To evaluate the United States as a world power in the early 1800s?

1
To evaluate the United States as a world power in
the early 1800s?

• Do now Open your laptop. Download the PPT file
  entitled U.S. in the early 1800s. Complete the
  do now and be prepared to discuss your answers.

2
Do Now Monroe Doctrine

• Attempts by Spain to restore its authority at
  the end of the Napoleonic Wars triggered a series
  of independence movements in the Spanish
  colonies. The U.S. recognized the independence
  of these nations, but feared Spain might try to
  reconquer them. President Monroe announced the
  Monroe Doctrine (1823).
• The Key to Understanding U.S. History and
  Government
• The Monroe Doctrine had four main points
• 1) The United States would not get involved in
  European affairs.
• 2) The United States would not interfere with
  existing European colonies in the Western
  Hemisphere.
• 3) No other nation could form a new colony in the
  Western Hemisphere.
• 4) If a European nation tried to control or
  interfere with a nation in the Western
  Hemisphere, the United States would view it as a
  hostile act against this nation.
• What were the circumstances leading to the
  formulation of the Monroe Doctrine?
• What were its major provisions?
• Why might Latin Americans be concerned about the
  Monroe Doctrine?

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The Louisiana Purchase

• The Greatest Land Deal
• in the History of the United States!

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To judge if the United States was prepared to be
a Superpower in the early 1800s.

• Do now Open your laptop. Download the file
  entitled U.S. in the early 1800s. Complete the
  do now and be prepared to discuss your answers.

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Where Was the Original Louisiana Territory?
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Who Claimed the Louisiana Territory?

• Native Americans
• French
• British
• Spanish
• Americans

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Native Americans

• 14,000 years ago Native Americans began to
  occupy the lower Mississippi Valley.

Mississippi mound builders
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French

• 1682 French explorers claimed the entire
  Mississippi River drainage and named it for King
  Louis V.
• 1722 New Orleans, established by a private
  French trading company for the shipment of
  exports from the Mississippi Valley, mainly furs,
  tobacco, and indigo, became the capitol of the
  Territory.

New Orleans
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Shape Shifting
France held claim for 80 years.
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British

• 1763 In the Treaty of Paris, which concluded
  the Seven Years' War (known as the "French and
  Indian War" in North America), major land
  exchanges are made. All of Louisiana east of the
  Mississippi, except New Orleans, goes to Britain.
  
• New Orleans and all of Louisiana west of the
  Mississippi goes to Spain.

SPANISH WEST
BRITISH EAST LOUISIANA .
Mississippi River
New Orleans
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Spanish
West of the Mississippi
East of the Mississippi

• 1783 Following the American War of
  Independence, Britain cedes its old Louisiana
  Territory land east of the Mississippi, to the
  United States, and gives Florida back to Spain.

U.S.
Mississippi R.
SPANISH
New Orleans and Florida
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Shape Shifting
Spain held claim for 38 years.
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Spanish New Orleans

• 1795 Charles Pinckney, U.S. Minister to
  Spain, negotiates an agreement with Spain
  allowing Americans to use New Orleans as a
  duty-free port for foreign commerce, for
  renewable three-year periods.

Si! si! America may use my beautiful port.
Charles IV, King of Spain
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Napoleon and the Mosquitoes
O K Guys, Im taking over!
Thats what you think!
Napoleon, an aggressive, ambitious military
genius.
Mosquito, an aggressive, yellow-fever-carrying
insect.
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Why Does Napoleon Want Louisiana?

• Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte has a vision of a
  renewed western empire for France.
• Control over the vast Louisiana Territory would
  halt the westward expansion of the young United
  States and would supply French colonies in the
  West Indies with the goods they needed.

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Napoleons Scheme
I LOVE power!

• His scheme includes the recapture of Louisiana
  from a very weak Spain.
• Napoleon takes a break from his conquests in
  Europe to send French troops to the West Indies.

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The BIG Secret
Oui, Charlie. For dis, I weel geeve your
son-in-law a leetle Italian kingdom.

• 1800 Secretly, under pressure from Napoleon
  Bonaparte, King Charles IV of Spain, gives ALL of
  Louisiana, including New Orleans, back to France,
  on condition that it not be sold or given to any
  other country.
• Weak Spain and strong France secretly sign the
  Treaty of San Idelfonso.

First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte
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Shape Shifting
France held claim for 3 years.
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Thomas Jefferson
Meanwhile.back in the U.S.A.
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1801
Mississippi River

• When Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801,
  two out of every three Americans lived within
  fifty miles of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Only four crude roads crossed the Allegheny
  Mountains.
• The U.S. ended on the eastern banks of the
  Mississippi River.
• Florida was governed by Spain

Allegheny Mountains
Ohio River
Spanish Florida
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Western U.S. Territories
APPALACHIAN MTS.
Out West, we frontiersmen have our own agenda.

• The half-million Americans (one out of 10) who
  already lived west of the Appalachian Mountains
  felt they had found their own national
  interests.

Ha! Ha! In the East, we have all the good ports
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Western U.S. Territories

• Many people along the Mississippi viewed
  themselves as the seeds of an independent nation
  that would tap into the world marketplace, not by
  going east to the Atlantic seaboard, but by
  following the Ohio and Mississippi river system
  down to the Gulf of Mexico.

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Jeffersons Plan

• Jefferson knew the inhabitants of this region
  posed a risk of secession from the United States.
  After all, the nation, only 18 years old, was
  born of rebellion.
• He was determined to obtain the vital trading
  port of New Orleans for the United States, in
  part to prevent the West from breaking away.

Port of New Orleans (1870)
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The Secret is Discovered

• 1801 President Thomas Jefferson is shocked when
  he learns the secret Treaty of San Idelfonso.
• Considering strong French control over New
  Orleans to be a serious threat, he instructs his
  Minister to France in Paris, Robert R.
  Livingston, to try to buy New Orleans and
  Florida, or at least western Florida.

Robert Livingston, Minister to France
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Jefferson Stands Up to Napoleon

• Also, Jefferson let it be known that the U.S
  would ally itself with England and fight France
  if the French start a war on the continent.
• The French decline to sell New Orleans or western
  Florida.

I weel have it all!!
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
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Toussaint LOverture
Florida
The West Indies
Haiti

• Two years laterthe French army off the coast of
  Florida in the West Indies is having some
  problems.

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Napoleons Plan Collapses
I LOVE power!

• 1803- Napoleon's plan collapses when his
  Caribbean army is defeated by yellow fever
  carrying mosquitoes and a brilliant black general
  named Toussaint LOverture who has been leading a
  slave revolt on French Haiti for 12 years.

General Toussaint LOverture
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The Best-Laid Plans
I hate mosquitoes!

• The remaining French troops are forced to return
  to France defeated. Thus preventing them from
  reaching their ultimate destination--Louisiana--an
  d from being able to defend it.
• As Napoleon's New World empire disintegrates, the
  loss of French Haiti makes Louisiana unnecessary.

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What Jefferson Wanted
I just want a little port near the Mississippi
River.
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Jefferson Persists
You can count on me to secure the deal, Mr.
President.

• President Jefferson, learning that the defeated
  French might be willing to consider selling some
  land after all, sends Monroe to Paris with
  instructions from Secretary of State, James
  Madison, to buy a small piece of land.
• Congress appropriates 2 million.

James Monroe, Minister to Spain and France
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The French Reply
2 million? No deal!

• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, the
  French Minister of Foreign Relations, declines
  the offer.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, the
French Minister of Foreign Relations
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The BIG Surprise!
You may have zee whole territory. Im going home.

• Needing money to prosecute his campaigns
  elsewhere on the globe, Napoleon changes his mind
  and decides to offer to sell ALL of Louisiana,
  (including New Orleans) to the United States.

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Lets Make A Deal

• Robert Livingston is prepared to pay only 2
  million for a PORT such as New Orleans.
• Talleyrand says Louisiana would be worthless to
  France without the port city, and asks Livingston
  to make an offer.

Louisiana Purchase negotiations
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Jefferson Acts Quickly
I will stretch my presidential power till it
cracks!

• Although there are no provisions in the
  Constitution for buying territories, Jefferson, a
  Republican, has Congress appropriate 10
  million.
• The Federalist Party is very unhappy.

President Thomas Jefferson
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The Final Offer
How about 15 million for ALL of it?
Lets see James, Congress only gave us 10
million.
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, the
French Minister of Foreign Relations
James Monroe, Minister to France and Spain
Robert Livingston, Minister to France
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A Waste of Money?

• Amazed by the offer, Jefferson accepted and
  rushed the treaty through Congress, in spite of
  doubts about its constitutionality.
• Federalists attacked the purchase not only as a
  blatant use of executive power, but as a waste of
  money.
• Nevertheless, the treaty was signed.

Louisiana Purchase Treaty
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What Jefferson Got

• April 30, 1803 - the United States negotiates the
  purchase of the Louisiana Territory including the
  port of New Orleans from France for 15 million.
• With a stroke of a pen America doubled in size,
  making it one of the largest nations in the
  world.

15,000,000!
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A Sweet Deal!

• The sale included over 600 million acres at a
  cost of less than 3 cents an acre in what today
  is the better part of 13 states between the Rocky
  Mountains and the Mississippi River.

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Without Shedding A Single Drop of Blood!

• For President Thomas Jefferson it was a
  diplomatic and political triumph.
• In one fell swoop the purchase of Louisiana ended
  the threat of war with France and opened up the
  land west of the Mississippi to settlement.

The Transfer of Louisiana in St. Louis, 1804.
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The Heart of AmericaNew Lands to Explore
The Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806
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War of 1812

• Causes of the War
• Impressment
• Britain and France were fighting a war in Europe
• Britain began capturing American sailors and
  impressing them, or forcing them to work on
  British ships
• By 1807, Britain had seized more than 1,000
  American ships

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• Embargo Act of 1807
• President Jefferson convinced Congress to declare
  an embargo
• Jefferson believed the embargo would hurt
  Britain, but it really hurt America
• In 1809, Congress ended the embargo with all
  countries except Britain and France

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• Americas Desire for Canada
• Americans saw that Canada was not well-defended
  by Britain
• Americans wanted more land and believed that
  people in Canada would want to join the United
  States

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• The War Hawks
• A group of Republican Congressmen from the South
  and West
• Wanted war against Britain
• Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
  and Henry Clary of Kentucky

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• Election of 1808
• James Madison, a Democratic-Republican, won
• In the Spring of 1812, Madison decided to go to
  war against Britain

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• The War in Canada
• Americans were unprepared for war
• The British captured Detroit and the Americans
  failed to capture Canada
• Many Native Americans helped the British because
  they wanted to stop Americans from taking more
  land

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• The War at Sea
• The U.S. Navy was young and outnumbered
• In November of 1812, the British blockaded the
  Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
• The blockade grew throughout the war
• By 1813, most American ships were unable to leave
  their ports

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• The War on Land
• Battle for Washington
• The British invaded Washington, D.C. in 1814
• British soldiers burned the Capitol, the White
  House, and other public buildings
• Before the British burned the White House, Dolley
  Madison saved a famous painting of George
  Washington

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• Battle at Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Key an American lawyer and
  prisoner of the British
• Saw an American flag flying over Ft. McHenry
  after the battle
• The flag inspired Key to write The Star-Spangled
  Banner

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• The Battle of New Orleans (1815)
• The most famous/important battle of the War
• Americans were lead to victory by General Andrew
  Jackson
• The battle continued even after the war ended
  because word did not reach the Americans for
  several weeks

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• The Treaty of Ghent
• In December, 1815, British and Americans met in
  Ghent, Belgium to negotiate a peace treaty
• Results of the war
• Britain and American became better allies
• America gained respect from other countries

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End
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Monroe Doctrine
North and South America should no longer be
thought of as areas for European colonization.
The U.S. would not interfere with European
affairs, and European countries should not
interfere with the affairs of any nation in the
Western Hemisphere.
GOALS
- To protect the independence of new Latin
American nations.
- To keep Russia from moving south into the U.S.
from Alaska.
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Monroe Doctrine, A Live Wire (New York Herald, by
permission of the New York Sun, Inc.)
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