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Periods of History B.C. B.C.E. C.E. A.D. Broad
periods Prehistory Ancient history Middle
Ages Modern history
Get out your study guide for the exam.
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Broad periods of history Prehistory time before
written language Ancient history roughly 4000
years between written language and the fall of
Roman Empire Middle Ages 500 AD 1500 Modern
history 1500 to present Paleolithic age
Neolithic age
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Cultural elements What is present in every
culture Shelter Food/Clothing Economics Governmen
t Religion Art Family / society
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Characteristics of the Paleolithic / Old Stone
Age Yes or No? fire spoken language written
language clothing
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Life in Paleolithic times How did they get their
food? Hunting and gathering Nomadic
people What started the Neolithic Age? Neolithic
revolution Farming and domestication of
animals People settled in villages.
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Effects of Neolithic Revolution
Permanent homes Villages Agricultural
surplus Trade Specialization of labor
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Cultural civilization Shelter
cities Food agricultural
surplus Government organized
government Religion complex
religion Economics writing
specialization of labor Art
monumental architecture Family, society
social classes
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What is significant about the river
valleys? Floods gt fertile soil Water for
irrigation gt agricultural surplus Means of
transportation gt trade Opportunities for jobs gt
specialization of labor Significance of
agricultural surplus Bigger population More
time Ability to stay in one place
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Why did governments first develop?
Protect food supplies Food to people in
cities Organize workers for big projects
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Mesopotamia
How did geography affect civilization? Tigris
and Euphrates Unpredictable floods open plains
not many mountains Fertile Crescent Cuneiform f
irst form written language used to keep records
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Hammurabis code Characteristics written
down reflect what was right and wrong spells
out crime and punishment judges could not change
the laws different punishments for different
classes of people
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Mesopotamia religion/architecture legacies whe
el, plow, language sailboat, written law codes
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Egypt Gift of the Nile? (24) How did Nile
protect and make civilization in Egypt
possible? (25) How did geography make
civilization possible? (31) Papyrus Pyramids
Mummification why was embalming beneficial?
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China
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Who? What? Why?

• King Tut
• Hatshepsut
• Rosetta Stone

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Indus Valley

• Also known as
• Harrapan
• Monsoons
• Seasonal winds helped farming

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Ancient Indus Valley

• Also know as.
• Monsoons -
• Sanskrit
• Caste system
• varna
• jati
• Hinduism
• combined Aryan and local beliefs
• three main gods but 1000s of deities
• Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama
• 4 noble truths, 8 fold path

Harrapan
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• Add to the list of key terms
• primary source object/person from a specific
  time period
• secondary source source of info based on
  primary
  sourcesirrigation to bring water to crops
• Artisan skilled worker skilled with hands
• Hereditary given from one generation to another
• Scribe someone who reads and writes
• Artifact an object that provides information
• Specialization very skilled in one job or trade
• Polytheistic belief in many gods
• Monotheistic belief in one god
• Surplus more than enough

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Ancient China

• How did geography affect civilization?
• What was the negative effect
• The Shang dynasty
• divided land into territories
• warlords
• Oracle bones
• Pictographs
• Ideographs
• bureaucrats

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Ancient China

• How did geography positively affect the Chinese
  civilization?
• Mountains kept out invaders stable, isolated
• Negative effect
• limited farmland terraces necessary
• Of four social classes, which is poorest?
• farmers
• Of four social classes, which is least respected?
• merchants

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• What did govt workers need to know during the Han
  dynasty? Why?
• What was the Silk Road?

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• Mandate of Heaven
• Confucianism
• Daoism
• Legalism
• Civil service exams
• Filial piety
• Silk Road
• Great Wall
• Terra Cotta Soldiers

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Ancient Greece

• How did geography affect the civilization of
  Greece
• isolated city states not a central govt
• conflicts over farmland
• trade by sea expand with colonies
• Why did Greece not develop a strong central govt?

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• Polis the Greek word for city
• Dark Age no culture, literature, agri surplus,
  trade
• Political involvement
• who was a citizen?
• who had political rights? (vote)
• Famous Greeks
• Socrates socratic method/questions
• Hippocrates father of medicine
• Pythagorus, Euclid math concepts
• Aristotle great teacher classified knowledge

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• What are differences among
• monarachy
• oligarchy
• tyranny
• democracy
• Difference between direct democracy and
  representative democracy?

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• Persian Wars cause and effect
• Helen!
• made Greeks work together
• Pericles and the Golden Age
• Peloponnesian Wars cause and effect
• Sparta vs. Athens!
• weakened the city states
• leaders were weak
• made way for Alexander the Great

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• Pelopponesian War between
• Athens and Sparta
• Alexander the Great?
• Macedonian king conquered huge empire
• Pelopponesian war weakened Greece so Alexander
  could take Greece

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Roman civilization

• 2 social classes? Characteristics?
• Patricians upper class/wealthy
• Plebeians common people
• Both had the right to
• vote, pay taxes
• Plebeians could not
• hold office
• marry patricians

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12 Tables

• Law written on 12 plaques
• All could read
• Applied to all
• Basis for American law
• Tripartite Govt
• consuls, senate, assembly

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• Consuls - lead govt, lead army
• Senate make laws, decisions on money
• Assembly watch out for rights of commoners
• Punic wars Rome vs. ____________
• Result domination of western Mediterranean
• Julius Caesar great consul
• reforms to help the poor
• Octavian Augustus Caesar first emperor

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• Romans were builders.
• practical problem solvers
• Inventions
• aqueduct
• vault
• dome
• concrete
• Reasons for the rise of the empire
• Reasons for the fall
• Last emperor thrown off throne 476 A.D.

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