French Revolution 1789-1815

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French Revolution1789-1815

• Chapter 7
• Standard 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of
  philosophers and their effects on the democratic
  revolutions.
• Standard 10.2.2 List the principles of the French
  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
• Standard 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the
  French Revolution led France to develop from
  constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism
  to the Napoleonic empire.

2
What is an unjust government?

3
What would lead you to take part in a violent
revolution?

4
Why study the French Revolution?

• Enlightenment ideals of Liberty, Equality,
  Fraternity

5
Why study the French Revolution?

• Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6
Why study the French Revolution?

• The Reign of Terror is a warning of democratic
  despotism!

7
Why study the French Revolution?

• The storming of the Bastille is a symbol of the
  power of popular resistance

8
Why study the French Revolution?

• Spread the ideas of Democracy and Nationalism

9
Why study the French Revolution?

• The Spanish used guerrilla warfare against the
  French

10
Why study the French Revolution?

• The Napoleonic Code influenced the legal systems
  of Europe and South America

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Section 1

• The French Revolution Begins

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Causes of French Revolution
13
Terms and Names

• Old Regime
• Estate
• Louis XVI
• Marie Antoinette
• Estates-General

• National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath
• Great Fear

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The Old Order

• Under the Old Regime, France was divided into 3
  estates

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The Privileged Estates

• 1st Estate- Roman Catholic Church
• 2nd Estate- Nobles
• They dont have to pay taxes
• They get the best jobs!

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3rd Estate (97 of the population)

• Bourgeoisie- middle class Bankers, merchants,
  skilled artisans. They are wealthy and educated
  yet, still had to pay taxes!
• City Workers- laborers, servants
• Peasants- poor farmers. They pay taxes to the
  nobles, king and the Church.

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Forces of Change

• I. Enlightenment Ideas
• II. Economic Troubles
• III. A Weak Leader

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I. Enlightenment Ideas

• Success of American Revolution
• Ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire
• Equality, Liberty, Democracy
• (Which Estate do you think would embrace these
  ideas?)

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II. Economic Troubles

• Taxes, taxes, taxes
• Shortage of grain, the price of bread doubles!
• Government spends too much
• Government borrowed money to help the American
  Revolution.

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III. A Weak Leader

• Louis XVI and
• Marie Antoinette
• They spent too much money and made poor
  government decisions
• His solution was to
• Tax the Nobility !

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Estates-General

• An assembly of representatives of all three
  estates.
• Each estate gets one vote. (Do you see a problem
  with this?)
• They met on May 5, 1789 for the first time in 175
  years.

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Meeting of Estates-General
What was the purpose of this 1st meeting?
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Dawn of the Revolution

• 
  I. The
  National Assembly
• II. Storming the Bastille

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I. National Assembly

• The 3rd estate wanted all representatives to each
  have one vote
• King says NO
• Speech by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes
• June 17, 1789 they rename themselves the National
  Assembly

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National Assembly, cont.

• They agree to pass laws and reforms for France
• The king locks them out of their meeting room.
  This leads to the Tennis Court Oath- promise to
  create a constitution

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Bastille Day July 14, 1789
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Great Fear
July-August 1789 Peasants attack homes of nobles
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October 1789 women riot over the price of bread
and demand that Louis and Marie return to Paris!!!
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Sec. I Review DO NOW

• List the 3 estates
• Why did the King call a meeting of the 3 estates?
• What was unfair about the voting process?
• What was the Tennis Court Oath?
• What happened on Bastille Day?
• Why did the women riot?

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Section 2

• Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

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Terms and Names

• Legislative Assembly
• Émigré
• Sans-culotte
• Jacobin

• Guillotine
• Robespierre
• Reign of Terror

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The Assembly Reforms France

1. Rights of Man
2. State Controlled Church
3. Louis Tries to Escape

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I. The Rights of Man

• August 4, 1789 nobles join the National
  Assembly and make the common people of France
  equal to the 1st and 2nd estate.
• What made the 1st and 2nd estate change their
  minds?
• This joining of forces leads to the
• Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

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Declaration of Rights of Man
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen

• Men are born and remain free and equal
• liberty, property, security, and resistance to
  oppression
• Freedom of speech and religion
• Slogan of the French Revolution is
• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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Does the Declaration apply to Women?

• Olympe de Gouges- publishes a declaration of the
  rights of women
• Her ideas are rejected
• Executed in 1793

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II. State-Controlled Church

• Assembly takes over Church property
• Priests were to be elected and paid by the state
• Church land sold to pay off debt
• These actions towards the Roman Catholic Church
  offends many of the peasants and they refuse to
  join the Revolution

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III. Louis Tries to Escape

• June 1791- Louis and his family tried to escape
  to the Austrian Netherlands.
• However, he is caught and this further enrages
  the revolutionaries

39
Divisions Develop

1. A Limited Monarchy
2. Factions Split France

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Limited Monarchy

• September 1791- new Constitution is written.
• France is now a constitutional monarchy!
• Legislative Assembly is created which has the
  power to pass laws and declare war.
• The kings job is to enforce the laws

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II. Factions Split France

• Radicals (sit on the left)- oppose monarchy
• Moderates (sit in center)- desire some changes
• Conservatives (sit on the right)- desire very few
  changes
• The terms we use today to describe where people
  stand politically comes from the French
  Legislative Assembly

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II. Factions, continued

• Émigrés- nobles who fled France and hope to
  restore the monarchy
• Sans-culottes are workers from Paris who wanted
  extreme change

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War and Execution
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

1. France at War
2. Jacobins Take Control
3. War Continues

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I. France at War

• France declares war on Austria and Prussia
• A mob kills guards and imprisons the royal family
• September Massacres- radicals kill priests,
  nobles and anyone against revolution
• National Convention- abolishes the monarchy,
  declares France a republic, and all adult males
  can vote. Sorry, ladies are still left out.

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Map of Europe
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September Massacres
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II. Jacobins Take Control

• Jean Paul Marat

George Danton
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Louis XVI found guilty of treason and sentenced
to the guillotine July 21, 1793
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Louis XVI Executed !
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III. War Continues

• Great French victory at Battle of Valmy
• Britain, Holland, and Spain join the war against
  France
• France needs soldiers and institutes a military
  draft of all men between 18 and 40

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The Terror Grips France

• I. Robespierre Assumes Control

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I. Robespierre

• Committee of Public Safety- to protect the
  Revolution from enemies
• Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
• 40,000 people executed
• 85 were low or middle class

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End of the Terror

• July 28, 1794 Robespierre sent to the guillotine
• Another new government is formed .
• Directory- led by moderate upper middle class. 2
  house legislature

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Sec. 2 review

• What is the slogan of the Revolution?
• Name the 3 factions of the Legislative Assembly.
• The name of the citizens of Paris who wanted
  extreme change.
• Who was the leader of the Committee Public
  Safety? And what was the goal of the committee?
• The name of the political organization that
  abolished the monarchy.

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Section 3

• Napoleon Forges an Empire

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Famous Napoleons
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Terms and Names

• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Coup detat
• Plebiscite
• lycee

• Concordat
• Napoleonic Code
• Battle of Trafalgar

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Napoleon Seizes Power

1. Hero of the Hour
2. Coup detat

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I. Hero of the Hour

• October 1795 Napoleon defends National Convention
  against royalist rebels
• 1796- led army against Austria and Sardinia

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II. Coup detat

• November 1799 Napoleon returns from Egypt
• Another new government called the
• Consulate
• Named 1st Consul
• (Can you name all the governments of the French
  Revolution so far?)

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Napoleon Rules France

1. Restoring Order at Home
2. Napoleon Crowned Emperor

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I. Restoring Order at Home

• 1800 a plebiscite was held and a new constitution
  was created
• Centralization
• New tax laws, national banks, fired corrupt
  officials and started lycees
• Agreement with Catholic Church -concordat

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I. Restoring Order, cont.

• Napoleonic Code
• Uniform set of laws
• Limited liberty and promoted order and authority
  over individual rights
• Freedom of speech and press restricted

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II. Crowned as Emperor

• December 2, 1804 Napoleon takes the crown from
  the Pope and places it on his own head! What is
  the significance of this act?

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Napoleon Creates an Empire

1. Loss of American Territories
2. Conquering Europe
3. Battle of Trafalgar
4. French Empire

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Napoleonic wars
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I. Loss of American Territories

• Toussaint LOuverture leads slave revolt in Haiti
• Napoleon sends forces to retake the island
  however French are defeated.

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I. Loss of American Territories, cont.

• Sold Louisiana Territory to the United States for
  15 million.

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II. Conquering Europe

• Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces (map
  p.232)
• Battle of Austerlitz (Austria) 1805
• Only Britain is left!

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III. Battle of Trafalgar

• 1805 naval battle off the coast of Spain (p.232)
• Napoleon loses and is forced to give up his plans
  to invade Britain. He must find another way to
  defeat Britain!
• (Horatio Nelson)

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The French Empire

• Free of French Control
• Britain
• Portugal
• Sweden
• Ottoman Empire

• Under French Control or Allied
• Spain
• Warsaw (Poland)
• Germany
• Russia
• Prussia
• Austria

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Sec. 3 Review

• Define coup detat, plebiscite, concordat, and
  lycees
• How was the Napoleonic Code an example of
  Enlightenment ideas?
• What freedoms were restricted under Napoleon.
• Who lead the slave revolt in Haiti?
• Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana to the United
  States?
• Where did Napoleon suffer his first major
  military defeat?

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Napoleons Empire Collapses

• Ch. 7 Sec. 4

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Napoleons Costly Mistakes

• The Continental System blockade
• The Peninsular War- guerrillas
• Invasion of Russia- scorched-earth policy

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Napoleons Downfall

1. Napoleon Suffers defeat
2. The Hundred Days

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I. Napoleon Suffers Defeat

• October 1813 Battle at Leipzig (Germany)
• Allied Army consists of Britain, Russia, Prussia,
  Sweden
• French are defeated

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I. Defeat, continued

• Frederick William of Prussia and Czar Alexander I
  of Russia enter Paris

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I. Defeat, continued

• April 1814 the French surrender and Napoleon is
  banished to Elba

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II. Hundred Days

• Can you seriously believe that the French brought
  back a king after all these years of Revolution!

Louis XVIII
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II. Hundred Days

• Napoleon escapes Elba and on March 1, 1815
  arrives in France.
• The British and Prussian armies meet Napoleon
  near Waterloo (Belgium) under the guidance of
  Duke of Wellington

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II. Hundred Days

• The British send Napoleon to the island of St.
  Helena in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
• He dies in 1821

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Sec. 4 review

1. What was the Continental System?
2. What is guerrilla warfare? Who used it against
   Napoleon?
3. How did the Russians defeat Napoleon?
4. What does the Hundred Days refer to?
5. Where was Napoleons final battle?

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• Section 5 Congress of Vienna
• Metternichs Plan for Europe
• Political Changes

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I. Metternichs Plan

• Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
• Led by 5 great powers
• Russia, Prussia, Britain, France, Austria
• Klemens von Metternich

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I. Metternichs Plan

• 3 Goals at the Congress of Vienna
• Prevent future French aggression by surrounding
  France with strong nations- containment
• Restore a balance of power
• Restore Europes royal families to the thrones
  they held before Napoleons conquests
  legitimacy

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Comparing Peace Plans

• Congress of Vienna
• 1814-1815
• After Napoleonic Wars
• To bring stability and a balance of power back to
  Europe

• Paris Peace Conference
• 1919
• After WWI
• To punish Germany

WWII 20 years later
Peace for 40 years
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Political Changes Beyond Vienna

1. Conservative Europe
2. Revolution in Latin America
3. Long-Term Legacy

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I. Conservative Europe

• Holy Alliance- Russia, Austria, Prussia join
  together to prevent future revolutions
• Concert of Europe- alliances and future meetings
  in order to ensure stability

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Legacy of the French Revolution

• Even though conservatives controlled the
  government of most European nations, they could
  not stop the ideas that emerged during the Fr.
  Rev.
• There were many democratic revolutions in 1830
  and 1848 (we will study this in the next unit)

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II. Revolution in Latin America

• Mexico, Brazil, and other Latin American
  countries declare their independence from Spain
  and Brazil (this will be our next unit)

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III. Long-Term Legacy

• Power of Britain, Prussia increases
• Nationalism
• Latin America declares independence
• The French Revolution gave Europe its first
  experiment with Democracy. Although it appeared
  to fail in France, it led to future democratic
  revolutions around the world.

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Sec. 5 review

1. What were the 3 goals at the Congress of Vienna?
2. Which countries were at the meeting? Who was the
   leader?
3. How did the Congress make sure that there would
   continue to be stability in Europe?
4. What was the legacy of the French Revolution?

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Ch. 7 sec. 1

1. Why was there great unrest in France?
2. Define Old Regime
3. Define estates
4. Who belonged to the First Estate?
5. Who belonged to the Second Estate?
6. Did the First and Second Estate agree or disagree
   with Enlightenment ideas. Explain your decision.
7. Which 3 groups made up the Third Estate?
8. What effect did the American Revolution have on
   the French Revolution?
9. Why was Frances government in debt?
10. Give specific examples of how King Louis XVI and
    Marie Antoinette provided weak leadership.
11. What is the Estates General?
12. What was the purpose of the first meeting of the
    Estates General in 175 years?
13. Why was the voting system of the Estates General
    unfair?
14. What was the purpose of the National Assembly?
15. What happened on June 17, 1789?
16. What was the Tennis Court Oath?
17. What happened on July 14, 1789?
18. What was the Great Fear?
19. In October of 1789, why did the women of Paris
    march to the kings palace at Versailles?

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94
Ch. 7 sec. 2

1. Describe what happened on August 4, 1789.
2. List the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the
   Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
   Citizen.
3. What was the slogan of the French Revolution?
4. Who is Olympe de Gouges and why was she executed?
5. How did the reforms of the National Assembly
   affect the Catholic Church?
6. Why did the National Assembly lose the support of
   many of the peasants?
7. Why did King Louis XVI attempt to escape from
   France? Was he successful?
8. In September of 1791, the National Assembly wrote
   a new constitution. Which type of government did
   this constitution create?
9. What caused the Legislative Assembly to split
   into 3 groups?
10. Name and describe the 3 groups in the Legislative
    Assembly.
11. Who were the emigres?
12. Who were the sans-culottes?
13. Why were the countries of Austria and Prussia
    fearful of the French Revolution?
14. What was the September Massacres? What caused the
    massacres?
15. How did the National Convention change the French
    political system?

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95
Ch. 7 sec. 2 continued

1. Who were the Jacobins?
2. According to the National Convention, what crime
   did Louis XVI commit? What was his punishment?
3. What is a guillotine?
4. By early 1793, which European countries were at
   war with France?
5. Inside of France, which groups opposed the
   Jacobins?
6. What was the Committee of Public Safety and who
   was its leader?
7. What was the Reign of Terror?
8. How, when, and why did the Reign of Terror end?
9. Describe the Directory.
10. The king must die so that the country can live.
    Explain the meaning of this quote by Robespierre.

96
Ch. 7 sec. 3

• When and where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
• Why was Napoleon seen as the savior of the
  French republic?
• What happened in November of 1799?
• Define coup detat
• What was Napoleons first title?
• Define plebiscite
• What actions did Napoleon take to improve
  Frances economy?
• How did Napoleon end the corruption in
  government?
• What are lycees?
• How did Napoleon establish a new relationship
  with the Catholic Church?
• What was the Napoleonic Code?
• Which freedoms were limited under the Code?
• Why did Napoleon take the crown from the Pope and
  place it on his own head?

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97
Ch. 7 sec. 3

• How did the French Revolution affect the slaves
  of Saint Domingue?
• How did the sale of Louisiana to the United
  States benefit France?
• Which countries united with Britain to stop
  France from conquering Europe?
• What were the 2 results of France losing the
  Battle of Trafalgar?
• Which areas of Europe were not controlled by
  Napoleon?
• Overall, did Napoleon strengthen or weaken the
  French government? Be specific
• Which of Napoleons actions had the most
  significant impact on France? Explain

98
Ch. 7 sec. 4

1. What is a blockade?
2. What was the Continental System? What was the
   purpose of the Continental System?
3. Why was the Continental System a failure?
4. Why did the United States declare war on Britain
   in 1812?
5. Why did Napoleon choose to attack Portugal?
6. Why did the Spanish rebel against Napoleon?
7. Who were the Spanish guerillas?
8. Why did the French lose the Peninsular War?
9. What is nationalism?
10. Give two reasons why Napoleon chose to attack
    Russia.
11. Define scorched earth policy
12. What did Napoleons Grand Army find when they
    arrived in Moscow?
13. Why was it a mistake for Napoleons troops to
    stay in Moscow until October?
14. After Napoleons defeat in Russia, which
    countries joined forces to attack France?
15. Where and why did the French suffer defeat in
    October of 1813?
16. What happened in April of 1814?

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99
Ch. 7 sec. 4

• Who came to the throne after Napoleon?
• Why do you think the citizens of France welcomed
  Napoleons return on March 1, 1815?
• How did Europe respond to the return of Napoleon?
• Where did Napoleon suffer his final military
  defeat?
• What happened to Napoleon after his Hundred Days
  rule?
• Answer the following questions in a paragraph.
  Please have an introductory sentence, at least 3
  body sentences, and a conclusion.
• A. What caused the French Revolution? Explain at
  least 3 causes.
• B. How was the Reign or Terror an example of
  democratic despotism?
• C. Was Napoleons rule a success or failure?
  Explain your decision.

100
Ch. 7 sec. 5

1. What was the Congress of Vienna?
2. Who were the 5 great powers?
3. Who was the most influential of the
   representatives?
4. What were Metternichs 3 goals?
5. How did the Congress of Vienna make the weak
   countries around France stronger?
6. How come the Congress of Vienna did not want to
   completely weaken France?
7. What is the principle of legitimacy?
8. Give examples of how the Congress of Vienna was
   more successful than other peace meetings in
   history.
9. After the Congress of Vienna, which countries
   were constitutional monarchies? Which countries
   were absolute monarchies?
10. What was the Holy Alliance?
11. What was the Concert of Europe?
12. In the long term, was the French revolution a
    success or a failure? Explain.
13. How did the French Revolution affect Latin
    America?
14. What was the long term legacy of the French
    Revolution? Give 2 examples.
15. This section ends with the sentence a new era
    had begun. Explain what this means.

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