Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

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Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers
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Changes in Body Size

• Body grows more rapidly
• Growth occurs in small spurts
• Length
• 50 greater at age 1
• 75 greater at age 2
• Weight
• Doubled by 5 months
• Tripled by 1 year
• Quadrupled at 2 years

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Body weight

• Changes in body weight is more dramatic
• New born ? 2.7 3.6 kg.
• 5 mths ? body weight 2 x weight at birth)
• 1 year old ? 3 x
• 2 year old ? 4 x
• 2-3 yr. old ? rapid change in weight (spurt)
• After 3 yr. old ? slower rate
• The first 6 mths ? changes focused gt on muscle
  growth.
• 6-12 mths ? dev. focused gt on movement
• 2 yrs pre puberty ? body weight increase 2.5
  kg per year
• Girls slightly shorter and lighter
• Ethnic differences

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Height

• Child of same age may differ in height.
• Baby ? length increase 30 until 5 mths old
• By age 1 yr ? length increase to 50 5 years
  old ? height doubles/triples
• 2 yrs old - puberty ? height increase 2-3 in.
  per year.
• Adolescent ? sudden changes in height weight
  (growth spurt)

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Body Fat/Appearance

• Subcutaneous fat ? begin to form in the fetus
  about 6 weeks before birth.
• First 9 mths ? Sub. Fat continue to accumulate
  rapidly ? making baby look rounded filled up.
• Gain baby fat until about 9 months ? After 9
  mth, fat accumulation slows down.
• 1 yr old middle childhood ? less fat
  accumulation? Toddlers become more slender
  (slimmer)
• Muscle tone increase
• Helps maintain constant temp.
• Muscle tissue increases slowly ? Peaks in
  adolescence
• Girls more fat than boys

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Body fat and muscle ? contributes to the
physical development and body structure

• Ectomorph ? small/tall, slim, skinny
• Endomorph ? flabby, obese
• Mesomorph ? tough, musculine

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Head circumference

• Baby
• Brain mass of a newborn ? about 2/3 of adult
  size
• Head circ. of a new born ? 30-38 cm
• 6 mths old baby ? 42.5 cm
• Head circ/size increase ? parallel to brain
  development.
• Newborn head bigger than body size ? due to
  rapid brain development during pre natal
  period.
• 5 yrs. Old brain? weigh about 90 of adult
  brain.
• 6 yrs. old brain ? equivalent to adult weight.

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What is brain?

• Body most vital organ.
• Each person is born with over 100 billions
  brain cells (neurons).
• Brains can send signals to thousands of other
  cells in the body at speed of more than 200
  m/hr
• Brain growth before after birth is
  fundamental to future development.

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BRAIN

• Each part of the brain is very important in
  infuencing a child development ? integration
  between child emotions and behavior.

• Middle brain Limbic System
• Covers motivation, emotions, long term memory,
  aggressive behavior, body temperature, hunger,
  nerve system activities, hormon secretion

• Outer Brain Cortex neocortex
• Divided into lobes/sections (folds) with
  specific functions.
• Placement of intelligence higer mental
  process, learning, memory, thinking, language
  (last to develop)
• Also control vision, hearing, inventing.

• Brain stem
• Contro process such as breathing, heartbeat
  muscle movement, kidney process, reflex
  behavior, sleep, arousal, attention,
  balance/movement etc.

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• 1 organ with 3 mini brains
• Brainstem (inner core)
• Breathing, heartbeat muscle movement, reflex
  behavior
• Limbic system
• Covers the brainstem
• Motivation, emotions, long term memory
• Cerebellum control automatic movements
  balance
• Cerebral cortex
• Higher mental process.
• Learning, memory, Thinking, Language
• Last to develop

Structure of the Brain
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Regions of the Cerebral Cortex

• Thin layer on the brains surface that
  include lobes or sections
• Occipital lobe
• Process vision.
• Temporal Lobe
• Process hearing
• Parietal Lobe
• Process sensory stimuli
• Frontal Lobe
• Critical thinking problem solving
• Frontal cortex ? area of the cortex that controls
  personality and the ability to carry out plans

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...OTAK NEURON
Brain and Neurons

• New born brain ? 100 billions brain cells
  (neurons) ready to operate ? but the brain
  cells/neurons sre not connected yet.
• Neurons are cell bodies with nucleas,
  composed of DNA (which contains the cells
  genetic programming).
• As the brain grows ? the cell migrate to
  various parts ? spread out to perform
  different functions ? they sprout axons
  dendrites.
• cells.

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...OTAK NEURON
Brain and Neurons

• First 3 years of life ? childrens brain are
  actively building and developing connections
  between the neurons cells.
• Connections are developed when the brain
  are actively receiving stimulus ? process
  between receiving and sending impulses
  between the cells.
• Through axons/dendrites ? send signals to other
  neurons receive incoming message through
  connection called synapses.

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Brain and Neurons

• The message transmission process from one
  neuron to the other is done through synap ?
  with the aid of neurotransmiter that
  moves through the gap between axon of one
  cell and dendrite of another .
• The neurons networking developed based on
  childrens experiences ? where each
  experience leads to the development of new
  brain cells ? as more informations gain.
• With proper stimulation, the synapses become
  stronger ? information moves faster.
• Thus, enhancing their development is very
  crutial

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What is synapses?

• Synapses is the nervous system connection
  link ? ie the connection between nerve
  cells.
• Connections ? made through the stimulus ?
  sending signals to the brain.
• The brains define what is it/who we are?
• With proper stimulation, the synapses become
  stronger.

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• Synapses allow nerve cells to communicate with
  one another through axons and dendrites,
  converting electrical signals into chemicals
  ones.

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Skeletal Growth
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Skeletal Growth

• Embryonic skeleton
• Soft, pliable tissue (cartilage)
• Beginning at week 6
• At birth babies have soft bones ? cartilage.
• Changes is bones structure
• Lengthen
• Harden
• Increase

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a. Lengthened

• Bones become longer, bigger thicker
• Bones will stop growing when it harden (reach
  maturity)

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b. Hardened

• At birth/baby ? soft bones (cartilage) ? water
  content is high.
• During the process of ossification, bones
  harden ? calcium deposited.
• Eg. As baby skulls harden fuse ? Fontanel
  gradually close (about 2 years old).
• Ossification occurs before birth and ends
  when a person reach maturity.
• Nutritious food ? calcium, phosphorous
  vitamins helps ossification

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c. Increase

• Number of bones increases ? parallel to its
  function
• Eg. Number of bones in the wrist ankle
  increases with age
• 1 yr.? 3 wrist bones
• adult ? 9 wrist bones

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Growth of the Skull(Rapid during first 2 years)

• At birth
• Bone of the skull separate
• These gaps are called fontanels
• Sutures seams of the skull
• By 2 years ? Gaps filled in

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Motor Development
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Motor Development

• Inborn reflexes
• Motor skill development
• Gross motor
• Fine motor

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Types of motor skill

• Gross motor
• Fine motor

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Development of Locomotion
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Motor DevelopmentGross motor Skill

• Large movements
• Eg. Crawling, Walking, Running, Jumping
• Head proceeds arms and trunk
• Improves dramatically during preschool years

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Motor Development Fine motor Skill

• The ability to carry out smoothly small
  movements that involve precise timing but not
  strength.
• Smaller movements
• e.g. Reaching and grasping
• Sequence the same
• Large differences in rate of motor progress
• Eg. Reaching, grasping, pinching, writing,
  drawing
• Involves the coordination between hand
  control and vision (Eye-Hand coordination)
• Reaching and grasping becomes more coordinated
  throughout infancy.
• Toddlers prefer to use one hand and this
  preference becomes stronger during the preschool
  years.

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Voluntary Reaching

• Vital role to cognitive development
• New ways for exploring environment

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Fine motor skill development

• Steps in fine motor skill development-
• Prereaching (newborn)
• Ulnar Grasp (3-4 months)
• Changing/passing object from one hand to the
  other (5-8 mths)
• Pincer grasp (9- above)

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Reaching and Grasping

• Pre-reaching (0-2 months)
• Ulnar grasp (3-4 months)
• Pincer grasp (9 months)

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Reaching and Grasping

• Prereaching (0-2 months)
• Uncoordinated, primitive reaching
• Palmer grasp (reflex grasp)
• Hand grasping movement without coordination.
• Often fail to grasp object successfully ? may
  make contact with object but fail to enclose
  it in their fingers
• The grasp reflex should disappear in 2 -3 months

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Reaching and Grasping

• Ulnar grasp (3-4mth)
• Clumsy grasp
• Fingers close against the palm

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Reaching and Grasping

• Pincer grasp (9 mth)
• Well-coordinated grasp
• Oppositional use of the forefinger and thumb

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Development of the Eye-Hand Coordination
Age Fine motor development
1 mth 3 mth 1 Yr Suck finger Reaching object infront of the eye, Ulnar-palmar Grasp Hold object using thumb fore finger (pincer) Hold big crayon scrible left-right

• Fine motor development involves the
  coordination between eye-hand control.
• Progress in visual development ? improves
  child fingers movement control

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Early Experience and Reaching

• Trying to push infants beyond their current
  readiness to handle stimulation can undermine the
  development of important motor skills.
• As infants and toddlers motor skills develop,
  their caregivers must devote more energies to
  protecting them from harm.

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Growth And Nutrition

• Genes interact with environment, i.e. nutrition
  and living conditions, ? general health and
  well-being
• Well-fed, well-cared-for children grow taller and
  heavier than less well nourished and nurtured
  children
• Better medical care, immunization and
  antibiotics?better health

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Influences on Early Growth

• Heredity
• Nutrition
• Breast v. Bottle Feeding
• Malnutrition
• Emotional Well-Being
• Problems can cause Failure to Thrive

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Growth And Nutrition

• Children grow faster during the first years,
  especially during the first few months.
• This rapid growth rate tapers off during the
  second and third years

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Growth And Nutrition

• Nourishment
• Breast milk is almost always the best food for
  newborns and is recommended for at least the
  first 12 months
• Parents can avoid obesity and cardiac problems in
  themselves and in their children by adopting a
  more active lifestyle for the entire family--and
  to breastfeed their babies

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Benefits of Breastfeeding

• Correct fat-protein balance
• Nutritionally complete
• More digestible
• Better growth
• Disease protection
• Better jaw and tooth development
• Easier transition to solid food

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Keeping Infants and Toddlers Safe

• Safe toys
• Report unsafe toys
• Childproofing
• Continuous monitoring
• Car seat

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Milestone Infant Toddlers
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Milestones of Motor Development
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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
By 3 MTHS OLD

• lift head when held at your shoulder
• lift head and chest when lying on his stomach
• turn head from side to side when lying on his
  stomach
• follow a moving object or person with his eyes
• often hold hands open or loosely fisted
• grasp rattle when given to her
• wiggle and kick with arms and legs

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 6 Mths Old

• hold head steady when sitting with your help
• reach for and grasp objects
• play with his toes
• help hold the bottle during feeding
• explore by mouthing and banging objects
• move toys from one hand to another
• shake a rattle
• pull up to a sitting position on her own if you
  grasp her hands
• sit with only a little support
• sit in a high chair
• roll over
• bounce when held in a standing position

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
By 12 mths old

• drink from a cup with help
• feed herself finger food like raisins or bread
  crumbs
• grasp small objects by using her thumb and index
  or forefinger
• use his first finger to poke or point
• put small blocks in and take them out of a
  container
• knock two blocks together
• sit well without support
• crawl on hands and knees
• pull himself to stand or take steps holding onto
  furniture
• stand alone momentarily
• walk with one hand held
• cooperate with dressing by offering a foot or an
  arm

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 18 months

• like to pull, push, and dump things
• pull off hat, socks, and mittens
• turn pages in a book
• stack 2 blocks
• carry a stuffed animal or doll
• scribble with crayons
• walk without help
• run stiffly, with eyes on the ground

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 2 years old

• drink from a straw
• feed himself with a spoon
• help in washing hands
• put arms in sleeves with help build a tower of
  3-4 blocks
• toss or roll a large ball
• open cabinets, drawers, boxes
• operate a mechanical toy
• bend over to pick up a toy and not fall
• walk up steps with help
• take steps backward

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• Early Middle childhood

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Physical Development in Early Childhood

• Body Growth Slows
• Shape becomes more streamlined
• Skeletal Growth Continues
• New growth centers
• Lose baby teeth
• Asynchronies
• Brain, lymph nodes
• grow fastest

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Brain Development in Early Childhood

• Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization
  develop
• Left hemisphere active
• Language skills
• Handedness
• Linking areas develop
• Cerebellum
• Reticular formation
• Corpus callosum

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Handedness

• Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens
• 90 are right-handed
• Left-handedness not caused by brain problems
• Affected by Experience
• Position in uterus
• Practice

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Influences on Physical Growth and Health

• Heredity and Hormones
• Growth hormone
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone
• Emotional Well-Being
• Psychosocial dwarfism
• Sleep
• Nutrition
• Infectious Disease
• Immunization
• Childhood Injuries

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Helping Young Children Sleep

• Regular bed time
• Early enough for 10-11 hours of sleep
• Special pajamas
• No TV or computer games before bed
• Bedtime ritual
• Respond firmly but gently
• to bedtime resistance
• No sleeping medication

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Nutrition in Early Childhood

• Appetite becomes unpredictable
• Like familiar foods
• Need high-quality diet
• Social environment
• influences food choices
• Imitate admired people
• Repeated exposure to foods
• Emotional climate,
• parental pressure
• Poverty

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Factors Related to Childhood Injuries

• Individual Differences
• Gender
• Temperament
• Poverty,
• low parental education
• More children in the home
• Societal conditions
• International differences

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Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood

• Gross Motor Skills
• Walking, running smoother
• Catching, throwing, swinging, riding
• Fine Motor Skills
• Self-help dressing, eating
• Drawing

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Progression of Drawing Skills

• Scribbles during 2nd year
• First Representational Forms
• Label already-made drawings
• around age 3
• Draw boundaries and people
• 34 years
• More Realistic Drawings preschool to school
  age
• Early Printing Ages 35

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Development of Childrens Drawing
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Development of Printing in Early Childhood
Up to Age 3 Scribbles Varied pencil grips
Around Age 4 Drawing print
Between Ages 4 - 6 Gradually realize writing stands for language, identify individual letters Adult pencil grip by age 5
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Variations in 3-Year-Olds Pencil Grip
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Individual Differences in Motor Skills

• Body Build
• Taller, longer limbed better at running and
  jumping
• Sex
• Boys better at power
• and force
• Girls fine motor skills, balance, foot movement

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Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development

• Mastered through everyday play
• Formal lessons have little impact
• Daily routines support fine motor development
• Provide appropriate play space and equipment
• Promote fun and positive attitude

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Physical Development in Middle Childhood

• .

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Body Growth in Middle Childhood

• Slow, regular pattern
• Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9
• Lower portion of body growing fastest
• Bones lengthen
• Muscles very flexible
• All permanent teeth arrive

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Physical Changes and Health

• During middle and late childhood
• Growth averages 2-3 inches per year
• Weight gain averages 5-7 lbs each year
• Baby fat decreases
• Muscle mass and strength gradually increase
• Less noticeable is ossification of bones
• Fine motor skills improve
• Myelination of CNS increases
• Boys have a greater number of muscle cells and
  are stronger than girls

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• Most noticeable physical changes are in head and
  waist circumference, and leg length in relation
  to body
• By age 10-12, manipulative writing skills show
  (like adults) and ability to master complex
  skills.
• Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor
  skills
• Increased myelination in the central nervous
  system enables development of fine motor skills
  for both male and female elementary school
  children.

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• A major growth spurt occurs at the time of
  puberty.
• Usually kids enter puberty between age 8 to 13
  years in girls and 10 to 15 years in boys.
• Puberty lasts about 2 to 5 years.
• This growth spurt is associated with sexual
  development, which includes the appearance of
  pubic and underarm hair, the growth and
  development of sex organs, and in girls, the
  onset of menstruation.
• By the time girls reach age 15 and boys reach age
  16 or 17, the growth associated with puberty will
  have ended for most teens and they will have
  reached physical maturity.

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Middle Childhood Growth Worldwide

• Shortest children
• South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, parts of
  Africa
• Tallest children
• North central Europe,
• Australia, Canada, U.S.
• Secular trend in industrialized countries toward
  larger and heavier children

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Brain Development in Middle Childhood

• Myelination increases white matter in
• Frontal lobes
• Corpus callosum
• Children acquire complex abilities
• Neurotransmitters and hormones may affect
• cognition and behavior

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Health, Illness, and Disease

• More children become involved in sports every
  year communities and schools are offering more
  sports
• Sports participation is positive and negative
  with concerns about pressure to win and
  exploitation
• Middle and late childhood
• Is usually a time of excellent health
• Motor vehicle accidents are most common cause of
  severe injury as passenger or pedestrian
• Cancer is 2nd leading cause of death and the
  incidence of childhood cancer is increasing.
• Most common child cancer is leukemia

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Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood

• Vision Myopia
• Hearing Otitis media (middle ear infection)
• Malnutrition
• Obesity
• Bedwetting
• Illnesses
• Injuries

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Causes of Myopia

• Genetics
• Myopic parents
• Asian heritage
• Early biological trauma
• Low birth weight
• Experience
• Reading close work
• Computer use

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Health, Illness, and Disease

• Obesity
• Prevalent in children, mostly ages 6 to 11
• Obese 6-year-old has 25 risk of being obese
  adult
• Obese 12-year-old has 75 risk of being obese
  adult
• Linked to lack of exercise
• Only 27 of 2-5 yr olds and 13 of 6-9 yr olds
  have good diets.
• Context in which child eats can influence eating
  habits and weight
• Kids who eat with their families are more likely
  to eat veggies and low fat foods, and drink fewer
  sodas than kids who eat alone.

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Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood

• Little focus on eating
• Fewer meals with family
• Too few fruits and vegetables
• Too many fried foods and soft drinks
• Poverty and lack of nutritional food

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Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood

• Overweight parents
• Early rapid growth or malnutrition
• Low SES
• Family eating habits
• Response to food cues
• Low physical activity
• Television

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Risks for Obese Children

• Psychological risks
• Feeling unattractive
• Stereotyping and teasing
• Depression
• Problem behaviors
• Early puberty and sexual problems

• More likely to be overweight adults
• Health risks
• Blood pressure, cholesterol
• Respiratory problems
• Diabetes
• Liver, gall bladder
• Cancer

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Illnesses in Middle Childhood

• More acute illnesses first two years of school
• Exposure
• Still developing immune system
• Chronic Diseases - 1520 percent
• Asthma
• Severe illnesses 2

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Health, Illness, and Disease

• Today, too much time is spent watching TV, on
  computers, and playing video games.
• Children need more exercise
• 61 of 9-13 yr. old US children did not
  participate in any organized physical activity
  during their non-school hours.
• Low self-esteem, depression, and teasing by peers
  are common for obese kids, and risk of high blood
  pressure and cholesterol, pulmonary disease, and
  type 2 diabetes are increased.

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Accidents in Middle Childhood

• Most common types
• Motor vehicle
• Bicycle
• Pedestrian
• Prevention
• Teach safety
• Model safe behavior
• Require helmets
• Watch high-risk children more

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Motor Development in Middle Childhood

• Gross Motor Skills Improvements
• Flexibility
• Balance
• Agility
• Force
• Fine Motor Skills Gains
• Writing
• Drawing

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Six-Year Olds Drawing
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Eight-Year Olds Drawing
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Ten-Year Olds Drawing
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Individual Differences in Motor Skills

• Body build
• Sex
• Family encouragement, expectations
• SES
• School community lessons available

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Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood

• Child-Organized Games with Rules
• Sports
• Invented Games
• Video Games
• Adult-organized sports
• Physical Education

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Providing Developmentally Appropriate Sports

• Build on childrens interests
• Emphasize enjoyment
• Let kids contribute
• Teach age-appropriate skills
• Limit practices
• Discourage unhealthy competition
• Focus on personal and team improvement

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Rough and Tumble Play

• Friendly chasing and play-fighting
• Common in many mammals and across cultures
• Peaks in middle childhood
• Boys do more
• May help establish dominance hierarchy

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Physical Development Milestone Early
Middle Childhood
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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 3 years of age does your child
• - feed himself (with some spilling)- open
  doors- hold a glass in one hand- hold a crayon
  well- wash and dry hands by himself- fold
  paper, if shown how- build a tower of 54
  blocks- throw a ball overhead- try to catch a
  large ball- put on shoes (but not tie laces)-
  dress herself with help- use the toilet with
  some help- walk up steps, alternating feet-
  walk on tiptoes if shown how- walk in a straight
  line- kick a ball forward- jump with both
  feet- pedal a tricycle

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 4 years old
• - feed herself (with little spilling)- try to
  use a fork- hold a pencil- try to write name-
  draw with the arm and not small hand movements-
  draw a circle a face- try to cut paper with
  blunt scissors- sometimes unbutton buttons- try
  to buckle, button, and lace, even though she
  probably needs help- completely undress herself
  if wearing clothes with simple fasteners- brush
  teeth with help- build a tower of 7-9 blocks-
  put together a simple puzzle of 4-12 pieces-
  pour from a small pitcher- use the toilet
  alone- try to skip- catch a bouncing ball-
  walk downstairs using a handrail and alternating
  feet- swing, starting by himself and keeping
  himself going

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 5 Years old
• hops and skips
• dresses without help
• good balance and smoother muscle action
• Skates
• rides bicycles and scooter
• prints simple letters
• ties shoes
• girls small muscle development about 1 year
  ahead of boys.

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• By 6-8 Years old
• skilled at using scissors and small tools
• shows development of permanent teeth
• enjoys testing muscle strength and skills
• has good sense of balance
• can tie shoelaces
• enjoys copying designs and shapes, letters and
  numbers
• may have gawky awkward appearance from long arms
  legs
• throwing at targets,
• running,
• jumping rope,
• tumbling
• aerobics may be of interest

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MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
By 12 Years old

• (Boys ? 80 adult height Girls ? 90 of adult
  height)
• Growth is slower than in preschool years, but
  steady. Eating may fluctuate with activity level.
  Some children have growth spurts in the later
  stages of middle childhood.
• Pre puberty period ? Body changes (hips widen,
  breasts bud, pubic hair appears, testes develop)
  indicate approaching puberty.
• Beginning of Puberty ? menstruation in girls
  (menarch)? 12-14 years old First ejaculation in
  boys ? 12-13 years old (semenarch)
• Recognize differences between boys and girls.

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(cont) By 12 Years old

• Children find difficulty balancing high energy
  activities and quiet activities.
• Intense activity may bring tiredness? Children
  need around 10 hours of sleep each night.
• Muscle coordination and control are uneven and
  incomplete in the early stages, but children
  become almost as coordinated as adults by the end
  of middle childhood.
• Small muscles develop rapidly, making playing
  musical instruments, hammering, or building
  things more enjoyable.
• Baby teeth will come out and permanent ones will
  come in.
• Permanent teeth may come in before the mouth has
  fully grown, causing dental crowding.
• Eyes reach maturity in both size and function.
• The added strain of school work (smaller print,
  computers, intense writing) often creates
  eye-tension and leads some children to request
  eye examinations.