Scientific Revolution

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Scientific Revolution
Commonly viewed as a foundation and origin of
modern science.
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The Scientific Revolution Science Breaks with
Tradition
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What do the following pictures have in common???
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Answer The people who studied these things all
went against sacred Catholic teachings.
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• An Overview

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Theories
Scientific Revolution
Scientists
Roots
Inventions
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• ROOTS

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Greek Rationalists

• The Greeks used reason and logic to figure out
  scientific explanations.
• Hippocrates famous physician known as the
  father of medicine
• Aristotle philosopher who developed logic
• Plato Aristotles teacher
• Pythagoras famous mathematician known for the
  Pythagorean Theorem
• Ptolemy astronomer who said the sun and planets
  revolve around the Earth.

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Scholars of Three Faiths

• Muslim Scholars
• Introduced Arabic numerals to Europe the
  beginning of modern math.
• Muslim scholars preserved the Greek books on
  science.
• Jewish and Christian Scholars agreed
• Aristotles logic and reasoning was the way to
  go.
• There is no conflict between reason and faith.
• Its okay to study science it will not conflict
  with religion.

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Renaissance Humanism

• Humanists
• Revived Greek reason and logic to explore new
  ideas in every field.
• Questioned old ideas such as superstition
• Stressed the importance of speaking and writing
  well
• Believed science is the way to understand the
  universe
• Alchemy
• Experiments to try to turn other metals into gold
  
• Learned more about how nature worked

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The Age of Exploration

• New knowledge from global exploration
• Christopher Columbus had a theory If I sail
  west, I should land in Asia. In 1492, he
  conducted an experiment to test his theory. He
  was dead wrong
• There were two continents (North and South
  America) that Europeans did not know about.
• This made scientists throw accepted ideas out
  the window. From then on, scientists questioned
  EVERYTHING.

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• THEORIES

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New Scientific Theories
Newton (1642-1727 England) The universe operates
by regular laws!
Kepler (1571-1630 Germany) My math proves
planets move in elliptical orbits!
Galileo (1564-1642 Italy) Use my telescope to
see that Copernicus was right!
Brahe (1546-1601 Sweden) Carefully and
accurately record what you observe!
Copernicus (1473-1543 Poland) Sorry! The sun is
the center of the universe!
Ptolemy (ancient Greece) The earth is the
center of the universe!
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New way of thinking ...
Heliocentric everything revolves around the sun
Old way of thinking...
Geocentric everything revolves around the Earth
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• SCIENTISTS

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Francis Bacon

• Concept of experimental thinking
• He popularized the new scientific method of
  observation and experimentation.
• From England

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Nicholas Copernicus

• Founder of modern astronomy

• Polish astronomer
• Concluded that the sun is the center of our solar
  system
• The earth is merely one of several planets
  revolving around the sun.

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Nicholas Copernicus believed the sun was center
of the universe
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HELIOCENTRIC Copernicus belief that the sun
is the center of the universe.
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Johannes Kepler

• German astronomer
• Determined that the planets follow an elliptical,
  not a circular, orbit in revolving around the
  sun.
• Helped explain the paths followed by human-made
  satellites today.

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4 Galileo Galilei

• Came up with law of inertia
• Invented the first effective telescope
• Challenged Church authority

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Galileo Galilei

• Italian astronomer and physicist
• Demonstrated the law of falling bodies and
  greatly improved the telescope
• Confirmed the Copernican theory

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Galileos map of the starsnot the Hollywood
types!
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TELESCOPES Galileo believed that all should
study the stars and the planets. Telescopes
certainly helped.
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Galileo defending his work.
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6 Isaac Newton

• English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist
• Invented calculus
• Discovered laws of light and color
• Formulated the laws of motion
• Calculated the law of gravitation

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5 Issac Newton

• Made great strides in study of gravity, heat and
  light.

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Newton believed in the theory of Gravitynow we
know it is true.
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Rene Descartes

• French Scientist, mathematician, and philosopher
• Discovered laws of optics and is considered the
  founder of analytic geometry.
• I think, therefore, I am.

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Vesalius

• Flemish Physician
• Undertook dissections of the human body
• Founded the science of anatomy

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3 Andreas Vesalius

• First to study human anatomy in 1500 years.

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Examples of tools used by Vesalius for
dissection/inspection of bodies
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Dissection would answer many questions the people
hadbut it was not approved of by the Catholic
Church!
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William Harvey

• English Physician, demonstrated that blood
  circulates through the body
• His research furthered the study of medicine

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1 William Harvey

• First to correctly prove that the heart pumps
  blood.

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William Harvey blood circulates through the
heart and body
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Where does blood come from?
Nofood doesnt turn into blood YesHarvey
proved blood circulated through the body inside
veins and arteries
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• Dutch naturalist
• Perfected the microscope

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How did these scientists change Church beliefs of
the time?

• Harvey changed belief on function of heart
• Copernicus came up with heliocentric theory
  (earth revolves around sun)
• Vesalius changed belief on how human anatomy
  (body) functions
• Galileo used telescope to map stars
• Newton/Galileo gravity forces objects to fall
  at the same speed

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Quiz Time
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• INVENTIONS

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Telescope

• Who invented it
• The Dutch, 1608. Galileo built his in 1609.
  Magnified 30 times
• What it does
• Magnifies things at a distance.
• Improves human observation in astronomy.
• Why it was significant
• Galileo observed Moons revolved around Jupiter.
  So everything does not revolve around the Earth.

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Microscope

• Who invented it
• Robert Hooke, 1667
• What it does
• Magnifies small objects.
• Improves observation in biology and medicine.
• Why it was significant
• Discovered plant cells

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Thermometer

• Who invented it
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• What it does
• Measures temperature.
• Why it was significant
• Boiling point (212F) freezing point (32F)
• Boiling point (100C) freezing point (0C)

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Barometer

• Who invented it
• Torricelli, 1645
• What it does
• Measure atmospheric pressure.
• Why it was significant
• It allows you to forecast the weather.
• When the barometer falls dramatically, you are in
  for bad weather.

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Calculus

• Who invented it
• Sir Isaac Newton of England and Gottfried Wilhelm
  Leibniz of Germany
• What it does
• It provides a systematic way for the exact
  calculation of many areas, volumes, and other
  quantities.
• Why it was significant
• Its the source of todays modern world.
• Without it, we wouldnt have cars, cell phones,
  computers, motorcycles, etc.

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The Scientific Method

• The five scientists all had to write down their
  observations and follow strict rules for
  conducting their experiments. These rules are
  known as The Scientific Method.
• What are the three steps?

3) Make conclusions based on the experiment
1) Form a hypothesis
2) Test your hypothesis
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The Scientific Method gave people new ways of
looking at the world.
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Which of the steps do you consider to be the most
important and why?
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What was the Impact of Scientific Revolution on

• Philosophy Enlightenment and ideas on
  
• government
• World application of science to solve problems
  in society
• Religion mistaken conflict between faith
• and science

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One of Galileos Telescopes
Some telescopes were HUGE!
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Rationalism and Democracy
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Going against Church beliefs examples

• 1 Church taught Heavy objects would fall
  faster then lighter ones.
• Newton proved Objects can fall at
  same speed.
• 2 Church taught Earth was center of
  universe. Galileo/Copernicus proved Its not,
  (using a telescope.)
• 3 Church taught Dissecting human bodies was
  immoral and a sin.
• Vesalius proved Human anatomy is
  important (to understand diseases)

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Effects of the Scientific Revolution

• People felt that human understanding of the
  universe could be reduced to mathematical laws
• The universe no longer appeared to be a mystery-
  people felt that it was orderly, rational and
  most importantly, could be understood by humans
• People felt that humans were able to control
  their own destiny
• The concept of natural laws developed
• Laws similar like those found in science by
  Newton, could govern other aspects of life (ex
  economics, politics, ethics)

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Effects of the SR continued

• Science gained a wider appeal and unprecedented
  popularity
• Science became a profession
• Increased knowledge
• Greater toleration (scientific and religious)
• Less superstition
• More scientific answers
• Freedom to deviate from established theories
  which increased new developments

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Scientific Views and Democratic Ideas

• Why could it be easier for a scientist to come up
  with a new idea today in America?
• Americans allow freedom of speech AND religion
• Many opportunities for new exploration
• Most Americans are more understanding and open
  minded
• Not as much influence from the Church

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Is there new science today that would be hard to
experiment if not for American Democracy?

• Sure!
• Example Genetically Altered Food
• The team of scientists from Harvard, the
  University of Missouri and the University of
  Pittsburgh used a gene from an earthworm, which
  naturally produces omega-3 fatty acids, to
  genetically make their pigs less harmful for
  humans to eat.
• Source LA Times, 3/27/06