World History Chapter 21 Notes Absolute Monarchs in Europe, 1500

1
World History Chapter 21 NotesAbsolute Monarchs
in Europe,15001800

• Several countries in Europe come under the
  control of absolute monarchs, and Parliament
  challenges the monarch's authority in Great
  Britain

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Section 1Spains Empire andEuropean Absolutism

• During a time of religious and economicinstabilit
  y, Philip II rules Spain with a strong hand.

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Spain

• 1500s and 1600s - Kings tried create powerful
  kingdoms in which they could command the complete
  loyalty of all their subject (absolutism)
• Divine right The political idea that kings
  received their power directly from God
• Hapsburgs were Europes most powerful royal
  family
• Their lands were too scattered to rule
• 1556 - Charles V retired and divided the empire
• - Gave his brother Ferdinand land in Central
  Europe (Became Holy Roman Emperor)
• - Gave Spain, The Netherlands, and Southern
  Italy to his son Phillip II

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Phillip II

• Ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598
• - Most powerful monarch in Spanish history
• - Devout catholic who saw himself as a defender
  of the faith
• Worked to increase Hapsburg power throughout
  Europe
• - Involved Spain in several costly wars
• Phillip made Castile the center of the empire
• - Madrid became the capital

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Religious Policy

• Philip worried about the loyalty of the religious
  minorities
• - Protestants
• - The Marranos Jews who had converted to
  Christianity
• - The Moriscos Muslims who had become
  Christians
• Philip supported the Spanish inquisition
• Protestantism never took hold in Spain
• Moriscos revolted and were expelled from the
  country
• 1576 Phillip tried to impose Catholicism on the
  Netherlands
• - Conflict was long and bloody
• - 1587 Netherlands declared independence
• - England helped the Netherlands

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Spanish Armada

• Spain faced a growing challenge from Protestant
  England
• 1586 Phillip decided to invade England
• 1588 Spanish Armada sailed for England
• - 130 ships and 33,000 men
• England had faster more maneuverable ships and
  longer-range cannons
• Separated the Spanish ships and defeated them
• - Marked the beginning of Spains decline as a
  sea power
• - The Netherlands, England and France reduced
  Spains power in Europe and throughout the world
  throughout the next two centuries

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Last of the Spanish Hapsburg

• Costly wars drained Spains treasury
• - Forced to borrow money
• Gold and silver from the Americas caused
  inflation
• Agriculture and industry declined
• 1665 - Charles II became king
• - Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs
• - Died without an heir to the throne

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Section 2

• The Reign of Louis XIVAfter a century of war and
  riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most
  powerful monarch of his time.

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France

• 1589 Henry of Navarre became Henry IV
• Founded the Bourbon Dynasty
• Ruled France until the early 1800s (With a few
  interruptions)
• Bourbon kings maintained and absolute monarchy
  most of the time

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Henry IV

• A Protestant who converted to Catholicism to
  quiet opponents
• Believed that people religious beliefs should not
  interfere with their loyalty to government
• - 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes to reassure
  the Huguenots (Frances Protestants)
• - Edict allowed Protestant worship to continue
  in areas where Protestants were the majority but
  banned it in Catholics strongholds such as Paris
• - It granted Huguenots the same civil rights as
  French Catholics
• - Ended religious strife and enabled France to
  rebuild
• Henry restored the Crowns treasury, repaired
  bridges, roads and supported trade and industry
• Tried to restore discipline in the army and bring
  order to the bureaucracy
• Did everything without the approval of the
  Estates-General

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Cardinal Richelieu

• 1610 Henry was assassinated
• Louis XII became king (9 years old)
• - His mother Marie de Medici was regent for next
  7 years
• - 1617 Louis took the throne by force and
  exiled his mother
• Gave power to Cardinal Richelieu (One of his
  advisors)
• Richelieu set out to build and absolute monarch
• - Reduced power of nobles and took away right of
  the Huguenots
• 1625 Radical Huguenots revolted and were
  defeated
• - Lost power to have independent towns but kept
  religious freedom
• Tried to make France the supreme power in Europe
• - supported French culture
• - 1600s French became the preferred language of
  European diplomacy and culture

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Louis XIV

• Most powerful Bourbon Monarch
• 1463 became king at the age of 5
• - France was ruled by his mother Anne of
  Austria and Cardinal Mazarin
• 1661 Mazarin died and Louis announced he would
  run his own government (age 23)
• His 72 year reign was the longest in European
  history (Called the Sun King)
• Emphasized a strong a monarchy because he feared
  disorder without it
• - Had lived through the Fronde as a child
  (series of uprisings)
• Louis moved his court and government to his new
  palace at Versailles
• He wanted the Huguenots to convert to
  Catholicism
• - Repealed the Edict of Nantes (many Huguenots
  migrated)

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War of Spanish Succession

• Spanish king Charles II died without an heir
• Both France and Austria had claims to the throne
• Phillip of Anjou became king (Louis XIVs
  grandson)
• England, The Netherlands and Austria led the
  Grand Alliance against Spain and France
• 1713 -Treaty of Utrecht
• - England and the Netherlands recognized Philip
  V as king of Spain on the condition that Spain
  and France never be united under one crown

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Section 3Central EuropeanMonarchs Clash

• After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs rule
  Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia.

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The Thirty Years War

• Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
  continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg
  in 1555
• - Allowed each prince to choose the religion of
  his subjects
• Disputes were complicated by the spread of
  Calvinism
• - Had not been recognized by the peace
  settlement
• Protestant princes resisted Hapsburg monarchs
  rule
• 1618 War began in Bohemia
• Ferdinand of Styria became king (Hapsburg heir to
  the throne of the Holy Roman Empire)
• - Began taking away Bohemian Protestants
  freedoms (Czechs)

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The Thirty Years War

• Civil war began
• - Ferdinand and Catholic princes against the
  Protestant Princes
• - Phillip III of Spain sent aid to the Hapsburgs
• 1620 Czechs were defeated
• - Forcefully reconverted to Catholicism
• Protestant Denmark began fighting the Hapsburgs
  and were defeated
• Sweden entered the wear to defend the Protestant
  cause and were defeated
• After 12 years - Political issues became more
  important than religious ones
• - Cardinal Richelieu attacked the Hapsburgs to
  prevent them from becoming too powerful

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The Thirty Years War

• War lasted another 13 years
• - Germany was plundered and towns were destroyed
• - Germany lost about 1/3 of its population
• 1648 War ended
• - France gained power as Europes leading power
  and Germany was weakened
• Peace of Westphalia
• - recognized Calvinism among the official
  religions
• - Divided the Holy Roman Empire into more than
  300 separate states
• Hapsburgs still ruled Austria and Bohemia
• - Ended hopes of absolute monarchy over all of
  Germany

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Austria

• Hapsburgs began focusing on building a strong
  monarchy in Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia
• - Austria was still the most powerful of the
  German states
• - 1683 Ended Ottoman siege of Vienna
• - 1718 regained territory in the Balkan
  peninsula from the Ottomans
• - Acquired lands in Italy and received the
  Spanish Netherlands as a result of the war of
  Spanish succession
• 1740 - Maria Theresa inherited the throne from
  her father Charles Vi
• - She strengthened the Central government and
  improved the economy by
• promoting trade
• 1718 - Pragmatic Sanction Royal decree that
  had the force of law
• - Europes rulers promised not to divide the
  Hapsburgs lands and to accept female succession
  to the Austrian throne

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Prussia

• Ruled by the Hohenzollern family
• - Enemies of the Hapsburgs
• 1700s rose to power in northeastern Germany
• Fredrick William (Great Elector)
• - Worked out a compromise with the Junkers to
  become absolute ruler
• - Created a standing army and taxed the peasants
  and townspeople
• Fredrick I Fredrick Williams son
• - Helped the Hapsburgs against France in the War
  of Spanish Succession
• - Given the title king as a reward
• - However , he was a weak ruler who did little
  to strengthen the country

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War of Austrian Succession

• 1740 Fredrick II became king of Prussia
• - Wanted to expand Prussias territory
• - Rejected Austrias pragmatic sanction
• - Seized Silesia from Austria
• - Spain and France backed Prussia
• - The Netherlands and Great Britain backed
  Austria
• 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle officially
  recognized Prussia as an important nation
• - Prussia retained Silesia
• - Maria Theresa kept the rest of her domain
  Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia
• Maria changed alliance from Great Britain to
  France
• - Also gained the support of Russia (enemy of
  Prussia)

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War of Austrian Succession

• Seven Years War (1756 1763)
• - Worldwide conflict where France and Great
  Britain competed for overseas territory
• - Prussia fought Austria, Russia, and France
• - Fredrick II signed a peace agreement that
  enabled him to keep most of Silesia
• 1763 - Treaty of Paris
• - France gave up most of French Canada
• - Great Britain replaced France as the leading
  power in India
• - Great Britain emerged as the leading European
  power

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Section 4

• Absolute Rulers of RussiaPeter the Great makes
  many changes in Russia to try to make it more
  like Western Europe.

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Rise of Russia

• 1200s to 1700s Russia was isolated from western
  European developments
• - Crusades, Renaissance, and the Reformation
• Developed its own civilization
• - Based on the values of the Eastern Orthodox
  Church and the Byzantine Empire
• Russian monarchy gained absolute power and
  crushed any opposition

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Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible or the Awesome)

• He was learned, religious, and cruel
• Became czar at age 3 (1st czar)
• - Caught between rival groups trying to rule
  country
• - Witnessed cruelty and was never able to rid
  himself of his early memories
• Saw treason everywhere
• - arrested, exiled or executed many of his
  closest advisors
• - Killed his own son in a fit of rage
• Took steps against the nobles (Boyars)
• - Seized their land
• Increased Russias trade and worked to expand it
  borders
• - needed more seaports
• 1500s conquered Mongol land east and south of
  Russia
• - Unsuccessful in acquiring territory near the
  Baltic Sea

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Times of Trouble (1598 1613)

• 1584 Ivan died
• - Country drifted toward chaos
• Nobles feuds over the throne, peasant revolts,
  and foreign invasion plagued the country
• 1613 Michael Romanov named as czar
• - Named by an assemble of clergy, nobles and
  townsmen
• 1500 and 1600s Boyars became more closely tied
  to the czars service
• - Townspeople lost what little influence they
  had on government
• - Peasants were bound to the land (Serfs)
• Some peasants moved to Ukraine and Siberia

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Peter the Great

• 1689 Peter I became czar (almost 7 feet tall)
• - Wanted to bring Russia into the mainstream of
  European civilization
• Realized that Russias view of the world was
  limited
• Took 18 month tour of study in England and the
  Netherlands
• Forced Russian nobility to adopt western ways
  (clothing, and customs)
• Moved capita to St. Petersburg
• - Became Russias window to the west

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Peter the Great

• Expanded Russias borders
• - Forced China to accept Russian control of
  Siberia
• - Claimed the Bering Strait which resulted in
  Russian settlements in Alaska and California
• - 1721 defeated Sweden to win control of the
  eastern end of the Baltic region
• Changed government by creating a new class of
  nobles called dvorianie
• - Were allowed to own hereditary estates in
  exchange for government service
• - Nobles were given full control over the serfs
• - Brought the Eastern Orthodox Church under his
  direct authority
• Brought agriculture and production under strict
  government control to stimulate the economy
• Peters reforms strengthened Russias role in
  foreign affairs
• Only had limited success in Russia
• - Caused split between people who accepted
  European ways and those who didnt
• - Broke the traditional Eastern Orthodox culture
  that had united nobles and peasants

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Section 5Parliament Limits theEnglish Monarchy

• Absolute rulers in England are overthrown, and
  Parliament gains power

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Elizabeth I

• Daughter of Henry VIII Anne Boleyn
• Became queen when her ½ sister Mary died
• - Earned the loyalty and confidence of her
  subjects
• - Her reign was one of Englands great cultural
  periods
• - Refused to marry and give up her power as
  monarch
• 1603 Elizabeth died
• - James VI of Scotland became king (Mary Queen
  of Scots son)
• - Founded the Stuart Dynasty and united England
  and Scotland under one common ruler

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Opposition to the Crown

• 1603 - James I became king (Stuart Dynasty)
• - King of Scotland when he assumed the throne
• - Believed in divine right
• Had to constantly ask Parliament for money
• Ended a war with Spain
• - England had to make war repayments as part of
  the treaty (Created a debt)
• 1600s Most people belonged to the Church of
  England
• - Had differences of opinion concerning doctrine
  and rituals

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Opposition to the Crown

• Puritans wanted the church to be purified of
  remaining Catholic rituals and symbols
• James felt anyone who criticized the church was
  not a loyal subject
• - Threatened to force Puritans out of the
  country
• - Many migrated to North America (Massachusetts
  Bay Colony)
• 1604 Had a group of scholars prepare a new
  translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew
  into English
• 1611 King James bible became the best known
  English version of the bible

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Charles Inherits the Throne

• 1625 Charles I became king (James son)
• - Inherited countrys political and religious
  conflicts
• Opposed the Puritans and believed in divine right
• Asked Parliament for money to fight war against
  Spain and France
• - Dissolved it after it gave him only a fraction
  of what he requested
• - Forced landowners to give loans to government
  (jailed opponents)
• - Placed some areas under martial law

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Charles Inherits the Throne

• 1628 Charles called Parliament into session and
  was forced to sign the Petition of Right in
  exchanger for money (Limited the Kings power)
• - Forbidden from collecting taxes without
  Parliaments consent
• - Couldnt imprison anyone without just cause
• - Troops couldnt be housed in private homes
  against the will of the people
• - Couldnt declare martial law unless country
  was at war

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Charles Inherits the Throne

• 1629 Dissolved Parliament for next 11 years
• - Ignored the Petition of Right
• - Named William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury
  (Leading official of the Church of England)
• - Denied Puritans right to preach or publish
• - Punished outspoken Puritans with public
  whippings
• - Tried to force the Calvinist Church of
  Scotland to accept the Church of Englands prayer
  book
• Scotland formed a National Covenant agreement
  in which they pledged to preserve their religious
  freedom
• - Were prepared to go to war to do so

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Beginnings of the Civil War

• 1640 Scotland invaded England
• Charles recalled Parliament (needed money)
• - Refused to discuss anything before they voiced
  their complaints about Charles
• - Short Parliament Charles dissolved it after
  3 weeks
• Charles summoned Parliament again (desperate for
  money)
• - Long Parliament lasted 20 years
• - Abolished the special courts used to jail
  Charles opponents
• - Ended all forms of illegal taxation
• - Jailed and later executed Archbishop Laud

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Beginnings of the Civil War

• 1641- Ireland rebelled
• - Irish remained Catholic
• - Angered by the English practice of seizing
  land form Irish owners and giving it to the
  English
• Conflicts in both Scotland and Ireland
• - Charles was at the mercy of the Puritan
  controlled Parliament
• Royalist group pro-monarchy formed in
  Parliament as the Puritans Grew stronger
• - Consisted of people who supported the king and
  opposed Puritan control of the Church of England

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Beginnings of the Civil War

• 1642 Parliament sent Charles Nineteen
  Propositions
• - Made Parliament the Supreme power in England
• - Charles refused to agree to its demands
• - Led troops into Parliament and attempted to
  arrest five of Parliaments leaders
• Both sides began preparing for war

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The English Civil War

• Cavaliers supported Charles
• - Many belonged to kings cavalry
• - Nobles and landowners from the north and west
• Roundheads Supporters of the Parliament and
  Puritans
• - From the south and east
• - Had close cropped hair
• Oliver Cromwell Led Parliaments forces
• - Very religious and brilliant military
  commander
• 1646 Royalist armies surrender after 4 years
• - Puritans removed opposition from Parliament
• - Established the Rump Parliament
• 1647 Charles surrenders
• 1649 Charles was executed
• - Shocking moment for many English

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New Government

• Rump Parliament ended the monarchy
• Set a republic known as a commonwealth
• Cromwells army crushed opposition
• Many Irish Catholics were killed or lost lands to
  Protestant landlords
• (1651) Navigation Act Required that imports be
  brought to England in English ships or in ships
  of the country producing the goods
• - Caused war with Dutch (England won)

40
New Government

• Cromwell dismissed the Rump Parliament
• - Placed England under military rule
• - Granted religious freedom to non-Anglican
  Protestants
• - Enforced Puritan rules (Required children to
  attend church, avoid drinking, gambling, and
  swearing)

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New Government

• 1658- Oliver Cromwell died
• - His son Richard was unable to maintain
  government
• - Most people were tired of military rule and
  unhappy with Puritan restrictions
• 1660 Newly elected Parliament restored the
  monarchy

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New Government

• May 29, 1660 Charles returned to the throne
• - Restoration Period in which the House of
  Stuart was returned to the throne
• - Merry Monarch He loved parties, games, and
  witty conversation
• Publicly a member of the Church of England
• - Secretly supported Catholicism
• - Wanted religious tolerance (Knew parliament
  had control)

43
New Government

• 1660s Royalist Cavalier Parliament passed
  Clarendon Codes Series of laws that once again
  made the Church of England the state religion
• - Only church members could attend universities,
  serve in Parliament or hold religious services
• - Hundred of Puritan clergy were driven from
  their churches

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Limiting Royal Power

• Restoration created a constitutional monarchy
• - Form of government in which the monarchs
  powers are limited by a constitution
• Englands Constitution was made up of many
  documents
• - Magna Carta Guaranteed the right to trial
  jury
• Charles disagreed with some of the reforms but
  never fought Parliament forcefully
• - Wanted to avoid his fathers mistakes

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Establishing Political Parties

• Caused by opposition to Catholicism
• Grew out of debate over who should replace
  Charles II as king
• - Had no legitimate children
• James II was next in line (Charles brother)
• - Practicing Catholic

46
Establishing Political Parties

• 1679 Parliament tried to pass the Exclusion Act
  to prevent James from becoming king
• - Whigs Wanted to exclude James from the
  throne
• - Tories defended the hereditary monarch
• Parties Comprised
• - Tories defeated the Exclusion Bill by
  agreeing to another bill proposed by the Whigs
  that established habeas-corpus
• - According to habeas-corpus, a person could not
  be held in prison without just cause or without
  trial

47
Bloodless Revolt

• 1685 Charles died
• James II became king
• - Wanted absolute power
• - Claimed he had the right to suspend the law
• - Appointed Catholics to government positions

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Bloodless Revolt

• Parliament tried to wait for James death
• - His daughter Mary and her Husband William of
  Orange were heirs to the throne (Protestants)
• 1688 James 2nd wife gave birth to a son
• - Heir to the throne (Catholic)

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Bloodless Revolt

• Whigs and Tories united against James
• - Invited William to invade England and take
  over the crown
• - James fled to France when he realized he had
  little support in England
• William III and Mary II gained the English throne
  without battles or bloodshed
• - Referred to as the Glorious Revolution

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New Limits on Royal Power

• Previous kings had sworn to observe the laws and
  customs established by their ancestors
• William and Mary swore an oath that they would
  govern the people of England according to the
  statutes in Parliament agreed upon and the laws
  and customs of the same

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New Limits on Royal Power

• Parliament passed the Bill of Right
• - King couldnt raise taxes or maintain an army
  without the consent of Parliament
• - Couldnt suspend laws
• - Declared that Parliament should meet often and
  have the freedom of debate
• - Guaranteed certain individual rights such as
  right to trial by jury, outlawed cruel and
  unusual punishment, limited the amount of bail
  money, and gave citizens the right to appeal to
  the monarchy

52
New Limits on Royal Power

• 1689 James II landed in Ireland and led an
  unsuccessful revolt
• - English Protestants began excluding the
  Catholic majority from government and business
• - Deepened the hatred Irish Catholics had for
  English policies
• 1701 Act of Settlement Excluded any Catholic
  from inheriting the English throne