JEFFERSON 1801-1809 and MADISON 1809-1813

1
JEFFERSON1801-1809 andMADISON1809-1813
2
THOMAS JEFFERSON

• Home is Monticello, VA
• Pictured on the nickel 2 bill
• 1st President inaugurated in Washington, D.C.
• On Mount Rushmore a state capital named after
  him
• Declaration of Independence
• Died on the 4th of July
• Suffered from migraines
• Kept live bears on White House lawn had a pet
  mockingbird
• Made macaroni cheese, waffles ice cream
  popular

3
JEFFERSON, Third President

• Will serve two terms Republican VA
• Hates crowds and making speeches shrill voice
• Multi-talented
• AGRICULTURALIST, Author, Architect, Attorney,
  Linguist, Educator, Inventor
• Probably the most intellectual, intelligent
  President of U.S.

4
Jefferson the Inventor

• Swivel chair, folding chair
• Hidden staircases, dumb waiters
• First copy machine

5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
The Contradictions of Thomas Jefferson

• A champion of individual liberty who owned slaves
  all his life.
• A fiscal conservative who dies deeply in debt.
• An agrarian idealist who thrives in big cities
• A master politician who fears confrontation and
  abhors government power except when he wields it.

8
JEFFERSON SLAVERY
The rights of human nature are deeply wounded by
this infamous practice of slavery.

• Inherits 5000 acres 52 slaves at age 21
• Inherits more later from father-in-law
  ultimately number at Monticello is up to 267
• Viewed slavery as morally wrong
• Tried twice to pass legislation to emancipate
  slaves
• 1769, Virginia General Assembly
• 1784, Continental Congress
• In his draft of the Declaration of
• Independence in 1776, Jefferson blasted the
• Kings involvement in the Atlantic slave
  trade
• President in 1808 when the slave trade
• abolished

9

• Yet, Jefferson acquired and sold hundreds of
  slaves throughout his lifetime,
• Jefferson was always deeply in debt (a heavy
  spender) and had encumbered his slaves by notes
  mortgages
• Jefferson could not free them until he was free
  of debt, which he never achieved.
• All but one of Jefferson's slaves was sold after
  his death to pay his debts.
• Relationship (for 37 years!), and children, with
  one of his slaves, Sally Hemings
• Jeffersons wife died in 1782 deathbed wish
• Sally was child of Jeffersons father-in-law and
  one of his slaves

10
ELECTION OF 1800

• Jefferson Burr Republican P VP
• Adams Pinckney Federalist P VP
• Jefferson Burr each get 73 votes
• Election thrown into House of Reps each state
  gets one vote (16 states)
• 35 ballot deadlock 8 days!
• Finally, HAMILTON convinces NY to change vote
• 12th Amendment will change electoral college P
  VP now voted for separately
• Was there a Revolution of 1800 with his
  election?
• No, Jeffersonians did take power in White House
  Congress but
• 1st peaceful transfer of power in world history!
• Kept most Federalist programs

11
Jeffersons Inaugural Address

• Principles espoused in inaugural address
• Majority rule with minority rights
• Equal rights for all people
• Source of a governments power is the people
• Against entangling alliances
• Promises to preserve govts credit/pay off debts
• Promises to stimulate commerce as well as
  agriculture
• Stresses need to deemphasize party politics We
  are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.

12
Jeffersons Approach to Office

• Becomes a MODERATE as President
• Did cut taxes (like Whiskey tax)
• Naturalization Act 5 yrs. reestablished
• Did NOT try to alter balance of fed state power
  but did have fundamental belief in strong states
  and individual rights
• New tone played down ceremonial aspects of
  presidency (pell-mell is our law).

13
Jefferson the Courts

• Fundamental belief that courts consistently
  overstepped overstepped their bounds in decisions
• throwing an anchor ahead
• Angered that Federalists had appointed the
• midnight judges
• Chief Justice John Marshall the cousin he
  hated
• Judiciary Act of 1801 appointing of midnight
  judges
• Marbury v. Madison
• Marbury sues Madison for writ of mandamus
  ordering delivery of his commission as justice of
  peace
• Marshall ruled against Marbury. Congress had
  unconstitutionally tried to give this power to
  the Courts
• Established principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW
• Supreme Court has authority to review acts of
  Congress ( P) and determine whether they are
  constitutional
• Jefferson furious seeks impeachment

The Great Chief Justice John Marshall
14
Jefferson the Military

• Military Policies
• REDUCE IT! Hes parsimonious!
• Use peaceful coercion, not military force
• Saw large standing armies as an invitation to
  dictatorship
• Why did he not fear navies as much?
• couldnt march inland endanger freedom
• Barbary Pirates 1801 War with Tripoli
• Tripoli declares war Jefferson sends Mosquito
  Fleet
• U.S. doesnt really win, but is only nation to
  resist the blackmail
• Greatest hero Stephen Decatur
• Captured 2 pirate ships set fire to U.S. ship
  (Philadelphia) to keep it from pirates

15
Louisiana Purchase

• SP-FR transfer in 1800
• Right of deposit revoked in 1802
• Problem of a French Louisiana?
• Potential loss of New Orleans
• French designs on North America

• James Monroe Robert Livingston sent to FR in
  1803 to seek purchase of New Orleans for 10M

16

• Napoleon's reason for selling
• Santo Domingo defeat doesnt need LA as
  breadbasket
• About to go to war with Britain
• Hamilton also instrumental-Napoleon paid in U.S.
  bonds
• Price 15M for entire area of 828,000 sq. mi.
• DOUBLED size of US
• Jefferson troubled by constitutionality of the
  purchase but
• Justified the purchase on basis that it was part
  of Ps implied powers to protect the nation

17
LEWIS CLARKEXPEDITION, 1804-1806

• Accomplished all their objectives
• To find the source of the Missouri river
• Find a usable route across the Rockies to Pacific
  Ocean
• Observe Indian customs, features of the land,
  weather, plants animals

• Guide/Interpreter
• Sacagawea Bird Woman
• Shoshone Indian, married to a French-Canadian
  trapper
• York black slave hunting, fishing skills
• 48 men on the 3 year expedition

18
SACAJAWEA Stolen, held captive, sold,
eventually reunited with the Shoshone
Indians. An interpreter and guide for Lewis and
Clark in 1805-1806 with her husband Toussaint
Charbonneau. She navigated carrying her son, Jean
Baptiste, on her back. She traveled thousands of
miles from the Dakotas to the Pacific Ocean. The
explorers said she was cheerful, never
complained, and proved to be invaluable. She
served as an advisor, caretaker, and is legendary
for her perseverance and resourcefulness.
19
BURR vs. HAMILTON
20
BURR vs. HAMILTON

• Burr leaves Vice Presidency runs for Gov. of
  NY
• Hamilton works against him keeps him from
  winning also exposes Burrs NE secession
  conspiracy (Essex Junto)
• Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel
• NJ, July -1804
• Hamilton fires to miss Burr fires to kill
• Hamilton mortally wounded dies
• bankrupt Federalists leaderless
• Burrs career over.
• he LA Gov. plot to take over Mexico arrested
  tried for treason acquitted flees to Europe

21

• Jefferson reelected by landslide victory in 1804
  winning all but 2 states
• BRITISH (shark) FRENCH (tiger) back at war by
  1805 both interfere with American neutral
  trading rights
• British Orders in Council 1806
• Kept US from trading with FR
• French then issue order to seize
• all merchant ships in BR ports

22

• BRITISH IMPRESSMENT
• Legalized form of kidnapping where BR would stop
  ships, seize American sailors off of them
  press them into service against their will
  (over 6,000 Americans between 1808 1811).

23
ATTACK ON THE CHESAPEAKE, 1807
U.S. warship stopped by BR for search U.S.
refused. BR fired. Killed 3 wounded 18. U.S.
surrendered, BR boarded carried off 4 sailors.
24
EMBARGO ACT

• Americans are clamoring for war Jefferson
• responds instead with EMBARGO ACT Why?
• Wanted to keep U.S. ships off seas safe from BR
  FR
• Too parsimonious to build a good navy
• Act is an economic sanction against the BR FR
  that outlawed all trade with foreign countries
• No US ships could leave country to trade
  imports?
• Effects of the Embargo Act?
• Doesnt really hurt BR or FR
• Has disastrous effects for US -- goods rotting on
  the docks and smuggling increases
• Repealed during Jeffersons last week in office
• Non-Intercourse Act substituted (reopened trade
  with all except BR FR)

25
(No Transcript)
26

• Jeffersons miscalculations
• Extent of European dependence on American trade
• Unpopularity of act difficulty of enforcing it
  in America
• One positive effect Manufacturing renewed in
  New England

27
Jefferson wants to be remembered as
The Founder Of the University of Virginia
the Author of the Declaration of Independence
NOT as President
Monticello
28
JAMESMADISON4TH President

• Two Terms, Republican, VA
• Had served as Jeffersons Secretary of State
• Jeffersons hand-picked successor for President
• Shortest President 54 less than 100 pounds
• Macons Bill No. 2, 1810
• Commerce restored with all countries
• BUT any violation of neutral commerce would
  require reapplication of Non-Intercourse Act

29
James Madison on Slavery

• Pres. Of American Colonization Society
• Felt that freed slaves could not live in white
  society, must be returned to Africa
  compensation given to slave owners
• Left 2,000 to society proceeds from sale of
  his grist mill

• Saw slavery as politically, economically, and
  morally wrong
• Owned slaves
• Indirectly freed one slave, rest were never freed

30

• An incident that illuminates James Madison's
  ambivalence toward the issue of slavery is the
  story of Billey, a body servant who accompanied
  him to Philadelphia during the Continental
  Congress. Madison wrote to his father at
  Montpelier
• "On a view of all circumstances I have judged it
  most prudent not to force Billey back to VA even
  if it could be done and have accordingly taken
  measures for his final separation from me. I am
  persuaded his mind is too thoroughly tainted to
  be a fit companion for fellow slaves in VA. The
  laws here do not admit of his being sold for more
  than 7 years. I do not expect to get near the
  worth of him but cannot think of punishing him
  by transportation merely for coveting that
  liberty for which we have paid the price of so
  much blood, and have proclaimed so often to be
  the right, and worthy pursuit, of every human
  being." James Madison, Jr., to James Madison,
  Sr., 8 September 1783
• His solution was to sell Billey to a Quaker,
  knowing that, by Pennsylvania law, Billey could
  only remain a slave for seven years and then
  would be freed. Billey was indeed freed, adopted
  the last name Gardner, and in his occupation as a
  merchant's agent, was lost at sea a few years
  later.

31
TECUMSEH THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

• While Tecumseh is away, his forces defeated by
  William Henry Harrison at Battle of Tippecanoe
• End of his Indian confederation by 1811
• Westerners claimed that the confederation was
  actually a BR scheme cried for war against BR
• Tecumseh joins BR dies fighting with them in
  War of 1812

• Shawnee Indian excellent leader and warrior
• Formed a Confederation of Indians in the
  trans-Appalachian region
• Brother, Tenskwatawa the Prophet a fanatic
  who is on moral crusade for Indians to give up
  white culture reclaim their own

32
has
THE WAR OF 1812 Mr. Madisons War The Second
War for Independence

• U.S. DECLARES WAR AGAINST BRITISH
• Impressment
• BR interference with US trade neutrality rights
• BR inciting of Indians (Westerners)
• Land fever (FL, Canada)

33
War Hawks

• Objections to War by the
• Federalists . New
• England
• Economic reasons would be worse than Orders in
  Council
• Realism foolish to take on strongest Navy in
  world
• U.S. has only 7 frigates
• Real threat is Napoleon and were aiding him if
  we go to war with BR

34

• U.S. WINS EARLY BATTLES at sea.
• U.S.S. CONSTITUTION (Old Ironsides) VERY
  SUCCESSFUL.
• BR are too involved in Europe fighting Napoleon
  to concentrate on U.S.
• Attack on Canada will fail (poorly planned)

35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY LAKE ERIE
38
COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY LAKE ERIE

• Most important naval victory in the War!
• Summer 1813
• Perrys ship shot to pieces
• Had to row to sister ship, Niagra, during heavy
  battle
• Took charge of Niagra and defeated British
• We have met the enemy and they are ours!
• Instant hero

39
British Strategy

• After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, concentrate
  entire forces on U.S.
• 3 major invasions
• Attack from Chesapeake Bay
• Washington, D.C.
• Baltimore, MD
• Attack at New Orleans

40
WASHINGTON, D.C.

• BRITISH WIN
• Burn the Capitol, White House other public
  buildings
• Done in retaliation for US burning of York,
  Canada
• Dolley Madison
• Escapes from White House with original of
  Washingtons portrait, etc.
• Effect enlistments!

41
BATTLE AT FT. McHENRY (Baltimore)

• Americans win and
• turn the British away after 25 hour bombardment.
• BR then defeated at Plattsburg, NY - retreat to
  Canada war is effectively over.

42
STAR-SPANGLED BANNER Francis Scott Key
43
Jacksons Florida Campaigns
44
HARTFORD CONVENTION

• NE Federalists Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815
• To protest war plan convention of states to
  revise Constitution
• Primary concern continuation of trade w/BR
• New England Radicals seeking secession
  (minority)
• Proposed Constitutional amendments
• Repeal 3/5 compromise
• Require 2/3 vote of Congress for war new states
• Reduce Congress power to restrict trade
• Limit Ps to 1 term
• Totally discredited by Treaty why?

45
BATTLE OFNEW ORLEANS

• Americans are led by Gen. Andrew Jackson
• Recruits militia, blacks, pirates, etc.
• Jacksons plan to defeat the British?

46
Sheltered behind earthen parapet cotton
bales. Picked off 2000 BR soldiers as they
advance in open.
47
But the irony of this battle is ..?
48
TREATY OF GHENT

• Just a Cease-Fire an Armistice
• A return to the status quo ante-bellum
• Last treaty of peace between US BR
• Why does U.S. claim victory?

49
EFFECTS OF THE WAR

• America viewed as a major world power
• Validity of republican form of government is
  established (America held off BR despite the
  internal frictions)
• Federalist Party is effectively destroyed
• HUGE WAVE OF NATIONALISM!
• Internal improvements (transportation)
• Indians are primary losers esp. those opposing
  Jackson US gains 23 million acres in AL GA
• Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817
• Convention of 1818
• Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 (Florida!)