Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

1
Chapter 2Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

• Tri-State Business Institute
• MD000 Medical Terminology 1
• Micheal H. McCabe, EMT-P

2
Structural Organization of the Body

• The cell is the fundamental unit of all living
  things.
• All cells have a similar structure.
• Cells are everywhere in the body every organ
  and tissue is composed of cells.
• The study of cells is called cytology. The study
  of tissues is called histology.

3
(No Transcript)
4
Parts of the Cell

• 1 Cell Membrane surrounds and protects the
  cell. Also Regulates what passes into and out of
  the cell.
• 2 Nucleus is the control center of the cell.
  Genetic material in the nucleus determines the
  structure and function of the cell and controls
  reproduction.

5
Parts of the Cell

• 3 Chromosomes are rod-like structures within
  the nucleus. Most human cells contain 23 paired
  chromosomes that comprise the human genome.
• Chromosomes contain regions called genes. Each
  gene is built up of DNA. The DNA serves as a
  chemical program that directs the function of
  the cell.

6
Parts of the Cell

• 4 Cytoplasm is all the material outside the
  nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane. It
  includes intracellular fluid as well as discrete
  structures like the mitochondriaa, endoplasmic
  reticulumb, and ribosomes.

7
Mitochondria

• Small, sausage-shaped bodies found in the
  cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria are the power-plants within the
  cell that produce energy by combining food with
  oxygen.
• This chemical process is called catabolism.

8
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Is a network of canals (reticulum) within the
  cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains very
  small structures called ribosomes that
  manufacture protein.
• This chemical process is called anabolism.

9
Metabolism

• Metabolism is the total of the chemical processes
  within the cell.
• Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
• If a person has a fast metabolism, nutrients
  are used up quickly and energy is released.
• If a person has a slow metabolism, nutrients
  are used slowly and fat accumulates in the cells.

10
Karyotype
11
Karyotype

• A karyotype is a photographic map of the
  chromosomes.
• The chromosomes are treated with chemicals so
  that light and dark areas are visible.
• An electron microscope is used to visualize and
  photograph the chromosomes.

12
Amniocentisis

• This procedure is undertaken to check an unborn
  baby for chromosomal abnormalities.
• A needle is used to aspirate a quantity of cells
  from the amniotic sac.
• A karyotype is created from the aspirated cells.
• This is a prenatal test frequently used to
  diagnose Downs Syndrome.

13
Study Section 1

• Anabolism the process of building up complex
  materials (proteins) from simple materials.
• Catabolism the process of breaking down complex
  materials (foods) to form simpler substances and
  release energy.

14
Study Section 1

• Cell Membrane Structure surrounding and
  protecting the cell. It determines what enters
  and leaves the cell.
• Chromosomes rod-shaped structures in the
  nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.
  There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in most
  human cells.
• Cytoplasm all the material that is outside the
  nucleus yet contained within the cell membrane.

15
Study Section 1

• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid chemical found in
  each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of
  recipes in code, it directs the activities of the
  cell.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Structures (canals)
  within the cytoplasm. Site in which large
  proteins are made from smaller pieces (amino
  acids.)

16
Study Section 1

• Genes regions of DNA within each chromosome.
• Karyotype Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus
  of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in
  numerical order to determine their number and
  structure.

17
Study Section 1

• Metabolism The total of the chemical processes
  in a cell. It includes both catabolism and
  anabolism.
• Mitochondria Sausage-shaped structures in the
  cytoplasm in which foods are burned to release
  energy power plants.

18
Study Section 1

• Nucleus Control center of the cell. It
  contains chromosomes and directs the activities
  of the cell.

19
Differences in Cells

• Cells throughout the body are specialized to
  perform particular tasks.
• A group of similar cells working together to do a
  specific job is called a tissue.
• A specialist who studies tissues is called a
  histologist.

20
Some Types of Cells

• Muscle Cells are long, slender, and contain
  contractile fibers that allow them to shorten
  their length.
• Epithelial Cells are specialized cells that
  form protective membranes like the skin.
• Nerve Cells are very long and have various
  fibrous extensions that aid its job of carrying
  impulses.
• Fat Cells contain large empty spaces for fat
  storage.

21
Diagrams of Cell Types
22
Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial Tissue is located throughout the
  body and forms the lining of internal organs,
  makes up exocrine and endocrine glands, and forms
  the outer surface of the skin covering the body.
  The word epithelial was originally used to
  describe the tissue above the breast nipple. Now
  it is used to describe the tissues that cover the
  outside of the body and line the internal
  cavities.

23
Muscle Tissue

• Voluntary muscle is found attached to the
  skeleton. It allows voluntary movement under
  conscious control.
• Involuntary muscle (smooth muscle) is found in
  the walls of the blood vessels, intestines, and
  hollow organs of the body. This movement is not
  under conscious control.
• Cardiac Muscle is found only in the walls of the
  heart (myocardium) and is specialized in that it
  will contract automatically independent of
  nervous system action. This property is called
  automaticity.

24
Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue is the most common and the most
  diverse of all body tissues.
• Examples are fat (adipose tissue), bone,
  cartilage, and blood.
• Connective tissue is characterized by relatively
  few cells that create non-cellular structures
  known as matrix.

25
Nerve Tissue

• Nerve tissue conducts impulses all over the body.
• Nerve cells have specialized extensions called
  axons and dendrites that serve as specialized
  communication lines.
• The Axon carries messages (impulses) away from
  the body of the nerve cell. It serves as a
  transmitter. Each nerve cell has only one axon.
• Dendrites carry messages (impulses) towards the
  body of the cells. They serve as receivers.
  Each nerve cell can have many dendrites.

26
Organs

• Organs are structures composed of several kinds
  of tissue.
• For example, the stomach is composed of muscle
  tissue, nerve tissue, glandular epithelial
  tissue, and connective tissue.
• The medical term for internal organs is viscera
  (singular form viscus)
• Examples of abdominal viscera include the liver,
  stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, and
  gallbladder.

27
Systems

• Systems are groups of organs working together to
  perform complex functions.
• Different books and authors group the organ
  systems differently.
• Example This book groups the body into ten body
  systems. The AP class groups the body into 15
  systems.

28
Digestive System

• Function is to digest food, absorb nutrients into
  the bloodstream, and eliminate solid waste.
• Organs include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
  stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and
  pancreas.

29
Urinary System

• Also called the excretory system.
• Function is to eliminate metabolic waste,
  maintain the fluid balance of the body, regulate
  electrolyte levels, and govern the acid/base
  balance.
• Organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
  urethra.

30
Respiratory System

• Function is to bring oxygen into the bloodstream
  and eliminate carbon dioxide. Also helps
  regulate the acid/base balance.
• Organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx,
  trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.

31
Reproductive System

• Function is to enable reproduction of the entire
  organism and to help perpetuate the species.
• Organs differ somewhat between males and females.
• Male organs include the testes and assorted
  tubes, urethra, prostate gland, and penis.
• Female organs include the ovaries, fallopian
  tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.

32
Endocrine

• Function is of a chemical communication system
  that regulates function and metabolism at a
  cellular level.
• Organs include the pituitary gland, thyroid
  gland, sex glands (gonads), adrenal glands,
  parathyroid gland, thymus, and the pancreas.

33
Nervous System

• Function is complex includes command, control,
  and communication throughout the entire body.
• Organs include the brain, spinal cord, cranial
  nerves, spinal nerves, and other collections of
  nerve structures.

34
Circulatory System

• Functions as a transportation system used to
  move oxygen, nutrients, waste products, carbon
  dioxide, chemicals, hormones, and immune system
  components throughout the body.
• Organs include the heart, blood vessels,
  lymphatic vessels and nodes, blood, lymph,
  spleen, and thymus gland.
• One of the more complex systems we will discuss.

35
Muscular System

• Function is to enable movement skeletal muscles
  move the body itself smooth muscles move
  substances within the body cardiac muscle
  enables operation of the circulatory system.
• Organs include more than 600 muscles and tendons.

36
Skeletal System

• Provides supporting framework for the body also
  protects internal organs and provides for
  movement via its articulations.
• Includes more than 200 bones plus ligaments,
  cartilage, and joint structures.

37
Skin and Sense Organs

• The skin provides an overall covering for the
  body.
• Accessory organs of the skin include hair and
  nails.
• General sense organs are embedded within the
  skin.
• Special sense organs are complex independent
  structures.

38
Study Section 2

• Adipose tissue collection of fat cells.
• Cartilage flexible connective tissue attached
  to bones at joints.
• Epithelial Cell skin cells that cover the
  external body surfaces and line the internal
  surfaces of organs.
• Histologist a specialist in the study of
  tissues.

39
Study Section 2

• Larynx voice box located at the upper part of
  the trachea.
• Pharynx throat The pharynx is the common
  passageway for food and air entering the body.
• Pituitary gland Endocrine gland located at the
  base of the brain.

40
Study Section 2

• Thyroid gland endocrine gland that surrounds
  the trachea in the neck.
• Trachea The windpipe a tube leading from the
  throat to the bronchi.
• Ureter One of two tubes leading from each
  kidney to the urinary bladder.

41
Study Section 2

• Urethra Tube from the urinary bladder to the
  outside of the body.
• Uterus The womb. The organ that holds the
  embryo and fetus as it develops.
• Viscera internal organs.

42
Body Cavities

• A body cavity is a space within the body that
  contains internal organs (viscera.)
• Ventral cavities are found in the front of the
  body.
• Dorsal cavities are found in the back.

43
Body Cavities
44
Ventral Cavities

• Thoracic Cavity Located in the upper half of
  the torso (thorax) the diaphragm separates the
  thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
• Abdominal Cavity located in the middle portion
  of the torso (abdomen)
• Pelvic Cavity located within the pelvic girdle.

45
Dorsal Cavities

• Cranial Cavity lies within the cranial vault
  the hollow, enclosed portion of the skull.
• Spinal Cavity lies within the vertebrae. Also
  called the vertebral canal.

46
The Cranial Cavity

• Contains the brain and pituitary gland.
• Is lined by the meninges surrounding the brain.
• Regions of the cranial cavity (and the brain
  within) are named after adjacent bones
  (occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal, etc.)

47
The Thoracic Cavity

• Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea,
  bronchial tubes, thymus glad, aorta, and other
  large blood vessels.
• Can be divided into two smaller cavities
• Pleural Cavity space between the membranes that
  surround each lung.
• Mediastinum a centrally located area outside of
  and between the lungs. Contains the heart,
  aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchi,
  and many lymph nodes.

48
Divisions of the Thoracic Cavity
49
The Abdominal Cavity

• Contains the stomach, small intestine, large
  intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and
  gallbladder.
• Lined by a double folded membrane called the
  peritoneum.
• Behind the peritoneum is the retroperitoneal
  space where the kidneys are located.

50
The Abdominal Cavity
51
The Pelvic Cavity

• Located within the pelvic girdle.
• Some authors consider this part of the abdominal
  cavity. May refer the collective space as the
  abdominopelvic cavity.
• Contains portions of the large and small
  intestine, the rectum, urinary bladder, ureters,
  urethra.
• In the female, also contains the uterus and
  vagina.
• In the male, also contains the prostate gland.
• Most pelvic organs not enveloped by the
  peritoneum.

52
The Spinal Cavity

• Located within the vertebral column.
• Also called the spinal canal.
• Contains the spinal cord and spinal nerves.

53
Study Section 3

• Abdominal Cavity space below the chest
  containing organs such as the liver, stomach,
  gallbladder, and intestines also called simply
  the abdomen.
• Cranial Cavity space in the head containing the
  brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means
  pertaining to the skull.

54
Study Section 3

• Diaphragm muscle separating the abdominal and
  thoracic cavities.
• Dorsal (posterior) pertaining to the back.
• Mediastinum Centrally located between the
  lungs.
• Pelvic Cavity Space below the abdomen
  containing portions of the intestines, rectum,
  urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic
  means pertaining to the hip bone, which
  surrounds the pelvic cavity.

55
Study Section 3

• Pleura a double-layered membrane surrounding
  each lung.
• Pleural Cavity Space between the pleural
  membranes and surrounding each lung.
• Spinal cavity Space within the spinal column
  (backbone) and containing the spinal cord. Also
  called the spinal canal.

56
Study Section 3

• Thoracic Cavity Space in the chest containing
  the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea,
  esophagus, and other organs.
• Ventral (Anterior) Pertaining to the front.

57
Organs of the Abdomen and Thorax
58
Organs of the Abdomen and Thorax (Posterior View)
59
Regions of the Abdomen

• The combined abdominal and pelvic cavities are
  divided into nine regions.
• These regions are used by doctors to describe the
  location where various organs are found.
• These regions are frequently used in reports
  describing the location of pain and surgical
  procedures.

60
Regions of the Abdomen

• Hypochondriac two upper left and upper right
  regions below the cartilage of the ribs that
  extend over the abdomen.
• Epigastric Region The region above the stomach.
• Lumbar Region two middle right and middle left
  regions near the waist.
• Umbilical Region area of the navel (umbilicus)

61
Regions of the Abdomen

• Inguinal Regions two lower right and left
  regions near the groin, where the legs join the
  trunk of the body. These regions are also known
  as the iliac regions because they are near the
  ilium which is the upper portion of the hip bone
  on each side of the body.
• Hypogastric Region lower middle region below
  the umbilical region.

62
Regions of the Abdomen
63
Abdominal Quadrants

• The abdominopelvic area can be divided into four
  quadrants by drawing two imaginary lines one
  horizontally and one vertically through the body.
• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) contains the liver,
  gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and parts of
  the large and small intestine.

64
Abdominal Quadrants

• Left Upper Quandrant (LUQ) contains the liver,
  stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, and parts
  of the large and small intestine.
• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) contains parts of
  the small and large intestine, right ovary, right
  fallopian tube, appendix, and right ureter.

65
Abdominal Quadrants

• Left Lower Quadrant contains part of the large
  and small intestines, left ovary, left fallopian
  tube, and left ureter.

66
Abdominal Quadrants
67
Divisions of the Back

• The back is divided into divisions that
  correspond to the regions of the spinal column.
• The spinal column is composed of a series of
  small bones that extend from the neck to the
  tailbone.
• Each bone is called a vertebra (plural
  vertebrae.)

68
Divisions of the Back

• Cervical (abbrev. C) Neck region. There are 7
  cervical vertebrae. (C1-C7)
• Thoracic (abbrev. T) Chest region. There are
  12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12). Each vertebra is
  joined to a rib.
• Lumbar (abbrev. L) Loin (waist) or flank
  region. There are 5 lumbar vertebrae. (L1-L5)

69
Divisions of the Back

• Sacral (abbrev. S) Joined to posterior pelvic
  girdle. There are five bones (S1-S5) fused into
  one, the sacrum.
• Coccygeal The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone
  composed of four fused pieces.

70
Spinal Column V. Spinal Cord

• Do not confuse the spinal column with the spinal
  cord!
• The spinal column is bone tissue and the spinal
  cord is nerve tissue.

71
Intervertebral Discs

• The spaces between the vertebrae are identified
  according to the two vertebrae between which they
  lie.
• For example, L5-S1 lies between the 5th lumbar
  and 1st sacral vertebrae.
• Within the space and between vertebrae there is a
  small piece of cartilage called a disc.
• The disc acts as a shock absorber.
• Occassionally, it moves out of place (ruptures)
  and puts pressure on a nerve. This is called a
  slipped disc, and can be very painful.

72
Study Section 4 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Hypochondriac upper right and left regions
  beneath the ribs.
• Epigastric upper middle region above the
  stomach.
• Lumbar Middle left and right regions near the
  waist.
• Umbilical Central region around the navel.

73
Study Section 4 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Ingiunal Lower right and left regions near the
  groin. Also called the iliac regions.
• Hypogastric Lower middle region below the
  umbilical region.

74
Study Section 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• RUQ Right Upper Quadrant
• LUQ Left Upper Quadrant
• RLQ Right Lower Quadrant
• LLQ Left Lower Quadrant

75
Study Section 4 Divisions of the Back

• Cervical Neck region (C1-C7)
• Thoracic Chest Region (T1-T12)
• Lumbar Waist Region (L1-L5)
• Sacral Region of the sacrum (S1-S5)
• Coccygeal Region of the tailbone

76
Study Section 4 Related Terms

• Vertebra A single back bone
• Vertebrae Plural form of vertebra
• Spinal Column Bone tissue surrounding the
  spinal cavity.
• Spinal Cord Nervous tissue within the spinal
  cavity
• Disc (disk) A pad of Cartilage between
  vertebrae.

77
Positional and Directional Terms

• Anterior (Ventral) Front side of the body.
  Ventral and anterior are the same in humans (we
  walk upright!) in an animal (on four legs),
  ventral refers to the belly side and anterior to
  the front end near the head.
• Posterior (Dorsal) The back side of the body
  opposite of anterior. Also different in
  quadrapeds.

78
Positional and Directional Terms

• Deep away from the surface.
• Superficial on (or near) the surface.

79
Positional and Directional Terms

• Proximal Near the point of attachment to the
  trunk or near the beginning of a structure.
• Distal Far from the point of attachment

80
Positional and Directional Terms

• Inferior Below another structure. The term
  caudal (pertaining to the tail) also means
  inferior in humans.
• Superior Above another structure. The term
  cephalic (pertaining to the head) is also used to
  mean superior.

81
Positional and Directional Terms

• Medial In the middle or nearer the medial plane
  of the body.
• Lateral Pertaining to the side farther away
  from the midline.

82
Positional and Directional Terms

• Supine Lying on the back.
• Prone Lying on the belly.

83
Planes of the Body

• A plane is an imaginary flat surface.
• Frontal (Coronal) a vertical plane that divides
  the body into anterior and posterior portions.
  Also called a coronal plane.
• Sagittal (Lateral) a lengthwise vertical plane
  that divides the body or structure into left and
  right sides. The midsagittal plane divides the
  body or structure equally in half.
• Transverse Plane running across the body
  parallel to the ground (horizontal.) Also called
  a cross-sectional plane.

84
Anatomical Directions and Planes of the Body
85
Study Section 5

• Anterior (Ventral) Pertaining to the front
  (belly side) of the body.
• Deep away from the surface
• Distal far from the trunk or far from the
  beginning of a structure
• Frontal (Coronal) Plane vertical plane dividing
  the body into anterior and posterior portions.

86
Study Section 5

• Inferior (caudal) Below another structure.
• Lateral pertaining to the side.
• Medial pertaining to the middle or near the
  medial plane of the body.
• Posterior (dorsal) Pertaining to the back of
  the body.

87
Study Section 5

• Prone lying on the belly (face down)
• Proximal Near the point of attachment to the
  trunk or near the beginning of a structure
• Sagittal Plane Vertical, lateral plane diving
  the body into left and right sides.

88
Study Section 5

• Superficial on the surface
• Superior (cephalic) above another structure
• Supine lying on the back (face up, palm up)
• Transverse Plane Horizontal plane dividing the
  body into upper and lower portions.

89
(No Transcript)