THE NATION DIVIDES:

1
CHAPTER 26
1964 1971

• THE NATION DIVIDES
• THE VIETNAM WAR AND
• SOCIAL CONFLICT

CREATED EQUAL JONES ? WOOD ? MAY ? BORSTELMANN ?
RUIZ
2
I have a dream

• Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963

3
TIMELINE

• 1962 Students for a Democratic Society write the
  Port Huron Statement
• 1964 Johnson reelected
• Civil Rights Act
• Wilderness Act
• Freedom Summer
• Cassius Clay becomes Muhammad Ali
• 1965 Selman, Alabama march
• Griswold v. Connecticut
• U.S. combat troops in Vietnam
• 1966 Clean Waters Act
• Miranda v. Arizona
• The first black mayor elected in Cleveland
• 1967 Riots in black urban areas of Los Angeles,
  Detroit, Newark

4
TIMELINE continued

• 1968 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
• The Tet Offensive
• The Pueblo seized by North Korea
• Hair on Broadway
• American Indian Movement
• Erlichs The Population Bomb
• President Johnson announces plans not to run for
  reelection
• Nixon wins Presidency
• 1969 Gays at Stonewall Bar fight police raid
• 1970 April 22, the first Earth Day
• Environmental Protection Agency established
• U.S. invades Cambodia, increased protests

5
TIMELINE continued

• 1971 All in the Family premieres
• Ellsbergs Pentagon Papers

6
THE NATION DIVIDES Overview

• Lyndon Johnson and the Apex of Liberalism
• Into War in Vietnam
• The Movement
• The Conservative Response

7
LYNDON JOHNSON AND THE APEX OF LIBERALISM

• The New President
• The Great Society Fighting Poverty and
  Discrimination
• The Great Society Improving the Quality of Life
• The Liberal Warren Court

8
The New President

• From Texas poverty, to powerful Senator, to Vice
  President, Johnson assumes Presidency at
  Kennedys death
• Retains Kennedy cabinet and advisers
• Wins reelection in 1964 over conservative
  Goldwater
• A liberal President with a large mandate and a
  liberal Congress

9
The Great Society Fighting Poverty

• Johnsons War on Poverty
• Aid to Families with Dependent Children
• Raise in Social Security payments
• Head Start
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act
• The Job Corps
• Volunteers in Service to America

10
The Great Society Fighting Discrimination

• The Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Selma, Alabama
• Voting Rights Act
• Mississippis black voters increases from 7 to
  60 in 2 years

11
The Great Society Improving the Quality of Life

• Medicare medical needs for Americans over 65
• Medicaid health care for the indigent
• Surgeon Generals warning on cigarettes
• Nadar and the Corvair
• The Environment
• Clean Air Act and the Clean Waters Act
• Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and the Wilderness Act

12
The Liberal Warren Court

• Gideon v. Wainwright right to legal counsel
• Escabedo v. Illionis right to counsel during
  interrogation
• Miranda v. Arizona required police to read the
  arrested their rights
• Griswold v. Connecticut contraception devices
  private choice
• Loving v. Virginia overturns restrictions on
  interracial marriage

13
INTO WAR IN VIETNAM

• The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States
• Johnsons War
• Americans in Southeast Asia
• 1968 The Turning Point

14
The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States

• September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam
  independent of French colonialism
• American and Britain support France in its war
  with the Vietminh
• Geneva Accords divide Vietnam temporarily and
  elections are to be held within 2 years to
  reunify the country
• After the French pull out, U.S. in effort to
  stave off communism in the south, creates new
  government headed by Diem.
• The National Liberation Front (U.S. labeled
  Vietcong)
• Diem assassinated

15
Johnsons War

• Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara
• The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• March 8, 1965 American troops enter Vietnam
• A guerrilla style war and bombing

16
Americans in Southeast Asia

• U.S. optimism and miscalculations
• U.S. troops typically poor, and minorities with
  less education than those with those able to
  obtain deferments
• NLF committed and tenacious fighters
• Although the supporting U.S. troops have superior
  technology, ambushes and small skirmishes
  frustrate the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces
• March 16, 1968 My Lai

17
U.S. Troop and Casualty Levels in Vietnam
18
1968 The Turning Point

• January 30, 1968 The Tet Offensive
• North Korea seizes U.S. intelligence ship, Pueblo
• British financial collapse and withdrawal from
  the Suez Canal
• March 1968 dollars traded for gold
• March 31, 1968 Johnson end to U.S. escalation of
  war and negotiations in Paris

19
THE MOVEMENT

• From Civil Rights to Black Power
• The New Left and the Struggle Against the War
• Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture
• Womens Liberation
• The Many Fronts of Liberation

20
From Civil Rights to Black Power

• White organizers, Schwerner and Goodman, along
  with black co-worker, Chaney are murdered by KKK
• 1964s Freedom Summer
• Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam
• The Black Panthers and the summer riots
• Black is Beautiful, black pride
• Blacks in the political arena

21
The New Left and the Struggle Against the War

• Students for a Democratic Society and the Port
  Huron Statement
• Free Speech Movement at Berkeley
• The Fulbright hearings on the war
• Draft resistance
• Violent reactions
• Black militants, white radicals, Weather
  Underground (The Weathermen)

22
Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture

• An alternative society disavowing materialism,
  competition, conformity.
• Hippies, mind-expanding drugs, the search for
  new spirituality
• The sexual revolution
• The Pill, Roe v. Wade

23
Womens Liberation

• 1966 National Organization for Women founded
• 1968 Feminists protest at the Miss America
  contest
• something more than my husband and my children
  and my house Betty Frieden

24
The Many Fronts of Liberation

• Chicanos
• Cesar Chávez and the farm workers union
• Puerto Ricans
• The Young Lords
• Native Americans
• American Indian Movement
• Alcatraz, Wounded Knee
• Gays and Lesbians
• Stonewall Bar Gay Liberation Front

25
THE CONSERVATIVE RESPONSE

• Backlashes
• The Turmoil of 1968 at Home
• The Nixon Administration
• Escalating and Deescalating in Vietnam

26
Backlashes

• Reactions to minorities militancy, challenges to
  traditional gender roles, fear of illicit drugs
  and their effects, resentment of affluent student
  protestors, and minority benefits of the Great
  Society.
• Reflected in politics Nixon, Reagan, George
  Wallace and on TV with Archie Bunker

27
The Turmoil of 1968 at Home

• April 4, 1968 Johnson announces his plans not to
  seek reelection
• Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated
• Robert Kennedy assassinated
• Black neighborhoods break out in riot
• Violence at the Democratic Convention in Chicago

28
The Nixon Administration

• Liberal policies on the environment
• DDT banned
• The Environmental Protection Agency
• Amendments to the Clean Air and Water Acts
• The Endangered Species Act
• Anti-war protests plagued the administration
• Nixons Enemies List
• The Pentagon Papers and the Plumbers

29
Escalating and Deescalating in Vietnam

• Nixon and national security advisor Kissinger
  focus on disengagement in Vietnam in order to
  deal with the Soviet Union and China
• Gradual withdrawal from Vietnam accompanied by
  secret bombings and invasion of Cambodia and Laos
• Anti-war protests intensify
• Kent State April 30, 1970
• U.S. Troops in Vietnam lose morale
• Peace Accords signed in Paris in 1973