Building A Powerful Nation

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Building A Powerful Nation

• American History to the Civil War
  (Beginnings-1861)

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• First Americans
• May have arrived as many as 40,000 years ago by
  crossing a land bridge that once connected Asia
  and present-day Alaska
• Migrated southward over the centuries
• The descendents of these people are called Native
  Americans

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Spanish Exploration
• 1492- Christopher Columbus sailed across the
  Atlantic looking for a sea route to India
  (resources)
• He thought he had landed on the islands off the
  coast of Asia called the Indies
• He actually landed on the islands of the
  Caribbean Sea
• 1499- Amerigo Vespucci confirmed Columbus
  discovery of the New World

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Columbian Exchange exchange of goods, people,
  animals, disease, etc. among the people of the
  Americas, Africa, and Europe
• 1500s- Spanish explorers, searching for wealth
  (esp. gold), conquered civilizations in Central
  and South America, including the Aztecs and Incas
• 1513- Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for
  Spain

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• 1565-St. Augustine, Florida became the first
  permanent European settlement in North America
  oldest city in the U.S. today
• Spain also claimed the land west of the
  Mississippi River
• Some settlements grew into colonies, or areas
  settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by
  their parent country

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• French / Dutch Exploration
• 1524- Giovanni de Verrazano, an Italian explorer
  for France, explored the eastern coast of N.A.
  claimed northern U.S. and Canada for France
• 1608- French founded its first successful colony
  in N.A. at Quebec
• 1626- Dutch (the Netherlands) established New
  Amsterdam (now NYC)
• Neither wanted to conquer the Indians, they only
  wanted to trade with them

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• English Colonization
• Roanoke, NC first major attempt at settlement
  -failed twice
• -1585 starving settlers returned back to
  England
• -1587 ended in a great mystery supply ship
  found only empty buildings

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Jamestown, VA (1607) first successful English
  settlement established by a group of investors
  in the Virginia Company with the approval of King
  James I
• -tried to make money off tobacco, but failed
• -King James then appointed a governor over the
  colony

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• The governor shared his power with the House of
  Burgesses (1619) lawmaking body of elected
  representatives first example of self
  government in the English colonies
• The King didnt have absolute power either
  Magna Carta (1215) made the King obey the laws
  and granted many powers to the aristocracy (land
  owners)

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Tobacco was the only thing that saved Jamestown
• John Rolfe was the first colonist to send tobacco
  to Europe (1614)
• Not raised in Europe- learned from Indians
• Settlers then began to move out of Jamestown and
  built huge farms, or plantations

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Growth of English Colonies
• By 1643 16,000 colonists were living in the
  Massachusetts Bay Colony most of these settlers
  were Puritans (religious group who wanted to
  purify the Church of England)
• Came to N.A. for religious freedom tried to
  convert the Indians

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Mercantilism economic theory that said a
  country should try to obtain and hold on to as
  much gold and silver as possible more money
  more power

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• To control colonial trade, King Charles II
  approved the Navigation Act (1660) required the
  colonies to sell certain goods (sugar, tobacco,
  etc.) only to England
• Salutary Neglect policy of England towards the
  13 colonies during the early 1700s colonists
  were left alone as long as they
• 1) Sent raw materials back to England
• 2) bought English goods
• 3) remained loyal to England

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• Colonial Economies by the 1700s, the colonies
  could be grouped into 3 regions, each with its
  own economy
• 1) Southern Colonies plantation farming
  rice and cotton VA, MD, NC, SC, GA
• 2) Middle Colonies mixed economy of farming
  and commerce (business) tobacco NY, NJ, DE,
  PA
• 3) New England Colonies small farms and long
  distance trade MA, NH, CT, RI

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• The new colonies relied on triangular trade
  (trade between Americas, Europe, Africa)
• The part of the journey that carried African
  slaves to the Americas was called the Middle
  Passage

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• For enslaved African, the voyage to America
  usually began with a forced march to the West
  Africa coast, where they were sold to Europeans,
  branded, and crammed into ships.
• Packed together in the ships filthy holds for
  more than a month the Africans could hrdly sit or
  stand.
• Given minimal food and drink, and those that died
  or became sick were thrown overboard.

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• African Americans in the Colonies
• By the mid-1700s, 20 of all colonists were from
  African descent
• Using slave labor provided several advantages for
  the colonists
• 1) master had complete control over his slaves
• 2) cheap labor
• 3) slaves worked until they died or were sold
• 4) children of slaves became slaves

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I. Exploration and the Colonial Era

• The tasks of slaves were not the same because of
  the diversity, or variety, of the colonial
  economies
• 1) deep South slaves worked on cotton and
  rice
• plantations
• 2) middle colonies slaves worked on tobacco
• plantations
• 3) New England slaves worked as
• housekeepers, cooks, etc.

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• Some Africans in the colonies were free but
  they were brought to the colonies against their
  will and faced discrimination

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II. The American Revolution

• French and Indian War (1754-1763)
• 1753 the Virginia governor felt the need to
  protect his colonys claim to the Ohio River
  sent troops, led by George Washington, to take a
  French fort on the Ohio failed
• British and their colonists vs. French and their
  Indian allies
• The final struggle for control of eastern N.A.

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II. The American Revolution

• Most Native Americans allied with the French
  because they thought they were less likely to
  disrupt their way of life
• The British drove the French out of New York and
  Quebec won the war with the capture of Quebec
• Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war forced
  France to turn over Canada to the British

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II. The American Revolution

• Events Leading to the Am. Revolution
• Colonists had helped the British win the war
  Americans thought they should have the same
  rights as English citizens
• G.B.s attitude changed after the war because
  of huge debts following the war, Parliament
  passed laws designed to collect more money from
  the colonists

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II. The American Revolution

• G.B. also set aside their practice of salutary
  neglect and began to interfere in local matters
• Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists from
  settling the lands west of the Appalachians
  they wouldnt have to spend money to protect
  those lands
• New policies angered the colonists decisions
  made without an American vote in Parliament
  should be no taxation, without representation

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II. The American Revolution

• Colonists began to boycott British goods
• When G.B. refused to back down, the colonists
  decided to meet and plan a united response this
  gathering became known as the First Continental
  Congress
• All the colonies except GA were represented by
  the 56 delegates in Philadelphia in 1774 called
  for the people to arm themselves and form militias

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II. The American Revolution

• King George did not back down called the
  colonists rebels
• April 18, 1775 700 British troops marched
  toward Concord, MA (20 miles from Boston)
  intended to seize a stockpile of weapons
• In Lexington (5 miles from Concord) they met 130
  protesting colonists and ordered them to give up
  their guns many refused

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II. The American Revolution

• No one knows who fired the first shot 8
  Americans died and 9 others were injured the
  British moved on to Concord and burned the
  supplies
• As the British troops were returning to Boston,
  4,000 Patriots gathered along the road
• When the Battles of Lexington and Concord were
  over, more than ¼ of the British soldiers had
  been killed or wounded

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II. The American Revolution

• The Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
• The Second Continental Congress met less than a
  month after the battles some wanted
  independence others wanted a compromise with the
  British 2 things were decided
• 1. Creation of a Continental Army led by
  George Washington
• 2. Olive Branch Petition expressed the
  colonists continued loyalty to the King and
  begged him for a compromise

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II. The American Revolution

• King George refused the Olive Branch Petition
• July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence
  was signed written mainly by Thomas Jefferson
  listed all the wrongs done by King George against
  the colonists
• G.B. didnt expect a long war troops were
  better trained and better equipped
• Washington knew the colonists must outlast the
  British would never give up, even after several
  defeats

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II. The American Revolution

• After years of fighting the war came down to the
  Battle of Yorktown in 1781
• -British troops, led by Gen. Lord Cornwallis,
  had moved to the peninsula between the York and
  James rivers waiting for reinforcements
• -Washington moved a combined Am. and
  French force south the French also set up a
  blockade off the VA coast

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II. The American Revolution

• -the French ships drove off the British navy
• -a few days later Washingtons troops arrived
• and began to pound Yorktown Cornwallis had
  no escape and was forced to surrender
• Nearly two years later the Treaty of Paris (1783)
  was signed established the independence of the
  U.S. and outlined the borders of the country

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The United States (1789-1830)

• A. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Americans began to migrate westward
• Pres. Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris
  to buy the city of New Orleans
• He could pay up to 10 million for the land
• Napoleon offered to sell all of the French land
  to the U.S. (known as Louisiana)
• Monroe offered 15 million for the land
• Doubled the size of the U.S.

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
  Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the
  Louisiana Purchase 3 goals
• 1) find a river route to the Pacific
• 2) make contact with the Indians
• 3) gather information about the natural
  resources
• Hired a Canadian fur trapper and his wife,
  Sacajawea (Shoshone Indian), to navigate and
  interpret

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Zebulon Pike explored the Rocky Mts. and then
  southward to Spanish held territories (1806-1807)
• Foreign Issues
• Embargo Act of 1807 an embargo is a restriction
  on trade with other countries Jefferson imposed
  an embargo on France and England in response to
  attacks on American trading ships American
  businesses hated it eventually led to war with
  England

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• War of 1812 -U.S. v. England
• -caused by Englands interference with American
  trade and encouragement of Indians to resist
• settlement of the West
• -England had a superior navy - British burned the
  Capital and the White House in Aug. 1812
• -forced Pres. Madison to flee
• -Treaty of Ghent ended the war - all old
  boundaries restored
• -Gen. Andrew Jackson became an American hero
  following the Battle of New Orleans

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Domestic Issues
• 1818 Pres. James Monroe est. boundary between
  U.S. and Canada
• 1821 U.S. bought Florida from Spain
• 1823 Pres. Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
  which warned all nations against any colonization
  in the Americas

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Missouri Compromise (1820) over the issue of
  slavery in the West
• -Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave state
• -northerners opposed it because it would give
  slave states a majority in Congress
• -Congress agreed to 3 provisions developed by
  the Great Compromiser, Henry Clay

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

1. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
2. Maine (once a part of northern Mass.) would be
   admitted as a free state
3. As the U.S. expanded westward, states north of
   Missouris southern border would be free states

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Indian Relocation 1820s, wealthy plantation
  owners were looking to expand westward into
  Indian lands
• -the Five Civilized Tribes of the Cherokee,
  Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole lived in
  the fertile lands of the South
• -they had settled down and become farmers
• -some states began to break treaties with the
  Indians by taking land away from them

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Indian Removal Act (1830) - Congress gave Pres.
  Andrew Jackson the authority to give Indians land
  in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange
  for land taken from them in the SE
• -About 100,000 from the Five Tribes were
  relocated
• -For 100 million acres of fertile land the
  Indians got about 32 million acres of prairie
  land in what became known as Indian Territory
  (present-day Oklahoma)

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• Because of their American way of life, some
  Cherokee were allowed to stay in Georgia
• However, gold was discovered in their lands
• White miners moved in
• Georgia took 9 million acres of Cherokee land,
  violating treaties with the tribe

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III. The United States (1789-1830)

• The Cherokee sued, but Chief Justice John
  Marshall ruled that they had no legal standing in
  the American courts, because they were not
  citizens
• Later in the Supreme Court Case Worcester v.
  Georgia (1832), Marshall ruled that Georgia had
  no authority over Cherokee territory
• Georgia ignored the ruling
• 1838 U.S. Army moved approx. 15,000 Cherokee on
  a journey now called the Trail of Tears 116 day
  march 25 died

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The United States (1830-1860)

• Western Expansion
• Crowded conditions in the east is one reason why
  people moved west
• -Ex 1780 - 2.7 million
• 1830 - 12 million
• Manifest Destiny (1830s-1840s) the belief that
  the U.S. should control all of N.A. Ex
• 1) Oregon Territory (1846) - U.S. and England
  agreed to divide Oregon along the 49th parallel
• 2) Land held by Mexico led to war

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• War with Mexico / Gold in California
• Conflict began when 1000s of Americans who had
  settled in TX (Mexican territory) demanded
  independence from Mexico
• Those settlers formed the Republic of Texas in
  1836

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• Mexicos dictator, Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa
  Anna, sent troops to TX to put down the rebellion
• Became known as the Texas War for Independence
• The Texans eventually won and became an
  independent country
• 1845 Texas was annexed (added) to the U.S.

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• Pres. James K. Polk wanted more from Mexico than
  just TX
• He wanted the land from TX to the Pacific
• Offered to buy it from Mexico but they refused

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• Mexican War (1846-1848) started over a border
  dispute
• Americans claimed the Rio Grande River was the
  border between TX and Mexico
• Polk sent in troops to protect the border
• Mexico attacked and the war was on

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe
  Hildalgo
• - forced Mexico to give up NM, AZ, and CA to the
  U.S.
• - also established the Rio Grande as the border
• Gadsden Purchase (1854) U.S. bought 30,000 sq.
  miles from Mexico for 10 million (southern NM
  and AZ)

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• California Gold Rush (1849) gold was discovered
  at Johann Sutters mill in CA in Jan. 1848
• Reported by the newspapers and the rush was on
• -1848- 14,000 people
• -1849- 100,000 people
• Disease killed 1000s of Indians

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• Growing Sectional Differences
• 1850s U.S. realized that the nations 2 main
  sections (North and South) were moving in
  opposite directions
• North South
• Population 21.5 million 9 million
• Railroad mileage 21,700 miles 9,000 miles
• of factories 110,100 20,600
• of factory workers 1.17 million 111,000
• Value of products 1.62 billion 155 million
• Cotton (bales) 4,000 5 million

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• Major Events Over the Issue of Slavery
• Missouri Compromise (1820) see previous notes
• Compromise of 1850 created by Henry Clay 4
  provisions
• a) CA admitted as a free state
• b) people in NM and Utah territories given
  popular sovereignty (right to decide to be
  free or slave)
• c) slave trade abolished (did away with) in
  Wash. D.C., but not slavery itself

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• d) Fugitive Slave Act ordered all Americans
  to assist in the return of runaway slaves
• Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) written in
• response to the Fug. Slave law by Harriet
  Beecher Stowe portrayed slave owners as
  brutal masters southerners hated it

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• 4. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) divided Kansas
  and Nebraska into 2 states each was given
  popular sovereignty a minor war broke out over
  the issue of slavery (Bleeding Kansas) Kansas
  eventually admitted as a free state

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• 5. John Browns Raid (1859) John Brown was an
  abolitionist (those that opposed slavery) who
  invaded Harpers Ferry, VA to steal a stockpile
  of weapons to give to slaves convicted of
  treason and hung

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• Election of 1860 differences over slavery split
  the Democratic Party and allowed a Republican,
  Abraham Lincoln, to win the election carried
  (won) all of the northern states (greater
  population than the south) some states had
  already promised to secede (formal separation)
  from the Union if Lincoln was elected

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• After the election, 7 states voted to secede and
  form their own country (Confederate States of
  America)
• South Carolina (1st)
• Georgia
• Florida
• Alabama
• Mississippi
• Louisiana
• Texas

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• After a southern victory at Fort Sumter in
  Charleston, SC (Union fort on Conf. soil) by
  Conf. general P.G.T. Beauregard, 4 more states
  voted to secede
• Tennessee
• Virginia
• Arkansas
• North Carolina

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IV. The United States (1830-1860)

• The northwest section of Virginia didnt want to
  secede from the Union, so they seceded from
  Virginia and formed West Virginia