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Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe
Lecture 5 Polish History I Week 5
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• Outline
• Origins
• 2. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 3. The Noblemans Heaven
• 4. From the Deluge to the Partitions of Poland
• 5. Conclusion

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1000
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966 Mieszko I (Piast dynasty) was baptised
Latin Church 997 Bishop Adalbert (Wojciech) dies
first national saint Polands 1000 Act of
Gniezno, Otto III and Boleslaw the Brave 1025
Boleslaw crowned as first Polish King 1050 Polish
court to Cracow 1126 Mazovian Prince Conrad
invited the Order of Teutonic Knights to Northern
Poland 1241 Mongol invasion, stopped in Silesia
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• Outline
• Origins
• 2. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 3. The Noblemans Heaven
• 4. From the Deluge to the Partitions of Poland
• 5. Conclusion

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1333 Casimir the Great (III) crowned golden era
of Polish Middle ages, new towns, conquest of
Southwest Rus 1364 Cracow (Kraków) University
founded 1386 Personal Union between Grand
Principality of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland,
Polish heiress Jadwiga marries Grandprince
Jogaila (Jagiello) of Lithuania (baptism of
Lithuanians)
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Grand Principality of Lithuania

• Lithuanians pagan, baltic tribe (princes and
  knights war lords of Medieval Europe)
• Elite Lithuanian and Ruthenian knights
• Majority of population Orthodox Ruthenians
  (Belarussians, Ukrainians)
• Peasants Ruthenians and Lithuanians
• Court language Court Slavonic
• Questions why Latin Church and not Orthodox
  Church, why Poland and not Vladimir/Muscovy?

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Conflict with Teutonic Order
1410 Battle of Grunwald (in German history
Tannenberg), Polish-Lithuanian troops defeat
Teutonic Order 1466 Treaty of Torun between
Poland and Teutonic Order, Gdansk to Poland,
control of West Prussia 1525 Teutonic Order was
secularized and became vassal of Poland
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Battle of Grunwald 1410 (Jan Matejko, 1878)
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• Outline
• Origins
• 2. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 3. The Noblemans Heaven
• 4. From the Deluge to the Partitions of Poland
• 5. Conclusion

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Union of Lublin 1569

• United Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality
  of Lithuania in one single state the
  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• The monarch (King of Poland and Grand Prince of
  Lithuania) was elected by the Polish and
  Lithuanian nobility and crowned in Cracow
• Common Parliament (Sejm)
• Common Foreign Policy and Currency
• But separate administrations, judicial systems,
  finances, armies

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An old Latin proverb proclaimed that the Polish
Commonwealth was "heaven for the nobles,
purgatory for the townsfolk, hell for the
peasants, and paradise for the Jews."
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Jewish self- administration
Norman Davies Gods Playground. A History of
Poland. Vol 1. New York 1982
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Elected Polish Kings
Henri de Valois 1573-1574 Stefan Batory
1576-1586 Zygmunt III Waza 1587-1632 Wladislaw
IV Waza 1632-1648 Jan II Kazimierz Waza
1648-1668 Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki 1669-1673
Jan III Sobieski 1674-1696 August II 1697-1733
(from Saxony)Stanislaw Leszczynski 1704-1709
1733-1735 August III 1733-1763 (from
Saxony)Stanislaw August Poniatowski 1764-1795
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Aus Norman Davies Gods Playground. A History
of Poland. Vol 1. New York 1982
Wappen Jelita
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Prerogatives of the King (ca. 1600)

• Commands the Army
• Calls the banns of the nobility together, but
  needs the approval of the Sejm
• Is not responsible to the Sejm, but has to obey
  the Articuli Henriciani and the Pacta Conventa
• Supreme power off sessions of the Sejm
• Appoints ambassadors, but his right to give them
  directives is restricted
• Appoints high officials and commanders of the
  Army, but cannot easily dismiss them
• Appoints bishops
• Controls crownland and can give land as a feud
  no noblemen

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Liberum Veto Right of Resistance Confederatio
n Zerrissener Reichstag
Liberum Veto (Latin "free veto") was a
parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian
commonwealth that allowed any deputy of the Sejm
to force an immediate end to the current session
and nullify all legislation already passed during
the session. The first time used in 1652. If the
king violates natural law, the Articuli
Henriciani or the Pacta Conventa (de non
praestanda-obedienta) does the nobility have the
right to organise resistance against the
king An alliance of noblemen, to act for
national interests but also to act for particular
interests, the King can be part of such a
confederation Parliament, which finishes a
session period without having made any decisions,
without a law having passed because of use of
Liberum Veto
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Soziale Schichtung Polens um 1600
Norman Davies Gods Playground. A History of
Poland. Vol 1. New York 1982
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• Outline
• Origins
• 2. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 3. The Noblemans Heaven
• 4. From the Deluge to the Partitions of Poland
• 5. Conclusion

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Wars 1576-1699
1576-1582 War against Moscow 1600-1611 War against Sweden (Zebrzydowski-Rebellion 1606/7) 1609-1619 War against Moscow 1582 Victory Gain of Livland and Polock Polish victories, but no changes Victory, Peace of Deulina, Gain of Smolensk and Chernigov
1620-1621 War against Ottoman Empire 1621-1629 War against Sweden 1632-1634 War against Moscow, Conflict with Sweden No changes Defeat Peace of Altmark, Sweden gains some coastal cities Victory Renewal of Deulina Sweden gives coastal cities back, confirmation of Polish rule in Livland
1648-1654 Cossack Uprising 1654-1655 War against Moscow 1655-1660 War against Sweden (Potop Deluge) 1658-1667 War against Moscow 1665-1666 Lubomirski Uprising 1672-1676, 1683-1699 Wars against Ottoman Empire Mostly defeats, some victories Stopped 1660 Peace of Oliva Status quo, Loss of Livland Defeat Peace of Andrusovo Loss of leftbank Ukraine with Kiev Defeat and Victory Loss and Regain of Podolia and part of rightbank Ukraine
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Battle of Vienna (1683), painting by Juliusz
Cossack end of the 19th c.
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August the Strong, King of Poland, Elector of
Saxony
King Jan III Sobieski
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Charles XII of Sweden
Peter the Great, painting by Paul Delaroche
(1797-1856)
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dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte Bd. 1
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• 1657 Treaty of Wehlau Independence of Duchy of
  Prussia
• 1699-1721 Great Northern War
• 1717 Silent Sejm Start of Russian Protectorate
• 1730 Russia, Prussia, Austria agree to uphold
  status quo in Poland
• 1733-35 War of succession
• 1764 Stanislaw August Poniatowski
• 1768-1772 Confederation of Bar against Russia
  (and King)
• 1772 First Partition of Poland

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Catherine II (the Great) of Russia Painting by
Johann Baptist Lampi, 1794
Friedrich II, der Große (Frederik the Great) of
Prussia Painting by Antoine Pesne, 1745
Maria Theresia of Austria Ölgemälde von Martin
van Meytens, 1747-49
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Rejtan or Polands Fall (1772), Jan Matejko 1866
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1772-1791 Reform efforts culminating in Great or
Four-Year-Sejm (1788-1791)
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Constitution of May 3rd, 1791

1. Catholic confession state religion, other
   confessions/religions tolerated
2. Nobility liberties and rights confirmed
3. Towns and burghers habeas corpus, right to buy
   land, access to many offices, not represented in
   Parliament (Sejm)
4. Peasants legal protection, rights and
   possessions guaranteed, new foreign settlers
   completely free
5. Division of power Executive (King and
   government), Legislation (Sejm), independent
   judicial system
6. King from House Wettin (Saxony) new ruling
   family
7. Army Polish people/nation has to defend herself
   peoples army

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Confederation of Targowica (against reforms,
appealing to Catherine II for help - 1792 Second
Partition of Poland
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• 1794 Kosciuszko uprising
• 1795 Third Partition of Poland

After the Battle of Raclawice (1794), painting by
Jan Matejko (end of 19th c.)
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• Outline
• Origins
• 2. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 3. The Noblemans Heaven
• 4. From the Deluge to the Partitions of Poland
• 5. Conclusion

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• Republic of noblemen (Poland) - Autocracy
  (Muscovy)
• Ukraine between Russia and Poland
• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and nation
  building in the 19th c.
• Reasons for the end of the Republic