Let's eat our lunch now! (Shall we eat
our lunch now?)
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13.2 Structure The Simple Future Tense The
verb to sit singular plural I will sit We will
sit You will sit You will sit He/she/it will
sit They will sit
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The general rule for construction of the Simple
Future Tense of verbs is Use the auxiliary verb
will followed by the infinitive form of the main
verb. N.B. Shall is used with the same meaning
as will only in the first person singular and
plural N.B. The Simple Future Tense can be
spoken/written in a shortened form. e.g. I'll
speak to you again later this week.
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13.3 Structure Negatives In negative
sentences, the word not is placed immediately
after the verb will/shall and before the
infinitive form of the verb. The Simple Future
Tense can be spoken/written in two ways with the
same meaning AUX V e.g. I will not walk home
from work. I wont walk home from work.
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13.4 Structure Questions To construct
questions using the Future Tense A begin the
question with will/shall and leave the verb and
subject in the same order as in a
statement.. e.g. Statement Christopher will
begin work on Monday. Question Will Christopher
begin work on Monday? B use let's to ask the
question indirectly e.g. Let's start our
homework! (meaning Shall we start our homework?)
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SECTION FOURTEEN THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 14.1
Usage Regular and Irregular Verbs The Simple
Past Tense is used A to describe
actions/events that happened in the recent or
long past and are now finished. e.g. The
salesman sold two cars yesterday. My brother
bought a new house last year.
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B to tell a story. e.g. A man went into a pub
and asked for a beer ............. N.B. The
Simple Past Tense is often used with certain
phrases of time yesterday, last night, last
month, last year, two years ago.
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14.2 Structure Irregular Verbs e.g. The
policemen caught the criminals. In English,
there are many irregular verbs and these must be
learned. Some examples are- Infinitive Past
Tense Past Participle to buy bought bought to
drive drove driven to drink drunk drunk The
most common irregular verbs are listed in
Appendix I.
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14.3 Structure Regular Verbs e.g. I cleaned my
car. The general rule for construction of the
Simple Past Tense of regular verbs is Take the
infinitive of the verb and add -ed. E.g. To clean
.......... cleaned 14.4 Structure
Exceptions A When the infinitive form ends in
-e, only -d is added e.g. I live in Paris
.................... I lived in Paris.
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B When the infinitive form ends in a consonant
plus -y, remove the -y and add -ied in its
place e.g. I try hard ..........................
. I tried hard. C When the infinitive ends in
-p or -it, double the last letter e.g. to stop
................................stopped to knit
..................................knitted
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14.5 There are no other exceptions to the rule in
written form but there are exceptions in
pronunciation of the Simple Past Tense. A If the
infinitive ends in -d, -t, -te, the Simple Past
Tense ending is pronounced -id e.g. to shout
..............shouted (pronounced shout-id) B
If the infinitive ends in any other consonant,
the Simple Past Tense ending is pronounced
-d e.g. to fix ...................fixed
(pronounced fixd) C If the infinitive ends in
-ce, -k, -s, -ss, the Simple Past Tense ending is
pronounced -t e.g. to dance..............danced
(pronounced dancet) to walk ...............walked
(pronounced walkt)
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14.6 Structure Regular and Irregular Verbs
Negative In the negative form use the Simple
Past Tense of the verb to do as did plus the
infinitive e.g. I did not notice the cat. -
Regular /I didn't notice the cat. Didn't Bill
forgive his sister? - Irregular N.B. Carefully
note the word order in negative sentences.
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14.7 Structure Regular and Irregular verbs
Questions To form questions, use the Simple
Past Tense of the verb to do as did /did not plus
the infinitive e.g. Did you stop at the
shop? Where did you work? Didn't Bill sing a
song? N.B. Carefully note the word order for
questions.
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SECTION FIFTEEN THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
15.1 Usage A To describe an event, activity
or situation that happened in the past for a
period of time e.g. On Sunday, I was walking
for three hours. B To describe an event,
activity or situation happening in the past at
the same time as another event happened. e.g.
Henry was speaking to Mary when Jane arrived.
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C To describe a scene or situation in a story or
report. e.g. It was snowing and the trees were
looking beautiful when the accident
happened. 15.2 Usage Exceptions The Past
Continuous Tense is not normally used A to
describe habitual or often repeated events e.g.
The tourists climbed Mont Blanc three times in
three weeks. (not were climbing) B Verbs of
"thinking". to believe, doubt, forget, know,
mean, to think (meaning to have an opinion),
remember, understand e.g. I believed what he
said ( not was believing)
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C Verbs of "feeling". to dislike, hate, like,
love, want, wish e.g. While I was speaking to
John, I wanted to be with Mary ( not was
wanting) D Verbs of "possession". to belong,
have (meaning to possess), own, want e.g. When
he was in Germany, Brian owned a large Mercedes (
not was owning) E Particular verbs. to appear,
cost, need, prefer, recognise, see (except when
it means to meet), seem, taste, weigh e.g. All
last year, it cost sterling200 to fly to
Canada ( not was costing)
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15.3 Structure The general rule for construction
of the Past Continuous Tense of all verbs
is The Simple Past Tense of the auxiliary verb
to be infinitive -ing. e.g. I was speaking
to my mother this morning. 15.4 Structure
Negatives In negative statements, not is put
after the auxiliary verb and before the verb
ending -ing AUX V e.g. positive The King was
sailing to Norway. negative The King was not
sailing to Norway.
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15.5 Structure Questions In questions, reverse
the positions of the auxiliary verb and the
subject. S AUX V e.g. statement Anna was
enjoying the race. AUX S question Was Anna
enjoying the race? S AUX V statement John was
running fast. QW AUX S V question Why was John
running fast?
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SECTION SIXTEEN THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
16.1 Usage A To describe an event, activity
or situation that ended only a short time ago.
Here the word just is often used. e.g. I have
just arrived home from work. B To describe an
event, activity or situation that is to happen
soon. Here, the word yet is often used. e.g. I
haven't telephoned her yet but I will telephone
her before midnight. C To describe an event,
activity or situation that began in the recent or
long past and is still continuing. e.g. Mary has
always lived in France.
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D To describe an event, activity or situation
with the meaning up to now. e.g. I have never
visited India but I hope to go there soon. Have
you ever met my brother? 16.2 Structure The
general rule for the construction of the Present
Perfect Tense of all verbs is Take the simple
present tense of the auxiliary verb to have the
past participle of the verb e.g. My friends
have gone to Provence for the weekend. Bill has
eaten five apples and three oranges today.
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16.3 Structure Negatives In negative
statements, the word not is put immediately after
has/have and before the verb e.g. I have not
seen Martin this week. /I haven't seen Martin
this week. 16.4 Structure Questions To form
questions, reverse the positions of the auxiliary
verb and the subject S AUX e.g. Statement
John has worked hard all day. AUX S Question
Has John worked hard all day?
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!The End!