Germany Before Bismarck

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Germany Before Bismarck

• Early 1800s industry is growing rapidly
• Zollverein Trade org. that excludes Austria
• Italian unification 1859 stimulated German
  nationalism

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Bismarck 1862

• Called upon to head ministry to suppress
  liberalism
• Blood and Iron
• Prussia and Austria go to war with Denmark
  Bismarck wanted Prussia to control the northern
  Protestant part of Germany

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Provokes Austria into war Seven weeks. Prussia
wins and gives Venetia to Italy Gives Austria
generous terms
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The Taming of Parliament

• Conservatives had to make peace with the liberal
  middle class
• German Govt.
• Federation with king as pres.
• Chancellor responsible only to king
• Controls Army
• And foreign affairs
• Two houses
• Upper house appointed by different states
• Lower house universal male suffrage-appeals to
  working class
• Middle class liberals subdued and happy

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Ruling Parties Align With the Lower Class

• European Countries that have a large working
  class receive social programs
• Middle class taxes pay for social programs
• Governments gain support from the majority- The
  working class

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The Franco Prussian War 1870-1871

• The Ems Dispatch
• Bismarck edits a letter to insult the French over
  succession to the Spanish throne
• Napoleon III demands an apology
• Wilhelm I refuses
• France prepares to teach Prussia a lesson

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Blood and Iron Vs. Elan and Cran
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The War

• Southern German states support cause
• Prussia defeats France at Sedan Sept.1 1870
• Napoleon III is captured and humiliated
• Riots break out in Paris wow thats different
• Napoleon is deposed and The Third Republic is
  born
• Paris is surrounded and starved into submission

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The Hall of Mirrors 1871
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France is Humbled

• Wilhelm I is proclaimed Emperor of Germany at
  Versailles
• France receives harsh terms
• Pay 5 billion Francs
• Cedes the Alsace-Lorraine to Germany

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The Paris Commune 1871

• Parisian Socialists refuse to accept German peace
  terms
• Set up a socialists dictatorship backed by the
  International Working Mens Association and
  Proudhon (Germinal)
• French troops backing the National Assembly of
  the Third Republic in May of 1871 enter Paris and
  kill 20,000 Communards
• Thier that monstrous little gnome Karl Marx

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USA

• Indians
• Slaves
• War with Mexico
• Gold Rush
• Civil War
• Homestead Act
• 13th Amendment

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The Aftermath of Crimea 1853
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Modernization of Russia

• The Great Reforms
• Background
• Serfs were property
• Army recruits 25 years
• Sexually exploited
• Lost the Crimean War
• Ottomans Empire weak
• Russia is behind

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Alexander II (r.1855 1881)
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1861 Emancipation of Serfs
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Alexander II Reforms Russia

• 1861 serfs are freed
• Villages were responsible for payments
• Collectives made it difficult for individuals to
  improve agriculture
• Zemstvo local authorities did not lead to
  greater liberalism.
• Gave Jews certain freedoms

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Russia Marches With Europe Towards Industrialism
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Industrialism in Russia

• Two industrial surges
• 1860 Railways
• 1,250 15,500 miles of track by 1880
• Increases grain production
• Creates a class of modern factory workers

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The Trans-Siberian Railway
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Second Surge Alexander III

• 1881- Alexander III reactionary no political
  modernization
• State owned railways
• The Trans Siberian Line connects Moscow with the
  Pacific Ocean
• Nationalism becomes key

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Russian Steel and Oil Production
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Encourages Foreign Investors

• Extremely successful
• Modern steel factories, by 1900 Russia was one of
  the major producers
• Oil production equaled USA

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Japan and Russia Collide Near Korea
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Russo- Japanese War 1904-05
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The Revolution of 1905

• The Russo-Japanese War
• Russia eyes Korea
• Japan launches surprise attack
• Russia is defeated in 1905

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Bloody Sunday 1905
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Political Upheaval at Home

• Factory workers were organized in illegal labor
  orgs.
• The Army still pinned down in the East
• Massive group of workers attempt to deliver a
  petition to Nicholas II
• Bloody Sunday Guards open fire on
  demonstrators

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Nicholas II
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Upheaval Continues

• General strike of October 1905
• Govt. gives in The October Manifesto.
• Granted full civil rights
• Promised a popularly elected Duma
• Middle class helped the survival of a
  constitutional monarchy

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Liberalism Takes a Step Back

• The tsar had absolute veto
• The Ministers were chosen by the tsar
• The tsar dismisses the Duma
• More power is given to the propertied classes
• Workers, peasants and national minorities are
  weakened

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The Responsive National State

• For the most part the Frame work of the Europe
  was set
• Mass Politics and mass loyalty to the state
• More people could vote
• By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule
• Part of the system
• USA by 1913 women could vote in many state and
  local elections
• Many suffragettes emerged setting the way for
  women to vote after WWI

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Mass Politics

• Political parties had to respond to the will of
  the people
• Multi party system appears in many countries
• In order to pass laws coalitions had to be formed
• Individual parties gain leverage

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The Down Side to Nation States

• The power structure can manipulate the population
  with nationalist rhetoric
• Patriotism and loyalty
• At the expense of international security
• WWI, Iraq?
• Hatred for certain ethnic groups create unity

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The Kulturkampf and Socialism

• Bismarck launches attack on Catholics as an
  impediment to German unity
• Socialism and Liberalism are gaining ground
• Has to reverse his culture struggle to achieve
  greater unity
• Has to give into to some social programs and the
  growing liberal middle class

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The German Empire

• Bismarck controlled the Reichstag popular elected
  body
• Kulturkampf fails
• Crash of 1873
• Bismarck uses tariffs to protect German economy
• Led to anger among other counties and trade wars

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German State Continued

• Socialism was growing in Germany
• Socialist rhetoric transcended the nation state
• Bismarck tried to drive them underground
• The Socialists were too organized-The
  International Working Mens Association

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As a result

• Germany becomes a leader in progressive socialist
  programs
• Social security laws
• Sickness and accident insurance
• 1889 Old age pensions and retirement benefits

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Bismarck is Let Go.The dropping of the pilot

• Social Democratic party by the turn of the
  century gains power
• Many wealthy and middleclass Germans feared The
  Social Democrats but they were becoming less
  radical
• Opposition to military and imperialist aims
  declined
• Social Democrats were Germans first.

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Republican France 1871 The Third Republic

• Adolf Their The government that divides the
  least.
• Gambetta by 1879 parliament becomes boss
• Upper and Lower houses of parliament were
  republicans.
• Many groups coalition politics
• Jules Ferry-mandatory public education
• Teachers could marry
• Husband and wife team could support each other
• Example of secular republicanism

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The Dreyfus Affair

• Jewish officer falsely accused of treason
• Split France apart
• Catholic establishment- for the army
• Republican civil libertarians for Dreyfus
• 1905 reaction against the Church
• State withdrew support
• Members no longer paid by state
• Only socialism stood in the way of republican
  nationalism

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Great Britain and Ireland

• The Vote
• 1832- males of the solid middle-class
• 1859- utilitarian's struggle with how to protect
  the rights of individuals while franchise
  expanded.
• 1884 Disraelis conservative party expands
  franchise to every adult male. Lower class
  expected to be responsible.
• 1906 Lloyd Georges Liberal party raised taxes on
  the rich to create social programs.

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Ireland

• Irish Famine 1840s
• England began concessions
• 1880s Gladstones Liberal party tried to pacify
  Ireland
• Bills did not pass
• Irish support Liberals to receive Home Rule.
• Irish Protestants and Catholics refused mix.
• Ulster refused to accept home rule
• Problem put on hold in 1914 - WWI

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Magyar nationalism Hungary
• 1866 defeated by Prussia
• Dual Monarchy
• Austria threatened by slavs
• 1914 Hungary 1/4 of males could vote

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Jewish Emancipation and Jew Hating

• 1791- French Rev. Jews gain rights
• 1848 -1870 continued gains through Liberalism and
  sometimes Socialism
• 1873 stock market crash Jews blamed
• Zionism Jewish national state - Palestine

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Marxism and the Socialist Movement

• Marx wanted an international proletariat
• The Socialist International
• Rapid growth after 1871
• 1912 millions of followers especially Germany
• The Workers International
• Marx Authors Das Capital. 1867
• Embraced the Paris Commune
• First International collapses
• May Day one day strike
• Second International

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Unions and Revisionism

• European Socialism became militantly moderate
• Gradual change
• Less revolution
• Sober action

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• Workers gained the right to vote, used elections
  to make change
• National pride
• Schools
• Military
• Aggressive foreign policy
• Standard of living improved
• Growth of labor unions
• For a long time illegal
• 1870-1906 legalizedGermany

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• Socialist not really interested in unions they
  wanted revolution
• Unions focused on bread and butter issues
• Wages
• Working conditions
• Collective bargaining brought improvement-
  revision not revolution Militant Marxist saw
  this as a sin.
• Second International rejects revision

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By 1914

• Socialist parties were clearly nationalistic
• Germany
• France
• Great Britain
• By WWI socialist leaders supported their
  government