Texas and the Nation

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Chapter 2
Texas and the Nation
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Federalism in the Constitution

• Federalism A system in which the federal
  government shares power with lower levels of
  government.
• The United States Constitution divides power
  between the federal and state governments.

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Federalism in the Constitution

• Why federalism?
• The original states already existed at the time
  of the Revolution.
• The states created the federal government, not
  the other way around.
• The former colonists distrusted strong, central
  governments.

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Dual Federalism, 17891937

• Dual Federalism a constitutional interpretation
  that gave the federal government exclusive
  control over some issues and states exclusive
  control over others.
• The federal government was small and dealt
  primarily with foreign affairs and commerce.
• Internal improvements, like roads and canals
• Tariffs (taxes on imports), Patents, Currency

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Dual Federalism, 17891937

• States performed the majority of governing over
  citizens day-to-day lives
• Property law
• Civil law (marriage, divorce, adoption)
• Criminal law
• Dual federalism allowed states to experiment with
  policies
• Very different sets of rights from state to state

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Cooperative Federalism

• Cooperative Federalism model in which the
  various levels of government work together to
  solve policy problems, often with the federal
  government providing some portion of the funding,
  which is spent by the states or localities

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Cooperative Federalism

• Expansion of federal power diminishes the old
  paradigm of dual federalism
• Cooperation between state and federal governments
  replaces dual federalism
• Morton Grodzins cake analogy
• Dual federalism as a layer cake
• Cooperative federalism as a marble cake

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New Federalism

• Devolve many policies back to the states
• Nixon
• Block grants, less federal money and interference
• Reagan
• Federal aid to states cut by 12 percent
• Remove federal government, as much as possible,
  from local matters governed by states
• Clinton
• Welfare reform in 1996, grants tied to federal
  rules

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Cooperative Federalism

• Regulated Federalism
• With increased funding, the federal government
  demanded higher standards and stricter uses for
  funds.
• Preemption
• The principle that allows the federal government
  to override state/local actions in certain policy
  areas
• Occurs when state/local actions do not agree with
  national requirements

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Cooperative Federalism

• Congress dramatically increased unfunded
  mandates rules forcing states to spend their own
  money to comply with federal law.
• Backlash to federal preemption and unfunded
  mandates led to calls for devolution
  transferring responsibility from federal
  government to state/local governments
• Popular since the 1970s
• Idea led to New Federalism

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The New Deal

• Grants-in-aid (categorical grants)
• Funds provided by federal government to state or
  local government for a specific purpose
• New Deal expanded to include social programs
• Includes competitive project grants
• State and local governments compete for funds
  based on merit of their proposals

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The Growth of Federal Funds in Texas
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Coercive Federalism

• Federal regulations force states to change their
  policies to meet national goals.
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
• Patient Protection Affordable Health Care Act
  (common Affordable Health Care, Obamacare)

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Texas Joins the United States

• 1845 Texas becomes the 28th state
• 1869 Texas receives four congressional districts

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A Growing RoleTexas in the Progressive Era

• Texass influence and standing within the federal
  government expands during the Progressive Era
• President Wilsons administration includes Texans
  who exert political and policy influence
• Burleson, House, Houston, and Gregory

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A Growing RoleTexas in the Progressive Era

• Texass single-party dynamic facilitates
  institutional and political advantages.
• Incumbents often run unopposed.
• Lack of party competition assures re-election.
• Seniority in Congress is easily achieved.
• Ascent to leadership positions is due to tenures
  in Congress.

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Impact of the Progressive Eraon Texas

• Wilson-era policy changes has states lose power
  to the federal government.
• The Federal Reserve System created
• foremost development in federal expansion
• Constitutional changes
• Senators directly elected
• Women granted right to vote
• Federal income tax established

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Texas and the New Deal

• Partisan power and ideological shifts begin
• National Democratic Party Decline
• 1918 Democrats lose Congressional majority
• 1920 Democrats lose presidency
• Texas and former Confederate states remain
  solidly Democratic
• Lose influence in executive and legislative
  branches

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New Deal EraNational Legislative Influence

• Sam Rayburn
• Speaker of the House of Representatives
• Longest tenure in American history (17 years)
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Senate Majority Leader
• Served in all four national offices House,
  Senate, Vice President, President
• In combination, the two exert significant
  national policy influence

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Texas and the New Deal

• Federal role expands via the interstate commerce
  clause
• National regulation of economy
• Institutions now in place (the Fed) allow larger
  role
• National interests in protecting civil rights
• Southern states enduring resistance to extend
  full citizenship to African Americans
• Federal intervention required to secure
  constitutionally guaranteed rights

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Texas and the New Deal

• Schism within Democratic Party due to
• New Deal dividing liberal and conservative
  factions
• Civil Rights splitting party (North vs. South)
• Texas Shivercrats
• conservative Democrats vote for conservative
  Republican (Eisenhower)

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Reagan Era in Texas

• Clear national shift conservatives have left
  Democratic party, now in Republican party
• Many conservative Texans in office switch
  parties, surge of Republicans in the South
• Republican coalition of social and economic
  conservatives
• emphasis on tax cuts, increased state authority,
  traditional family values, and national defense

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Texas Role in Reagan Era

• Texans central to advancing Reagan economic
  policy agenda in House and Senate
• Deregulation, lower taxes, welfare reforms
• Senator Phil Gramm
• PhD in Economics, champions free market theories,
  banking, budget, committee influence
• House Majority Leaders
• Richard Armey, followed by Tom DeLay
• House Ways and Means Committee Chair
• Richard Archer

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Federalism in the Constitution

• Tenth Amendment The powers not delegated to the
  United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited
  by it to the States, are reserved to the States
  respectively, or to the people.

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Texas Role Beyond Reagan Era

• President George H.W. Bush extends Reagan-era
  party and economic policy orientations
• Elected to House of Representatives from Houston,
  later served as CIA Director
• President George W. Bush
• Governor of Texas 19952000
• Both have Texans in high-profile roles, often
  central to political controversies of the day
• James Baker III, Alberto Gonzales, Karl Rove

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Tea Party in Texas

• Tea Party movement emerges out of Republican
  party in 2010
• Strong preference for less/smaller government,
  particularly federal role
• Spending, taxing, regulations
• GOP incorporates and courts Tea Party voters
• Self-identify as Tea Party candidates/members
• Policies/platforms in accord with Tea Party goals
• Establish Tea Party caucuses within legislatures

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Tea Party in Texas

• Tea Party quickly influences Texas GOP
• Texas legislature membership and policy agenda
  more ideologically conservative
• Ted Cruz defeats Lt. Governor Dewhurst for
  Republican party nomination to U.S. Senate
• Cruz ran in primary as the Tea Party candidate
• Governor Rick Perry eschews federal support
• Funds for health care programs for the poor
• State implementation of AHA (Obamacare)

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Federalism in the Constitution

• States retain significant powers
• Tenth Amendment
• Police powers
• concurrent powers