Title: Building A Powerful Nation
1Building A Powerful Nation
- American History to the Civil War
(Beginnings-1861)
2I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- First Americans
- May have arrived as many as 40,000 years ago by
crossing a land bridge that once connected Asia
and present-day Alaska - Migrated southward over the centuries
- The descendents of these people are called Native
Americans
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4I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Spanish Exploration
- 1492- Christopher Columbus sailed across the
Atlantic looking for a sea route to India
(resources) - He thought he had landed on the islands off the
coast of Asia called the Indies - He actually landed on the islands of the
Caribbean Sea - 1499- Amerigo Vespucci confirmed Columbus
discovery of the New World
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6I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Columbian Exchange exchange of goods, people,
animals, disease, etc. among the people of the
Americas, Africa, and Europe - 1500s- Spanish explorers, searching for wealth
(esp. gold), conquered civilizations in Central
and South America, including the Aztecs and Incas - 1513- Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for
Spain
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8I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- 1565-St. Augustine, Florida became the first
permanent European settlement in North America
oldest city in the U.S. today - Spain also claimed the land west of the
Mississippi River - Some settlements grew into colonies, or areas
settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by
their parent country
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10I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- French / Dutch Exploration
- 1524- Giovanni de Verrazano, an Italian explorer
for France, explored the eastern coast of N.A.
claimed northern U.S. and Canada for France - 1608- French founded its first successful colony
in N.A. at Quebec - 1626- Dutch (the Netherlands) established New
Amsterdam (now NYC) - Neither wanted to conquer the Indians, they only
wanted to trade with them
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12I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- English Colonization
- Roanoke, NC first major attempt at settlement
-failed twice - -1585 starving settlers returned back to
England - -1587 ended in a great mystery supply ship
found only empty buildings
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14I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Jamestown, VA (1607) first successful English
settlement established by a group of investors
in the Virginia Company with the approval of King
James I - -tried to make money off tobacco, but failed
- -King James then appointed a governor over the
colony
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16I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- The governor shared his power with the House of
Burgesses (1619) lawmaking body of elected
representatives first example of self
government in the English colonies - The King didnt have absolute power either
Magna Carta (1215) made the King obey the laws
and granted many powers to the aristocracy (land
owners)
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18I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Tobacco was the only thing that saved Jamestown
- John Rolfe was the first colonist to send tobacco
to Europe (1614) - Not raised in Europe- learned from Indians
- Settlers then began to move out of Jamestown and
built huge farms, or plantations
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20I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Growth of English Colonies
- By 1643 16,000 colonists were living in the
Massachusetts Bay Colony most of these settlers
were Puritans (religious group who wanted to
purify the Church of England) - Came to N.A. for religious freedom tried to
convert the Indians
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22I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Mercantilism economic theory that said a
country should try to obtain and hold on to as
much gold and silver as possible more money
more power -
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24I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- To control colonial trade, King Charles II
approved the Navigation Act (1660) required the
colonies to sell certain goods (sugar, tobacco,
etc.) only to England - Salutary Neglect policy of England towards the
13 colonies during the early 1700s colonists
were left alone as long as they - 1) Sent raw materials back to England
- 2) bought English goods
- 3) remained loyal to England
25I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- Colonial Economies by the 1700s, the colonies
could be grouped into 3 regions, each with its
own economy - 1) Southern Colonies plantation farming
rice and cotton VA, MD, NC, SC, GA - 2) Middle Colonies mixed economy of farming
and commerce (business) tobacco NY, NJ, DE,
PA - 3) New England Colonies small farms and long
distance trade MA, NH, CT, RI
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27I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- The new colonies relied on triangular trade
(trade between Americas, Europe, Africa) - The part of the journey that carried African
slaves to the Americas was called the Middle
Passage
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30I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- For enslaved African, the voyage to America
usually began with a forced march to the West
Africa coast, where they were sold to Europeans,
branded, and crammed into ships. - Packed together in the ships filthy holds for
more than a month the Africans could hrdly sit or
stand. - Given minimal food and drink, and those that died
or became sick were thrown overboard.
31I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- African Americans in the Colonies
- By the mid-1700s, 20 of all colonists were from
African descent - Using slave labor provided several advantages for
the colonists - 1) master had complete control over his slaves
- 2) cheap labor
- 3) slaves worked until they died or were sold
- 4) children of slaves became slaves
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33I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
- The tasks of slaves were not the same because of
the diversity, or variety, of the colonial
economies - 1) deep South slaves worked on cotton and
rice - plantations
- 2) middle colonies slaves worked on tobacco
- plantations
- 3) New England slaves worked as
- housekeepers, cooks, etc.
34- Some Africans in the colonies were free but
they were brought to the colonies against their
will and faced discrimination
35II. The American Revolution
- French and Indian War (1754-1763)
- 1753 the Virginia governor felt the need to
protect his colonys claim to the Ohio River
sent troops, led by George Washington, to take a
French fort on the Ohio failed - British and their colonists vs. French and their
Indian allies - The final struggle for control of eastern N.A.
36II. The American Revolution
- Most Native Americans allied with the French
because they thought they were less likely to
disrupt their way of life - The British drove the French out of New York and
Quebec won the war with the capture of Quebec - Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war forced
France to turn over Canada to the British
37II. The American Revolution
- Events Leading to the Am. Revolution
- Colonists had helped the British win the war
Americans thought they should have the same
rights as English citizens - G.B.s attitude changed after the war because
of huge debts following the war, Parliament
passed laws designed to collect more money from
the colonists
38II. The American Revolution
- G.B. also set aside their practice of salutary
neglect and began to interfere in local matters - Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists from
settling the lands west of the Appalachians
they wouldnt have to spend money to protect
those lands - New policies angered the colonists decisions
made without an American vote in Parliament
should be no taxation, without representation
39II. The American Revolution
- Colonists began to boycott British goods
- When G.B. refused to back down, the colonists
decided to meet and plan a united response this
gathering became known as the First Continental
Congress - All the colonies except GA were represented by
the 56 delegates in Philadelphia in 1774 called
for the people to arm themselves and form militias
40II. The American Revolution
- King George did not back down called the
colonists rebels - April 18, 1775 700 British troops marched
toward Concord, MA (20 miles from Boston)
intended to seize a stockpile of weapons - In Lexington (5 miles from Concord) they met 130
protesting colonists and ordered them to give up
their guns many refused
41II. The American Revolution
- No one knows who fired the first shot 8
Americans died and 9 others were injured the
British moved on to Concord and burned the
supplies - As the British troops were returning to Boston,
4,000 Patriots gathered along the road - When the Battles of Lexington and Concord were
over, more than ¼ of the British soldiers had
been killed or wounded
42II. The American Revolution
- The Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
- The Second Continental Congress met less than a
month after the battles some wanted
independence others wanted a compromise with the
British 2 things were decided - 1. Creation of a Continental Army led by
George Washington - 2. Olive Branch Petition expressed the
colonists continued loyalty to the King and
begged him for a compromise
43II. The American Revolution
- King George refused the Olive Branch Petition
- July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence
was signed written mainly by Thomas Jefferson
listed all the wrongs done by King George against
the colonists - G.B. didnt expect a long war troops were
better trained and better equipped - Washington knew the colonists must outlast the
British would never give up, even after several
defeats
44II. The American Revolution
- After years of fighting the war came down to the
Battle of Yorktown in 1781 - -British troops, led by Gen. Lord Cornwallis,
had moved to the peninsula between the York and
James rivers waiting for reinforcements - -Washington moved a combined Am. and
French force south the French also set up a
blockade off the VA coast
45II. The American Revolution
- -the French ships drove off the British navy
- -a few days later Washingtons troops arrived
- and began to pound Yorktown Cornwallis had
no escape and was forced to surrender - Nearly two years later the Treaty of Paris (1783)
was signed established the independence of the
U.S. and outlined the borders of the country
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47The United States (1789-1830)
- A. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
- Americans began to migrate westward
- Pres. Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris
to buy the city of New Orleans - He could pay up to 10 million for the land
- Napoleon offered to sell all of the French land
to the U.S. (known as Louisiana) - Monroe offered 15 million for the land
- Doubled the size of the U.S.
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49III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the
Louisiana Purchase 3 goals - 1) find a river route to the Pacific
- 2) make contact with the Indians
- 3) gather information about the natural
resources - Hired a Canadian fur trapper and his wife,
Sacajawea (Shoshone Indian), to navigate and
interpret
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51III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Zebulon Pike explored the Rocky Mts. and then
southward to Spanish held territories (1806-1807) - Foreign Issues
- Embargo Act of 1807 an embargo is a restriction
on trade with other countries Jefferson imposed
an embargo on France and England in response to
attacks on American trading ships American
businesses hated it eventually led to war with
England
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53III. The United States (1789-1830)
- War of 1812 -U.S. v. England
- -caused by Englands interference with American
trade and encouragement of Indians to resist - settlement of the West
- -England had a superior navy - British burned the
Capital and the White House in Aug. 1812 - -forced Pres. Madison to flee
- -Treaty of Ghent ended the war - all old
boundaries restored - -Gen. Andrew Jackson became an American hero
following the Battle of New Orleans
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55III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Domestic Issues
- 1818 Pres. James Monroe est. boundary between
U.S. and Canada - 1821 U.S. bought Florida from Spain
- 1823 Pres. Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
which warned all nations against any colonization
in the Americas
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57III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Missouri Compromise (1820) over the issue of
slavery in the West - -Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave state
- -northerners opposed it because it would give
slave states a majority in Congress - -Congress agreed to 3 provisions developed by
the Great Compromiser, Henry Clay -
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59III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
- Maine (once a part of northern Mass.) would be
admitted as a free state - As the U.S. expanded westward, states north of
Missouris southern border would be free states
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61III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Indian Relocation 1820s, wealthy plantation
owners were looking to expand westward into
Indian lands - -the Five Civilized Tribes of the Cherokee,
Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole lived in
the fertile lands of the South - -they had settled down and become farmers
- -some states began to break treaties with the
Indians by taking land away from them
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63III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Indian Removal Act (1830) - Congress gave Pres.
Andrew Jackson the authority to give Indians land
in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange
for land taken from them in the SE - -About 100,000 from the Five Tribes were
relocated - -For 100 million acres of fertile land the
Indians got about 32 million acres of prairie
land in what became known as Indian Territory
(present-day Oklahoma)
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65III. The United States (1789-1830)
- Because of their American way of life, some
Cherokee were allowed to stay in Georgia - However, gold was discovered in their lands
- White miners moved in
- Georgia took 9 million acres of Cherokee land,
violating treaties with the tribe
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67III. The United States (1789-1830)
- The Cherokee sued, but Chief Justice John
Marshall ruled that they had no legal standing in
the American courts, because they were not
citizens - Later in the Supreme Court Case Worcester v.
Georgia (1832), Marshall ruled that Georgia had
no authority over Cherokee territory - Georgia ignored the ruling
- 1838 U.S. Army moved approx. 15,000 Cherokee on
a journey now called the Trail of Tears 116 day
march 25 died
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69The United States (1830-1860)
- Western Expansion
- Crowded conditions in the east is one reason why
people moved west - -Ex 1780 - 2.7 million
- 1830 - 12 million
- Manifest Destiny (1830s-1840s) the belief that
the U.S. should control all of N.A. Ex - 1) Oregon Territory (1846) - U.S. and England
agreed to divide Oregon along the 49th parallel - 2) Land held by Mexico led to war
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71IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- War with Mexico / Gold in California
- Conflict began when 1000s of Americans who had
settled in TX (Mexican territory) demanded
independence from Mexico - Those settlers formed the Republic of Texas in
1836
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73IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- Mexicos dictator, Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna, sent troops to TX to put down the rebellion - Became known as the Texas War for Independence
- The Texans eventually won and became an
independent country - 1845 Texas was annexed (added) to the U.S.
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75IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- Pres. James K. Polk wanted more from Mexico than
just TX - He wanted the land from TX to the Pacific
- Offered to buy it from Mexico but they refused
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77IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- Mexican War (1846-1848) started over a border
dispute - Americans claimed the Rio Grande River was the
border between TX and Mexico - Polk sent in troops to protect the border
- Mexico attacked and the war was on
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79IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hildalgo - - forced Mexico to give up NM, AZ, and CA to the
U.S. - - also established the Rio Grande as the border
- Gadsden Purchase (1854) U.S. bought 30,000 sq.
miles from Mexico for 10 million (southern NM
and AZ)
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81IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- California Gold Rush (1849) gold was discovered
at Johann Sutters mill in CA in Jan. 1848 - Reported by the newspapers and the rush was on
- -1848- 14,000 people
- -1849- 100,000 people
- Disease killed 1000s of Indians
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83IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- Growing Sectional Differences
- 1850s U.S. realized that the nations 2 main
sections (North and South) were moving in
opposite directions - North South
- Population 21.5 million 9 million
- Railroad mileage 21,700 miles 9,000 miles
- of factories 110,100 20,600
- of factory workers 1.17 million 111,000
- Value of products 1.62 billion 155 million
- Cotton (bales) 4,000 5 million
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84IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- Major Events Over the Issue of Slavery
- Missouri Compromise (1820) see previous notes
- Compromise of 1850 created by Henry Clay 4
provisions - a) CA admitted as a free state
- b) people in NM and Utah territories given
popular sovereignty (right to decide to be
free or slave) - c) slave trade abolished (did away with) in
Wash. D.C., but not slavery itself -
85IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- d) Fugitive Slave Act ordered all Americans
to assist in the return of runaway slaves - Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) written in
- response to the Fug. Slave law by Harriet
Beecher Stowe portrayed slave owners as
brutal masters southerners hated it
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87IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- 4. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) divided Kansas
and Nebraska into 2 states each was given
popular sovereignty a minor war broke out over
the issue of slavery (Bleeding Kansas) Kansas
eventually admitted as a free state
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89IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- 5. John Browns Raid (1859) John Brown was an
abolitionist (those that opposed slavery) who
invaded Harpers Ferry, VA to steal a stockpile
of weapons to give to slaves convicted of
treason and hung
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91IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- Election of 1860 differences over slavery split
the Democratic Party and allowed a Republican,
Abraham Lincoln, to win the election carried
(won) all of the northern states (greater
population than the south) some states had
already promised to secede (formal separation)
from the Union if Lincoln was elected
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93IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- After the election, 7 states voted to secede and
form their own country (Confederate States of
America) - South Carolina (1st)
- Georgia
- Florida
- Alabama
- Mississippi
- Louisiana
- Texas
94IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- After a southern victory at Fort Sumter in
Charleston, SC (Union fort on Conf. soil) by
Conf. general P.G.T. Beauregard, 4 more states
voted to secede - Tennessee
- Virginia
- Arkansas
- North Carolina
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96IV. The United States (1830-1860)
- The northwest section of Virginia didnt want to
secede from the Union, so they seceded from
Virginia and formed West Virginia