Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

1
Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

• . . . or when people realized they could think
  for themselves.

2
Scientific Revolution (?)

• Middle Ages relied on works of Aristotle and
  Galen
• Renaissance discovered works by Ptolemy,
  Archimedes, and Plato
• Renaissance painters studied the natural world in
  more detail
• Printing Press
• Math

3
Heaven and Earth

• Ancient Belief
• Ptolemaic (geocentric) Earth as center of
  universe with 10 layers of spheres surrounding
• Based on Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christianity
• Modern Understanding
• Nicholas Copernicus heliocentric (sun-centered)
  universe
• Johannes Kepler elliptical orbits of planets,
  proved Copernicus theory
• Galileo Galilei studied astronomy, published
  works that showed Copernicus and Keplers
  theories
• Inquisition
• Isaac Newton universal law of gravitation

4
Nicolaus Copernicus

• 1473 1543
• Polish astronomer
• 1543 publishes On Revolutions of the Heavenly
  Body
• Heliocentric view

5
Johannes Kepler

• 1571 1630
• Danish mathematician
• Mathematically supports Copernicus's theories

6
Galileo Galilei

• 1564 1642
• Italian astronomer
• 1610 publishes Starry Messenger
• Disproved Aristotles view of the universe
• 1632 publishes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief
  World Systems
• Officially proclaimed his heliocentric views
• 1633 Pope requires Galileo to recant
  (Inquisition)
• Held in house arrest until his death

7
Trial of Galileo
8
Isaac Newton

• 1643 1727
• English mathematician
• 1687 publishes Principles of the Natural
  Philosophy
• Treatise of law of gravity
• God is a clockmaker (deism)

9
Medicine

• Ancient View
• Based on Galen dissected animals, 2 types of
  blood based in the liver
• Modern View
• Andreas Vesalius
• On the Fabric of the Human Body
• William Harvey
• On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

10
Secularism

• Rene Descartes I think, therefore I am
• Blaise Pascal tried to unite science and the
  church
• Scientific Method
• Francis Bacon inductive principles
• English Royal Society
• French Royal Academy of Sciences

11
The Enlightenment

• Influence from Scientific Revolution
• Reason applying scientific method to
  understanding life
• Philosophe French intellectuals of the
  Enlightenment
• Influence from Absolutism
• Influences Absolutism

12
English Enlightenment

• Thomas Hobbes
• 1588 1679
• 1651 publishes Leviathan
• People are inherently evil
• People need a strong government to control them
• Hobbes view of Social Contract

13
English Enlightenment

• John Locke
• 1632 1704
• Knowledge is based on experience
• Natural Rights life, liberty, property
• Political power comes from the consent of the
  governed

14
French Philisophes

• Voltaire
• Francois Marie Arouet
• 1694 1778
• Used satire to attack folly and stupidity in
  government
• Friends with Frederick II of Prussia
• Imprisoned twice
• Exiled to England for 2 years

15
French Philisophes

• Baron de Montesquieu
• 1689 1755
• 1748 publishes the Spirit of the Laws
• Promoted a separation of powers in government

16
French Philisophes

• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• 1712 1788
• 1762 publishes the Social Contract
• Ability to make laws is based on the will of the
  people
• Consent of the governed

17
Philisophes and U.S. Politics

• Locke (influenced the U.S. Declaration of
  Independence)
• Governments power comes from the people
• Natural rights (life, liberty, and property)
• Voltaire Free Speech (influenced the U.S. Bill
  of Rights)
• Montesquieu Separation of Powers (influenced
  the U.S. Constitution)
• Rousseau Direct Democracy (influenced the U.S.
  Constitution)

18
Enlightened Thinkers

• Denis Diderot (1713 1784)
• Encyclopedia
• Spread ideas of the Enlightenment
• Adam Smith (1723 1790)
• Economics The Wealth of Nations
• Laissez-faire (hands off) government should
  stay out of peoples lives
• Mary Wollstonecraft (1757 1797)
• Founder of modern European feminism
• Pointed out that enlightened thought would
  include women having equal rights

19
Enlightened Despots

• Absolute leaders that took ideas from the
  Enlightenment
• Frederick II (Prussia)
• First servant of the state
• Voltaire
• Catherine the Great (Russia)
• Voltaire

20
The Arts

• Baroque-Rocco building was seen as a total work
  of art
• Music
• Bach
• Handel
• Haydn
• Mozart