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Chapter 5: The Four Marks of the Church

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Title: Chapter 5: The Four Marks of the Church


1
Chapter 5 The Four Marks of the Church
  • THE CHURCH Sacrament of Salvation

2
1. The First Mark One
  • BASIC QUESTIONS
  • What does it mean to say the Church is One?
  • How does the image of the Church as the Mystical
    Body of Christ help us understand the unity of
    the Church?
  • What has wounded the unity of the Church?
  • KEY IDEAS
  • The Church is One, meaning there is only one
    Church, whose source of unity is the unity of God
    himself.
  • The unity of the Church can be seen in the unity
    of faith, worship, and leadership of the Catholic
    Church as the Mystical Body of Christ.
  • Wounds to the unity of the Church have occurred
    over the centuries due to heresy, apostasy and
    schism.

3
1. The First Mark One
  • Anticipatory Set
  •  
  • Read the brief quote from Lumen Gentium that
    begins this chapter.
  • Write for a minute on what you think the
    statement means.
  • What is the meaning of the affirmation that the
    Church of Christ subsists in the Catholic Church?
  • Christ established only one Church. From the
    moment he created it, it has existed continually
    and it will always exist. In this Church alone
    are found all the elements that Christ himself
    instituted. So there is only one Church, not
    many. The Church doesnt come and go with the
    changes of history. This one Church of Christ,
    which we confess in the Creed is one, holy,
    catholic and apostolic. This Church, constituted
    and organized in this world as a society,
    subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the
    successor of Peter and the Bishops in communion
    with him. The true Church, then has these four
    marks, which will be studied in this chapter.
    The true Church has this particular hierarchical
    structure. In Lumen Gentium, no. 8, subsistence
    means this perduring (enduring, never ending),
    historical continuity and the permanence of all
    the elements instituted by Christ in the Catholic
    Church, in which the Church of Christ is
    concretely found on this earth. It is possible,
    according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm
    correctly that the Church of Christ is present
    and operative in the churches and ecclesial
    communities not yet fully in communion with the
    Catholic Church, on account of the elements of
    sanctification and truth that are present in
    them. Nevertheless, the word subsists can be
    attributed to the Catholic Church alone precisely
    because it refers to the mark of unity that we
    profess in the symbols of the faith (I believe
    in the one Church) and this One Church
    subsists in the Catholic Church.

4
1. The First Mark One
  • What does it mean to say that the Church is both
    a visible and an invisible community?
  • The one Church established by Christ is present
    both on earth and in heaven. On earth she is a
    visible community, whereas the Church in
    Purgatory and in Heaven is invisible to us on
    earth. At the same time, the spiritual riches
    that the Church on earth possesses are also
    invisible, e.g., the Real Presence of Christ in
    the Eucharist.
  • What are the four marks of the Church on earth,
    in Purgatory, and in Heaven?
  • The Church is One, Holy, Catholic, and
    Apostolic. 
  • What is an immediate, practical value of the four
    marks?
  • They help distinguish the true Pilgrim Church on
    earth from any others that claim to be Christs
    Church.

5
1. The First Mark One
  • How do we know that the Catholic Church possesses
    the four marks of the Church?
  • Through faith and the historical record.
  • Where does the Church get these four marks, or
    characteristics?
  • She receives them from God. Extension Eyes of
    faith only can recognize that these marks are
    because of her divine origin, but the historical
    manifestations of these marks are signs that
    speak clearly to human reason.

6
1. The First Mark One
  • THE FIRST MARK THE CHURCH IS ONE
  •  
  • What does it mean to say the Church is One?
  • The Church is unique and singular. Christ has
    instituted one Church rather than multiple
    churches. Extension One way of understanding
    this is that Jesus Christ has not forged multiple
    paths to salvation but one way only. 
  • How many flocks did Christ intend to have?
  • Just one flock, having one shepherd. 
  • What did Christ mean when he said, I am the way,
    and the truth, and the life no one comes to the
    Father, but by me?
  • He is the only way to salvation.

7
1. The First Mark One
  • Why is one Church enough?
  • Having establishing the Church on earth, Christ
    gives all people the opportunity to be united to
    him, the one Savior of the world, by becoming
    part of his one Mystical Body. 
  • What is a second meaning of the statement, The
    Church is One?
  • The unity and solidarity of the Church.

8
1. The First Mark One
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Think/Pair/Share
  •  
  • How is the unity of the Church different from
    that of any other social group or organization?
  •  

9
1. The First Mark One
  • UNITY IN THE MYSTICAL BODY
  • What is perhaps the best image to express the
    unity of the Church?
  • The Church as the Mystical Body of Christ. 
  • How does the Mystical Body of Christ express the
    unity of the Church?
  • In the Mystical Body of Christ, the many diverse
    members of the Church are united to Christ the
    Head to form the whole Christ, united and
    animated by the Holy Spirit, the soul of the
    Mystical Body.
  • What are the three visible ways, or attributes,
    of the unity of the Mystical Body of Christ?
  • Unity of faith, worship, and leadership. 
  • What does it mean to say that the unity of the
    Church will perdure?
  • The unity achieved at the beginning of the
    Churchs life will never disappear.

10
1. The First Mark One
  • Guided Exercise
  • Have the students complete the following graphic
    to summarize the three unities of the Church.

11
1. The First Mark One
12
1. The First Mark One
  • WOUNDS TO UNITY
  •  
  • What major division arose at the very beginning
    of the Churchs history?
  • The first division was over the question of
    whether Gentile converts had to be circumcised
    and follow the Mosaic Law in order to become
    Christians. 
  • How was this dispute resolved?
  • The Council of Jerusalem, under the leadership of
    St. Peter, gave the response to this question, to
    which everyone agreed.
  • What happened to the unity of the Church in
    subsequent centuries?
  • Much more serious dissensions appeared, and large
    communities became separated from full communion
    with the Catholic Church.

13
1. The First Mark One
  • Who was to blame for these wounds in unity?
  • People on both sides were usually to blame. 
  • What are the three types of ruptures that wound
    the unity of Christs Body?
  • Heresy, apostasy, and schism.
  • What is the origin of disunity?
  • Sin. Extension This is not to say that
    understanding is not involved. For example, the
    early Christians who founded or followed
    Christological heresies got something wrong
    philosophically or theologically or both.

14
1. The First Mark One
  • What is apostasy?
  • Apostasy is the total rejection of the Christian
    Faith by someone who has been baptized. 
  • What is heresy?
  • Heresy is the deliberate and persistent denial by
    one who has been baptized of a truth of the Faith
    taught by the Church.
  • What is schism?
  • Schism is the refusal by one who has been
    baptized of unity with the Pope or the refusal of
    communion with the members of the Church. 
  • Can a non-Christian be a heretic or schismatic or
    be in a state of apostasy?
  • Extension No. These are states that only a
    baptized member of the Church can possess.

15
1. The First Mark One
  • Who is responsible for these grave sins?
  • The individuals who commit them. 
  • Why are sins against unity tragic for entire
    communities?
  • Large groups of people often go along with the
    actions of the instigators.
  • Are those born into schismatic communities
    responsible for the sin of schism?
  • Not necessarily.

16
1. The First Mark One
  • What two major schisms have occurred in the
    history of the Church?
  • The first, with the Eastern Orthodox Churches,
    took place in the eleventh century. The second,
    with the various denominations that were founded
    during the Protestant Reformation, occurred in
    the sixteenth century.
  • How should Catholics look upon the members born
    into these schismatic communities?
  • We look upon them as separated brethren who
    often, through no fault of their own, remain
    unaware of the truth of the Catholic Faith.

17
1. The First Mark One
  • What are some of the elements of sanctification
    and truth found within the separated churches and
    communities of Protestantism and Eastern
    Orthodoxy?
  • Sacred Scripture some or all of the Seven
    Sacraments the theological virtues of faith,
    hope, and charity and the gifts of the Holy
    Spirit.
  • What is the origin of the elements of the true
    faith which our separated brethren possess?
  • These elements, which come from Christ and lead
    back to him, belong by right to the Catholic
    Church, the one Church founded by Christ, which
    possesses them in their fullness.
  • How are the seeds of reunification present in the
    elements of sanctification and truth which our
    separated brethren possess?
  • The fact that some of these elements are present
    to some degree within other communities is
    evidence of those communities origins (i.e.,
    they separated from the Catholic Church) and may
    provide an avenue for their eventual return to
    Catholic unity.

18
1. The First Mark One
  • Sidebar Pope Saint Leo the Great Peter Has
    Spoken
  •  
  • What two major problems did St. Leo the Great
    face?
  • (1) The division and disintegration of the once
    great Roman Empire and (2) the heresies of
    Pelagianism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism and
    Manichæism.
  • How did the Tome of Leo effect the Ecumenical
    Council of Chalcedon?
  • When those present heard the words of Pope St.
    Leos letter, they readily assented to his
    teaching and exclaimed, Peter has spoken through
    Leo. 
  • How did St. Leo the Great save the city of Rome
    from Attila the Hun?
  • He met the notorious barbarian outside the walls
    of the city and persuaded Attila and his men to
    leave Rome without a fight.

19
1. The First Mark One
  • Closure
  •  
  • Write a paragraph summarizing what is meant by
    saying that the Church is One.
  •  

20
1. The First Mark One
  • Homework Assignment
  • Reading
  • Heresies in the Early Church through
    Monophysitism.
  • Questions
  • Study Questions 17.
  • Workbook Questions 112.

21
1. The First Mark One
  • Alternative Assessment
  •  
  • Given the actual divisions that exist between the
    Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches and
    Protestant churches and communities, brainstorm
    how each of us can contribute to returning all
    Christians to unity within the Catholic Church.

22
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • BASIC QUESTIONS
  • To what error does neo-Platonism tend in regard
    to the nature of Christ?
  • What are the heresies of Gnosticism, Arianism,
    Apollinarianism, Nestorianism and Monophysitism?
  • KEY IDEAS
  • While the Greek language and the philosophy of
    Plato and Aristotle were invaluable for
    articulating Catholic doctrine, the neo-Platonic
    understanding of the logos made Greek thought
    prone to misunderstanding the nature of Jesus
    Christ.
  • Gnosticism claimed a secret knowledge of Christ.
  • Arianism denied the divinity of Christ.
  • Apollinarianism denied that Christ had a human
    mind and will.
  • Nestorianism claimed that Christ was a union of
    two persons, one human and the other divine.
  • Monophysitism denied that Christ had a human
    nature.

23
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Anticipatory Set
  •  
  • Scriptural text for the Opening Prayer
  • The beginning of Johns Gospel (Jn 115).
  • N.B. The English word Word used here is a
    translation of the Greek Logos, which will be
    important for understanding this lesson.
  •  

24
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • HERESIES IN THE EARLY CHURCH
  •  
  • What is the origin of all Catholic doctrines?
  • They derive from the revealed truths contained in
    the Deposit of Faith that Christ entrusted to his
    Church, which are found in Sacred Scripture and
    Sacred Tradition.
  • What was the subject matter of the earliest
    heresies?
  • The Person and natures of Christ. 
  • What does early Christianity owe to the Greek
    language and the philosophies of Plato and
    Aristotle?
  • The richness of the Greek language and the Greek
    philosophical tradition were invaluable for
    articulating and developing the Christian message.

25
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • How did Neo-Platonists see God and the logos?
  • These non-Christian pagans held that there was a
    Supreme Being, who created the world through
    lesser beings, one of which was the logos.
  • How did St. John use the word Logos?
  • He used it to refer to God the Son.
  • Why would neo-Platonists likely have
    misunderstood who Christ is?
  • Their way of looking at the logos was as a
    created being, inferior to God therefore, they
    would tend to believe that Jesus cannot be
    divine. 
  • What problem did neo-Platonists have with
    creation in general?
  • They saw the created world as an obstacle to
    contemplation and personal perfection, so they
    would not have liked that Christ became true man.

26
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Think/Pair/Write/Share
  •  
  • Compare and contrast the Christian and
    neo-Platonic ideas of the logos.
  •  

27
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Gnosticism
  •  
  • What is the gnosis in Gnosticism?
  • Gnosis is Greek for knowledge, in this case a
    secret knowledge which Gnostics consider the
    basis of salvation. 
  • What did the Gnostics believe about God?
  • They taught that there were two gods the creator
    god who propagated evil (the God of the Old
    Testament) and the unknowable divine being (the
    God of the New Testament).
  • What is the role of the logos in Gnosticism?
  • Christ, the Logos, had been sent to give secret
    knowledge to a select few so that they could
    return to the unknowable divine being. This was
    only possible if the individuals understood the
    secret knowledge of the redeemers teaching and
    practiced the appropriate Gnostic rituals.
  • What Church doctrines regarding Christs nature
    did Gnosticism reject?
  • It rejected both Jesus human and his divine
    nature. It rejected Christs divine nature
    because the logos was not God, and it rejected
    Jesus human nature because it would be material
    and therefore evil.

28
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • What was Jesus Body according to the Gnostics?
  • It was an apparition.
  • What are the major errors of the Gnostics?
  • The Gnostics denied the goodness of the created
    world, the existence and supremacy of the one
    true God, the clear meaning of the Old and New
    Testament Scriptures, and the reality of Christs
    human and divine nature along with his redemptive
    Passion, Death, Resurrection, and Ascension.
  • Might Gnosticism be the true understanding of
    Christianity and our orthodox Faith be wrong?
  • Extension No. Gnosticism came after the founding
    of Christianity and cannibalized certain elements
    of the faith to give its system respectability. 
  • How is the New Age movement essentially Gnostic?
  • New Age promises a secret knowledge gained
    through pagan or ritual ceremony that can be
    released through amulets, crystals, secret
    incantations, fortunetelling, horoscopes, zodiac
    signs, or tarot cards. With both Gnosticism and
    New Age, salvation ultimately comes from within a
    person, thus eliminating the need for a Redeemer.

29
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Arianism (fourth century)
  •  
  • Who was Arius?
  • He was a Catholic priest from Alexandria whose
    study of neo-Platonism and familiarity with
    Gnosticism led him to claim that Jesus Christ was
    neither God nor equal to the Father.
  • How did Arius see Jesus Christ?
  • Arius taught that Jesus was the supreme creation
    of God but not his eternally begotten Son, the
    Second Person of the Blessed Trinity. He denied
    the divinity of Christ.
  • How strong was the Arian heresy?
  • This heresy ravaged the Church in the East and
    was adopted by many of the Visogothic tribes that
    dominated central and northern Europe, thereby
    becoming a serious threat to the existence of
    orthodox Christianity.

30
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • How did the Church defend traditional Catholic
    teaching?
  • She reaffirmed the traditional belief in the
    divinity of Jesus Christ, proclaiming that Christ
    is consubstantial with the Father.
  • How was Arianism overcome?
  • Through clear and consistent teaching along with
    the catechetical and missionary work and
    sacrifices of many saintly men and women. 
  • How has Arianism been revived in the modern age?
  • It can been seen in the tendency among some to
    stress Christs humanity at the expense of his
    divinity. For example, some today see a
    historical Jesus, who was a wise teacher but not
    divine. 
  • What are some Christian sects today that deny the
    divinity of Christ?
  • The Jehovahs Witnesses and the Church of Jesus
    Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) view Christ
    as the son of God but not equal to or
    consubstantial with the Father, making them
    incompatible with the teachings of the Catholic
    Church in regard to the divinity of Jesus Christ.

31
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Guided Exercise Mini-lesson on personhood
  • In order to understand the Christological
    heresies the early Church faced, it is necessary
    to grasp the understanding the Church developed
    in regard to (1) personhood in general, (2) the
    kind of person a human being is, and (3) the
    nature of the Person Jesus Christ.
  • A person is a being with reason and free will and
    therefore capable of love. These are
    non-material, spiritual attributes. We call a
    person with the powers of intellect and free will
    a spiritual soul. Spiritual souls are immortal.
  • God is an uncreated divine person.
  • Angels and human beings are created persons.
    Angels are pure souls (persons without bodies),
    whereas human beings are composite an
    immaterial, immortal soul and a perishable,
    material body. Human death is the separation of
    the immortal soul from the perishable body.

32
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Jesus Christ is one divine Person with two
    natures, his uncreated, eternal divine nature
    (God) and his created human nature as man. The
    union of these two naturesthough complete in
    themselves without admixturein one divine Person
    is called the hypostatic union the Greek
    hypostasis means person.
  • Christ has two natures divine and human. He has
    a divine, omniscient intellect and a divine,
    omnipotent will, and he has the faculty of human
    reason and a human will. His human nature also
    includes his human Body with its physiological
    processes, passions, and emotions. This is why he
    is like us in every way but sin.
  • The Christological heresies each got something
    wrong in trying to understand who Christ is.

33
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Class discussion
  • Why does denying the divinity of Christ
    invariably lead to the rejection of the doctrines
    of the Blessed Trinity and the Redemption?

34
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Apollinarianism (ca. 360-381)
  •  
  • What is the origin of the name of the
    Apollinarian heresy?
  • From Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea in Syria. 
  • What is Apollinarianism?
  • Although Jesus is true God and has a human body,
    he did not have a human mind and will.
  • What is the error of Apollinarianism?
  • If Christ did not have a human mind and will,
    then he did not live a complete human life and so
    did not completely share our human experience
    thus, we are not redeemed.

35
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Nestorianism (ca. 351ca. 451)
  •  
  • Who was Nestorius?
  • He was the Patriarch of Constantinople.
  • What did Nestorius teach about Christ?
  • He taught that Christ is the unity of a divine
    Person and a human person.
  • Why did Nestorius deny the title Theotokos
    (Bearer of God) could be applied the the
    Blessed Virgin Mary?
  • He said that she is the Mother of the human
    person Christ but not the Mother of the Person of
    God.

36
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • What is the error of Nestorianism?
  • Orthodox Catholic belief is that Jesus Christ is
    one divine Person with two natures human and
    divine.
  • What is the hypostatic union?
  • It is a doctrine that was formally accepted by
    the Church at the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon
    (451) Christ is one divine Person who
    simultaneously possesses two natures one human
    and one divine.
  • Why is the Blessed Virgin Mary, a creature,
    called properly the Mother of God?
  • Extension A mothers is the mother not of a
    nature but of a person. She is the Mother of the
    Person Jesus Christ, who is a divine Person. 
  • When is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God,
    celebrated?
  • On January 1.

37
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Monophysitism (400s-600s)
  •  
  • What is the origin of the word Monophysitism?
  • Monos is Greek for single, and physis means
    nature only one nature. 
  • What did the Monophysites teach?
  • There is only one nature in Christ rather than
    two, claiming that the human nature of Christ was
    incorporated into the divine Nature in the same
    way that a drop of water is absorbed into an
    ocean.
  • Which Pope argued successfully against
    Monophysitism?
  • Pope St. Leo the Great. Extension His Tome
    outlined the orthodox Catholic position, which
    was accepted at the Ecumenical Council of
    Chalcedon AD 451.
  •  

38
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Guided Exercise
  • Explain briefly the five heresies discussed in
    this lesson and how they differ from Catholic
    teaching.

39
2. Early Christian Heresies
40
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Closure
  •  
  • Write a paragraph summarizing the five heresies
    discussed in this lesson using the completed
    Graphic Exercise, Early Church Heresies.
  •  

41
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Homework Assignment
  • Reading
  • The Protestant Reformation through sidebar
    Contemporary Efforts in Ecumenism.
  • Questions
  • Study Questions 813.
  • Workbook Questions 1318.

42
2. Early Christian Heresies
  • Alternative Assessment
  •  
  • Work with a partner to identify one negative
    effect of each of the five heresies discussed in
    this lesson if it had been true adopted.
  •  

43
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • BASIC QUESTIONS
  • What was the Protestant Reformation?
  • What is Ecumenism?
  • KEY IDEAS
  • The Protestant Reformation was an interrelated
    series of schisms that took place from 1517 to
    1648 concerning the teachings, worship, and
    structure of the Church, resulting in national
    Protestant churches and communities and over
    30,000 separate denominations today.
  • Ecumenism calls all Christians to unity through
    sincere dialogue, prayer, and discernment.

44
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Anticipatory Set
  •  
  • Brainstorm names of Christian denominations. 

45
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
  • What was the Protestant Reformation?
  • It was an interrelated series of schisms that
    took place from 1517 to 1648. 
  • Was the Church in need of reform at this time?
  • Yes. Several Popes and saints of the time had
    already attempted to curb abuses within the
    Church.
  • What abuse did Martin Luther criticize rightly?
  • The sale of indulgences. 
  • What did Martin Luther criticize wrongly?
  • The validity of indulgences themselves.

46
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • What did Luther and Zwinglis theological
    reasoning lead to?
  • An attack on the teaching, worship, and structure
    of the Church herself.
  • Who were some other reformers?
  • John Calvin and King Henry VIII.
  • What was the result of the Protestant
    Reformation?
  • Schisms in Germany, Switzerland, England,
    Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland.
  • What was the relationship between Protestantism
    and the new political order of princes ruling
    nation-states?
  • Secular rulers used Protestantism to seize Church
    property and power and to extend temporal control
    over matters of justice and moral legislation.
  •  

47
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • What was the result of the new churches
    independence from Rome?
  • These new Christian communities found that they
    disagreed with one another. They have been
    limited generally to their country of origin or
    have continued to splinter. Today there are more
    than 30,000 different Protestant denominations
    throughout the world. 
  • What was the Catholic Reformation?
  • Also called the Counter-Reformation, it was a
    renewal of religious fervor on the part of
    Catholics throughout Europe that included a new
    clarification of Church doctrine during the
    Ecumenical Council of Trent and new religious
    orders of men and women such as the Jesuits and
    the Discalced Carmelites dedicated to living in
    imitation of Christ. Extension The Catholic
    Reformation also resulted in a renewal of
    Catholic art, music, architecture, education, and
    a worldwide evangelization. 
  • Who are some of the great saints of the Catholic
    Reformation?
  • God gave the world Sts. Ignatius of Loyola,
    Francis Xavier, John of the Cross, Teresa of
    Avila, Francis de Sales, and others to assist the
    Pilgrim Church.

48
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Cooperative learning groups to research online
    the differences between Catholics and Protestants
    on assigned topic
  • What is Original Sin?
  • How are we saved?
  • What is the source of our knowledge about
    religion?
  • What is the role of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the
    saints, and angels in our lives?
  • Who leads the Church on earth?
  • What are the Sacraments?
  • Present your findings.

49
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • TOWARD GREATER CHRISTIAN UNITY
  •  
  • What is ecumenism?
  • It is the task of working toward Christian unity,
    in which all Christians are called to engage.
  • Why do Catholics engage in ecumenical work
    according to the Catechism, no. 816?
  • Only the Catholic Church contains the fullness of
    the means of salvation, and all members of the
    People of God should be incorporated into her.

50
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Work with a partner to articulate the principles
    for engaging in ecumenical work identified by
    documents of the Second Ecumenical Council of the
    Vatican (Vatican II).
  •  

51
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Christ prayed to his Father
  • That they may all be one. As you, Father, are in
    me and I am in you, may they also be one in us
    so that the world may know that you have sent me.
  • Think/Pair/Share on the question below
  •  
  • How does Christian disunity harm the Churchs
    evangelical efforts?
  •  

52
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Sidebar Contemporary Efforts in Ecumenism and
    Interfaith Dialogue
  • With which Christian body is the Catholic Church
    the closest to reconciling?
  • The Eastern Orthodox Churches. 
  • Why do the many national churches and
    multiplicity of sects pose a difficulty in
    ecumenism?
  • The Eastern Orthodox Churches are comprised of
    more than a dozen disunited national churches.
    There is also no unity among the Protestant
    churches and communities. Catholics must dialogue
    with each one individually.
  • How does the problem of leadership in
    Protestantism compound ecumenical dialogue?
  • The Protestant churches and communities do not
    have generally a hierarchy or authority that can
    officially speak for all the members of their
    denominations. 
  • What does the Church hope to gain from interfaith
    dialogue with Jewish and Muslim leaders and
    representatives of the Oriental religions?
  • While unity is less likely, the Church seeks
    common ground and mutual respect.

53
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Closure
  •  
  • Write a paragraph summarizing the principles that
    should guide ecumenical initiatives.

54
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Homework Assignment
  • Reading
  • The Church Is Holy through Perfection in Heaven.
  • Questions
  • Study Questions 1419.
  • Practical Exercises 56.
  • Workbook Questions 1924.

55
3. Protestantism and Ecumenism
  • Alternative Assessment
  •  
  • Free write on ways you can personally foster
    interfaith understanding.
  •  

56
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • BASIC QUESTION
  • In what sense is the Church Holy?
  • KEY IDEAS
  • The Church, though made up of sinful members on
    earth, is Holy because of the holiness of Christ
    her Head.
  • The Church on earth and each of her members
    participates in a hidden way in Christs
    holiness.
  • The Church will be perfected at the end of time
    in the glory of Heaven.

57
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Anticipatory Set
  •  
  • Opening Prayer Ephesians 52533.
  • What does this reading say about the relationship
    between Christ and the Church?
  •  

58
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • THE SECOND MARK THE CHURCH IS HOLY
  • What is the origin of the holiness of the Church?
  • The Church receives her holiness from Christ her
    Founder through the indwelling of the Holy
    Spirit.
  • What means does the Church possess to sanctify
    people?
  • The teachings of Christ, the Sacraments, and the
    life of prayer. 
  • Why does Christ make the Church Holy?
  • Christ loves the Church as his Bride and so makes
    her holy, as he is holy.

59
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • How is the Church Holy if her members are
    sinners?
  • The Churchs holiness is not defiled by the
    presence of sinners rather, her holiness
    transforms sinners into saints if they live her
    life.
  • Which members of the Church are absolutely holy?
  • All of the Churchs members in Heaven have
    reached the perfection of holiness.
  • According to the Catechism, no. 827, how do
    members of the Church become holy?
  • By living her life.

60
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • What is the effect of the sins of individual
    members of the Church on people outside the
    Church?
  • Our sins obscure the Churchs holiness in the
    eyes of the world. Extension Because people tend
    to notice others sins and but are blind to their
    own, critics may accuse the Church of hypocrisy
    or failure without recognizing or while
    minimizing their own.
  • What is the antidote to the sins of individual
    members of the Church?
  • Purification, penance, and renewal.

61
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Perform a paragraph shrink on the final paragraph
    of this section beginning In 2000 through the
    two quotes from Pope Bl. John Paul II (p. 160).
  •  
  • N.B. The Pope did collectively for the Church
    what Christ instructed each Christian to do
    individually in the Lords Prayer Forgive us
    our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass
    against us.)

62
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • PARTICIPATION IN THE HOLINESS OF CHRIST
  •  
  • According to St. Paul, why is Christs
    Resurrection of first importance for Christians?
  • If Christ did not rise from the dead, then our
    faith is futile, and we are still in a state of
    sin. 
  • How is Christs Resurrection different from the
    resurrections Christ performed while on earth?
  • The people Christ raised miraculously returned to
    ordinary, earthly life and later died. Christs
    risen body possesses new properties that reflect
    the glory of his divinity and is not limited to
    time and space. It is made for dwelling in the
    eternity of Heaven. 
  • What will our resurrected bodies be like?
  • They will not be like Lazarus body, which died
    again, but like Christs, which is indestructible
    and capable of dwelling in Heaven. 
  • When will the bodily resurrection take place?
  • At the end of history.

63
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Think/Pair/Write/Share
  •  
  • Based on the section Participation in the
    Holiness of Christ, how does the Church already
    share in Christs Resurrection?

64
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • THE CHURCH WILL RECEIVE HER PERFECTION IN THE
    GLORY OF HEAVEN
  •  
  • In what sense is the Church the point of human
    history?
  • God envisioned the Church from all eternity as
    the means to bring the human family back to
    himself after the Fall. God used human history to
    prepare all people for the coming of Christ and
    his Church. 
  • What is Gods ultimate vision of the Church as
    the People of God?
  • It is eternal communion of the human family with
    him in Heaven. 
  • What three qualities does the Church possess
    because of her holiness?
  • The Church is immutable, meaning it will never
    change in its essential aspects indefectible,
    meaning it will never perish nor go astray and
    perennial, meaning it will exist until the end of
    time.

65
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Work with a partner to write a bullet-point
    summary of the Catechism, no. 769 (p. 161), to
    unpack its many ideas.

66
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Closure
  •  
  • Write a paragraph summarizing what it means to
    say that the Church is Holy.

67
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Homework Assignment
  • Reading
  • The Church is Catholic through Conclusion.
  • Questions
  • Study Questions 2024.
  • Workbook Questions 2529.

68
4. The Second Mark Holy
  • Alternative Assessment
  •  
  • Explore in more depth the Resurrection of Christ
    by reading an excerpt from the philosopher and
    theologian Peter Kreeft The Meaning of the
    Resurrection Ten Confusions (pp. 178181).
  • Use the search terms Google Books and
    Christian Apologetics, then go to Chapter 12.
  •  

69
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • BASIC QUESTIONS
  • What does it mean to say the Church is Catholic?
  • What does it mean to say the Church is Apostolic?
  • KEY IDEAS
  • The Church is Catholic because she has a
    universal authority to fulfill her universal
    mission.
  • The Church is Apostolic because it is built on
    the teaching of the Apostles, whose authority she
    possesses through Apostolic Succession.

70
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Anticipatory Set
  •  
  • Free write for a few minutes on that aspect of
    the many dimensions of the Churchs catholicity
    articulated by St. Cyril (see the sidebar The
    Catholicity of the Church) that is most
    appealing to you personally.
  •  

71
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • What does the word Catholic typically mean as
    used today?
  • It is a denominational term, much like Baptist
    or Lutheran, and refers to Roman Catholic
    Christians.
  • What does the word catholic mean?
  • It comes from the Greek katholikos, meaning
    universal, or pertaining to the whole.
  • What are the two meanings of the word catholic
    as it pertain to the Church?
  • The Church is catholic because (1) she is whole
    and complete, and (2) she has received universal
    authority from Christ to fulfill her universal
    mission.

72
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • How can a Church in a particular place be
    universal?
  • According to the New Testament, insofar as local
    communities preserved Christian unity in their
    teaching, worship, and leadership, each was
    appropriately identified as the Church of Christ.
  • What are local Churches called today?
  • Dioceses. Extension In Catholic theology they
    are also called particular churches, and in the
    Eastern Churches they are called eparchies.
  • To what extent does each local Church possess the
    presence of Christ?
  • Each possesses it fully.

73
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • How is the universality of the Church more than
    international?
  • Through her unity with Christ, the Church fills
    both time and space, including the faithful on
    earth, in Purgatory, and in Heaven.
  • What diversity exists within the universality of
    the Church?
  • The Church possesses a rich diversity of external
    expressions of faith and worship according to the
    culture in which she has taken root.

74
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Guided Exercise
  •  
  • Break down the paragraph beginning From the day
    of Pentecost (p. 162) into bullet points to
    identify the various ways the Church is universal.

75
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Sidebar Why Does the Church Have Different
    Rites?
  • Why are there different rites in the Church?
  • From the earliest years the Catholic Faith has
    found expressions and ways of worship that are
    distinctive to individual cultures.
  • What does every Rite of the Church have in
    common?
  • Each shares the same Apostolic origin and
    Sacraments. 
  • How do the Rites differ?
  • Each rite preserves its own linguistic, artistic,
    architectural, spiritual, and cultural heritage.

76
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • THE FOURTH MARK THE CHURCH IS APOSTOLIC
  •  
  • What is the parallel between the Twelve Apostles
    and the twelve ministers of Solomon?
  • Solomon appointed twelve ministers to assist him
    in ruling his kingdom, and Christ appointed
    twelve Apostles to assist him in ruling his
    kingdom. 
  • What tasks did Christ give his Apostles the
    authority to carry out?
  • To teach, sanctify, and govern his Church. 
  • According to the Catechism, no. 861, how did the
    Apostles pass on their authority?
  • They appointed their immediate collaborators to
    carry on their work and directed those men to
    appoint other proven men to take over their
    ministry when they died.

77
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • How can the true Church of Christ on earth be
    recognized?
  • One test is whether the church in question can be
    shown to be led by shepherds who received their
    mission and powers from the Apostles through an
    uninterrupted chain of lawful succession. Extensio
    n The true Church of Christ possesses all four
    marks of the Church, including apostolicity.
  • What reflects a bishops direct link with the
    Apostles?
  • The laying on of hands.

78
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Guided Exercise
  • Complete the following table to capture the
    senses in which the Church is Apostolic.
  •  

79
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
80
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Closure
  •  
  • Write a paragraph explaining why the Church is
    Catholic and Apostolic.
  •  

81
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Homework Assignment
  • Questions
  • Study Questions 2526.
  • Workbook Questions 3036.

82
5. The Third and Fourth Marks Catholic and
Apostolic
  • Alternative Assessment
  •  
  • Free write for five minutes on which of the four
    marks of the Church seems the greatest or most
    important and why.

83
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