Child Development

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Child Development

• Psychology Subject

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Week 1

• Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory Behaviourism

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1

• Behaviorism
• Behaviorism is a psychological theory of human
  development that posits that humans can be
  trained, or conditioned.
• It is to help respond in specific ways to
  specific stimuli and that given the correct
  stimuli, personalities and behaviors of
  individuals, and even entire civilizations, can
  be codified and controlled
• Example
• A child learns that if she cries, she will get a
  response. And, she might figure out that a
  certain specific behavior will really get a
  response, such as throwing a temper tantrum,
  which no parent enjoys and wants over as quickly
  as possible

• Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory
• Convinced that social interactions with adults
  and more learned peers along with culture is able
  to facilitate a childs potential for learning
• Each culture, provides "tools of intellectual
  adaptation allow children to use their abilities
  to adapt to their respective cultures including
  in classrooms.
• Example
• One culture teaches children to play with toys,
  while the other encourages them to play outdoors.

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2

• Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory
• Society bring huge contributions to individual
  development.
• Culture is significant in learning
• Language is the root of culture
• Individuals learn and develop within their role
  in the community.
• Example In language learning, the first words we
  speak to our peers or adults are for
  communication, but once mastered, they are
  internalized into "inner language."
• Behaviorism
• Focuses on the behavior that can be learned.
• A theory of learning based on the idea that all
  behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
• Behavioral change occurs when individuals form
  associations between their actions and their
  outcomes.
• ExampleAs a sister, Abby wanted her brother Zhin
  Ann to score well for his exam, so she add more
  cookies for him so that he will continue to study
  smart and score well for his exam.

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3

• Behaviorism
• Learned through interaction with the environment
  with a process called conditioning.
• Classic conditioning, operational conditioning,
  observation.
• For example a student get good grades in exam
  and rewarded with a sweet so the next time he
  will again try to get good grades so he can get
  sweet (Operational Conditioning).

• Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory
• Learning is an inherently social process.
• Views human development as socially mediated
  process in which children acquire their cultural
  values, beliefs and problem solving strategies
  through collaborative dialogues with more
  knowledgeable members of society.
• Emphasizes on the role of social interaction in
  the development of cognition.
• For example children are taught at the early
  stage of their childhood to read, speak, playing
  instrumental objects and be respectful when
  interacting with others.

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4

• Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory
• Culture is significant towards learning as it can
  help the individual develop and adapt within the
  community
• Example - The mother tongue of an individual
  can help them gain knowledge and learn more
  effectively.

• Behaviorism
• Theory of learning based on the idea that all
  behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
• Classical conditioning is a technique frequently
  used in behavioral training.
• Example When you come home wearing a baseball
  cap, you take your child to the park to play. So
  whenever your child see you come home with
  baseball cap, he is excited because he has
  associated your baseball cap with a trip to the
  park.
• Operant conditioning is a method of learning that
  occurs through reinforcements and punishments.

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5

• Behaviorism
• This theory focuses on the behaviour which is
  learned because of a consequence.
• It can be categorized into classical conditional,
  operant learning and observation. - Watson and
  Skinner
• Law of effect in animal experiments -Thorndike
• Classical conditioning in dogs saliva and the
  ringing bell - Pavlov
• Operant learning in giving rewards or punishments
  - Skinner
• Observation in Bobo doll and the imitation of the
  child - Albert Bandura

• Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory
• Believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the
  culture at large were responsible for developing
  higher-order functions.
• Children are born with basic biological
  constraints on their minds.
• But, each culture provides "tools of intellectual
  adaptation
• Allow children to use their abilities in a way
  that is adaptive to the culture in which they
  live.
• Example
• One culture emphasize memory strategies such as
  note-taking
• Another culture might use tools like reminders or
  rote memorization.

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6

• Vygotsky Sociocultural theory believed that
  parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at
  large were responsible for developing
  higher-order functions. It is based upon the
  idea that a learner's environment plays a crucial
  role in his/her learning development
• Vygotsky scaffolding is part of the education
  concept "zone of proximal development"it he set
  of skills or knowledge a student can't do on her
  own but can do with the help or guidance of
  someone else. Teachers encourage students to do
  with clarifying indirectly .
• Behaviourism- It's a learning theory according to
  the idea that all the behaviour is learn by cthe
  conditioning. Conditioning occurs by
  environment.
• Three types of the behaviorism - Classical
  Conditioning, operant conditioning and
  observation
• Classical conditioning- Classical conditioning is
  a process commonly used in behavioural therapy.
  Example, before I sleep I will set the alam
  because when I hear the sound of the bell ring
  the next morning I will automatically wake up.
• Operant conditioning - is a learning process
  whereby deliberate behaviors are reinforced
  through consequences.For example students tend to
  do and finish their homeworks and tasks because
  they know they will be rewarded by for example
  some marks, some gifts
• Observation - Observation learning is referred to
  shaping, modeling and reinforcement. For
  example, a child watched a classmate get in
  trouble for hitting another child and he learned
  by observing this interaction that he should not
  hit others classmate.

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Week 2

• Genetic Disorders

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Cystic Fibrosis

• Cystic Fibrosis is a hereditary disease that
  affects the lungs and digestive system.
• The body produces thick and sticky mucus that can
  clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas.
• Interferes with pancreatic function by preventing
  enzymes from properly breaking down food,
  potentially leading to malnutrition.

Treatments
Symptoms

• Airway Clearance Techniques (ACT) gt helps to
  loosen and get rid of mucus from lungs.
• Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance
  Regulator (CFTR) gt allow for proper flow of salt
  and fluids on the surface of the lungs, thinning
  the thick mucus.

• Salty-tasting skin
• Persistent coughing
• Poor weight gain in spite of excessive appetite

CF is an inherited condition. For someone to have
CF, they need to inherit the defective gene from
both of their parents. People with only one copy
of the defective gene are called carriers. They
do not have the condition or its symptoms. To
have the disease, both parents must be carriers.
Causes
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Cystic Fibrosis

• Shane was born in the summer of 2016 the first
  birth facility in a pediatric hospital
  specifically designed for mothers carrying babies
  with known medical problems requiring immediate
  treatment.
• Because CF is an invisible illness, Shane
  appeared healthy at first. But a sweat test
  shortly after he was born confirmed the prenatal
  tests that he had cystic fibrosis. Jessica and
  Greg began to focus on the future.Once he was
  born something changed for us, Jessica says. I
  think it was because we were confident in the
  care he was getting. Dr. Allen told us to focus
  on the things that are within our control. Dont
  go looking for a cure, but focus on taking care
  of Shane, doing his chest physical therapy,
  giving him his enzymes, loving him, and treating
  him the same as we did our daughters when they
  were infants. It was phenomenal advice that we
  remind ourselves of on a regular basis.They were
  also reminded of the significant advancements
  taking place in the treatment of CF, which added
  to their confidence in Shanes medical team.
• Jessica and Greg learned how to perform Shanes
  CF chest physical therapy at home 45-minute
  sessions per day that focus on manually clearing
  the mucus in his lungs. As time went on, the
  couple found ways to adapt the sessions to make
  them more effective and easier. For example, they
  substitute their own cupped hands instead of
  percussor cups when doing his chest PT. They also
  put on his favorite shows (these days its the
  Wiggles, Topsy and Tim and Mickey Mouse
  Clubhouse) and, most days, he doesnt put up a
  fight.
• They also learned early on that Shanes pancreas
  does not produce enough enzymes to help his body
  digest fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Each
  night, Jessica breaks open each of the 15 to 18
  capsules Shane will require for the next days
  feedings and distributes the tiny beads into pill
  cups. This saves time and allows Shanes
  10-year-old and 8-year-old sisters to help with
  the preparations adding the enzyme beads to his
  food.
• As for Shane, he is a happy toddler. He is
  walking and talking and getting himself into a
  lot of mischief, Jessica says. Hes a little
  teaser, he likes to make people laugh and he
  always has a smile on his face. We are truly
  blessed to have him as our son.

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• Thalassemia is a blood disorder which passed from
  parents to children through genes.it happen when
  the body doesn't make enough of a protein called
  hemoglobin, an important part of red blood cells.
• Causes it caused by mutations in the DNA of
  cells that make hemoglobin the substance in red
  blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your
  body
• Symptoms Fatigue,Weakness,Pale or yellowish
  skin,Facial bone deformities,Slow
  growth,Abdominal swelling, Dark urine
• Different types of thalassemia
• beta thalassemia, which includes the subtypes
  major and intermedia
• alpha thalassemia, which include the subtypes
  hemoglobin H and hydrops fetalis
• thalassemia minor
• Treatment Doctors use three regular therapies.
  Blood transfusions, iron chelation (ke-LAY-shun)
  therapy, and folic acid supplements are included
  in these procedures. Other therapies have been
  developed, or are being tested, but are much less
  commonly used

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• Real case story
• The lady name is Chanapa Tantibanchacha. She is
  28 years old and live in Baltimore, Maryland,
  Chanapa work in the Food and Drug Administration
  as a officer. Chanapa grew up in a small town in
  Arizona that is still home to her parents. Her
  parents discovered when she was 8 months old that
  she had thalassemia.
• She began to lose hair as an infant, became fussy
  about eating, and her skin got unusually pale. No
  one else had thalassemia in her family, and her
  parents were unaware that they were carrying one
  of the genes that causes thalassemia.The
  diagnosis came to everyone as a shock.

Thalassemia signs and symptoms can
include Fatigue Weakness Pale or yellowish
skin Facial bone deformities Slow
growth Abdominal swelling Dark urine
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• Down Syndrome- It is a condition in which a
  person has an extra chromosome. The person has
  three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the
  usual two copies, in all cells.
• Causes- Its caused by an abnormal cell division
  that occurs during the development of the sperm
  cell or the egg cell.
• Medical complications often accompany Down
  Syndrome
• Hearing loss
• Poor vision
• Obesity
• Hip problems (dislocation)
• Chronic Constipation
• Treating Down Syndrome
• No cure for Down Syndrome.
• Special education teachers and therapists will
  help your child learn
• Sensory skills, social skills, self-helps skills,
  motor skills, language and cognitive abilities.

• Symptoms
• Short neck
• Small head and ears
• Poor muscle tone
• Bulging tongue

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• Turner syndrome
  
• Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that
  affects approximately 25 to 50 in every 100,000
  girls born each year.
• Known as 45,X, monosomy X and Ullrich-Turner
  syndrome.
• Cause
• Normally, a female has 2 X chromosomes in each
  cell. Turner syndrome occurs when all or part of
  one X chromosome is missing.
• It can affect development before and after birth.
• Symptoms
• The main features of Turner syndrome are being
  short stature and having infertility (due to
  underdeveloped ovaries).
• Difficulty feeding in infancy, problems with
  hearing or eyesight, problems with coordination,
  puffiness of the hands and feet, slower sexual
  development, and problems with the heart, liver
  or kidneys.

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• Diagnosis
• Test for Turner syndrome before a baby is born if
  the ultrasound or other prenatal tests show signs
  of Turner syndrome. Sometimes a girl can have
  Turner syndrome and not have the condition
  diagnosed until childhood or puberty.
• Whoever has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome
  will need to have medical checks to make sure
  they are staying healthy and will need hormones
  to replace those that normally come from the
  ovaries. If a woman with Turner syndrome wants to
  have children, she will probably need some help
  with her fertility.
• Turner syndrome increases the risk of some other
  medical conditions such as
• coeliac disease or gluten intolerance
• bowel diseases
• diabetes
• low thyroid hormone
• osteoporosis
• hearing loss

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Sickle Cell Anemia
Overview
Symptoms
Causes
Treatments
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited red blood cell
disorder in which they arent enough healthy red
blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.

• Anemia.
• Episodes of pain.
• Swelling of hands and feet
• Frequent infections
• Vision problems

Caused by a mutation in the gene that tells your
body to make iron-rich compound that makes your
blood red and enables RBC to carry O2 from your
lungs throughout your body (hemogoblin).

• Medications such as Hydroxyurea, and
  Pain-relieving medication.
• Blood transfusion
• Stem cell transplant.

18

• Klinefelters Syndrome
• Overview
• A genetic condition where a boy will born with
  an extra X chromosomes.
• Men with Klinefelters syndrome usually have
  problem trying to have a child.
• Symptoms
• Symptoms of Klinefelter vary with age
• Babies
• Weaker muscles
• More quiet than usual
• Slower to learn to sit up, crawl, and talk.
• Children
• A hard time making friends and talking about
  feelings
• Low energy levels
• Problems learning to read, write, and do math
• Shyness and low confidence.

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• Teenagers
• Larger breasts than normal
• Less facial and body hair, and it comes in later
• Less muscle tone, and muscles grow slower than
  usual
• Longer arms and legs, wider hips, and a shorter
  torso than other boys their age
• Puberty never comes, comes later, or doesnt
  quite finish
• Small penis and small, firm testicles
• Taller than usual for the family
• Adults
• Infertility (cant have children because they
  cant make enough sperm)
• Low sex drive
• Low testosterone levels
• Problems getting or keeping an erection.

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• Causes
• Either the egg or the sperm that came together to
  create you had an extra X chromosome.
• An extra X chromosome in every cell

• Diagnosis
• Prenatal screening.
• Testing after a healthcare provider notices
  abnormal growth during childhood, puberty or
  throughout the teen years.
• Done by a blood test called karyotype

• Treatment
• Testosterone replacement therapy
• Speech and language therapy

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Week 3

• Childs Sensation, Perception, Motor Development
  and Learning

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1

• Childs sensations https//youtu.be/q1xNuU7gaA
  Q
• Child's motor development https//youtu.be/dv
  p9RfVaKkc
• Childs perception https//youtu.be/gnArvcWaH6
  I
• / Child learning https//youtu.be/Uyf8vQn90Yg
  

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• / Motor skills - https//www.youtube.com/watch?vy
  uVkkhpiHTA
• Child Development - https//www.youtube.com/watch?
  vfojOMDS-PqI
• Perception - https//www.youtube.com/watch?vsqYgU
  6CjGds
• Child Learning - https//www.youtube.com/watch?v7
  hn0O_L6lfI
• Child Sensation - https//www.youtube.com/watch?v
  0Q3E-jTngAo

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• Motor, Sensory Perception Development in
  Infancy Childhood
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vyR2BseDSUQg
• Childs sensation - https//www.youtube.com/watch?
  vvXXiyIGqliE
• Childs Motor Skills - https//www.youtube.com/wat
  ch?vyuVkkhpiHTA
• / Childs Perception - https//www.youtube.com/wat
  ch?vqEkXskJl99g
• Child learning - https//www.youtube.com/watch?vU
  yf8vQn90Yg

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4
Child Senses - https//youtu.be/O2-x-dLb_KM Child
Perception - https//youtu.be/sqYgU6CjGds / Child
Learning - https//youtu.be/xWgjwwvt9_w / Child
Gross Motor Development - https//youtu.be/xd802M7
NFJs
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Child Motor Development https//www.youtube.com/wa
tch?vxd802M7NFJs Child Perception https//www.yo
utube.com/watch?vsqYgU6CjGds Child
Learning https//youtu.be/t4o4t4Xfaig / Child
Sensation https//www.youtube.com/watch?vkY5z0zM
U23k
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6

• Child motor development
• https//youtu.be/ZGv8olaNdk8
• Child perception
• https//youtu.be/HBW5vdhr_PA
• Child learning
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vedr2aL9Mjys
• Child sensation
• https//youtu.be/J46nuKWvhV0

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Week 3

• Pros Cons of Childs Learning Centers

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1
Swimming Lesson _at_ Happy Fish Swim School Located in Damansara Swimming Lesson _at_ Happy Fish Swim School Located in Damansara
Pros Cons
Water Familiarisation Children will learn how to explore in and around the water safely. Breath Control Children will learn how to hold their breath when verbal and kinesthetic trigger is given. Trauma-Free Submersion Children will develop confidence in submerging underwater and discover the freedom of buoyancy. Free Floating Children will learn how to float without assistance to the ledge of pools or between adults. Independency Children will learn how to swim between adults, grabbing shirts to pull themselves up, turn and swim back to the ledge and get out of the pool, all by themselves. The programme tend to be expensive. The children must wear snugly fitting swim diapers, and the parents must wear appropriate swim attire in the swimming pool. Require the presence of parents. The parents cannot leave their children there and go to work. They will have to sacrifice their working hours and doing house chores. Safety concerns - Such as swallowing too much water and exposure to cold temperatures. - If the children is not feeling well, they will be not able to attend the swimming class. - Expert entities disagree about whether early swim lessons can prevent drowning or not. - Many babies lack the neurological maturity to grasp the concepts presented in swim classes.
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2
Baby Jumper Gym

• Located at Publika Shopping Gallery. It is an
  early learning centre for kids mainly focus on
  right-brain development through fun and games in
  their playschool sessions.
• Their teaching method combines music, movement
  and a whole range of brain stimulation
  activities.
• They have activities like jumping on mini
  trampolines, jump into ball pits and making
  cardboard cars
• BJG has also been named Best Baby Development
  Center and Recommended Playschool by BabyTalk
  Magazine.

• Cons
• Safety concerns whether the place is baby proof
• Separation anxiety
• Less affordable
• Learned behaviour
• Child gets sick often

• Pros
• Improves hand and eye coordination and motor
  skills
• Stimulates baby's senses
• Provides an interesting diversion in their daily
  routine
• Boosts cognitive development
• Encourages freedom and movement

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3
POP PIANO MUSIC ACADEMY

• Located in Publika Shopping Gallery, Kuala Lumpur
• Emphasizes Play By Ear Piano teaching with Pop
  Piano improvisation for kids
• This academys aim is also to help kids learn to
  play their favourite songs.

• PROS
• Improves childrens attention span
• Improves childrens motor skills
• Playing piano reduces stress
• Playing music instruments such as piano improves
  childrens creativity and problem solving skills

• CONS
• The practice time itself.
• Piano instrument and the classes are costly.
• Children could be prone to mental illness as
  there are possibilities that they could be
  compared to their peers who are making a better
  progress than them.

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4

• Young Chefs Academy
• Located at Desa Sri Hartamas, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
• unique culinary experience which offers cooking
  classes to children aged 3 to 17 in a safe
  environment that encourages discovery and
  creativity.
• Each class and event incorporates supplemental
  subject matter which ties into each theme.

• Pros
• Self-fulfillment
• Room of Creativity
• Learning different culture
• Respectable
• Availability Job

• Cons
• Risky
• Expensive Training
• Poor pay
• Demanding Job
• Stressing

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5
Peekaboo Music Academy

• Located at Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur
• Brought educations for children from newborn to 7
  years old
• Aspiring music learners in a wide range of
  musical instruments such as piano, ukulele,
  including voice.
• Offer a Junior chef programme, which allow kids
  to learn different skills. (Creating a dish and
  Handle Kitchen tools )

Pros
Cons

• Fun
• Improve level of creativity
• Improve coordination skills
• Meet new friends
• Better to control own emotions

• Time Consuming
• Costly
• Mental Issues
• Need to spend extra more time to get the ideal
  instrument

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6

• Dramatic play supports childrens development-
  Engaging in dramatic play improves the growth of
  young people. Predending improves social skills,
  makes kids more mindful on their own thoughts,
  and encourages common language and problem
  solving As a child-centered play activity,
  dramatic play is most successful, where the
  children are in control of the storey and decide
  individually how to act it out.

• Cons
• May not lead to learning
• Children still need guidance
• Could lead to social bullying exclusion
• Could be unsafe in some instances
• Is not always the best approach

• Pros
• Relief from emotional tension
• Children feel powerful
• Language development
• Teaches conflict resolution
• Understanding symbolism,building ingenuity
• Recognising what is real and what is fantasy

35
Week 6

• Messy Play benefits child development (cognitive,
  physical and emotional)

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1
Messy play Also known as sensory play, it is
the term for any activities allowing children to
work with their hands to create a controlled
mess. Often involving traditionally messy
ingredients like paint, sand, slime, water, clay
or mud, it is geared toward exploring feelings
and imagination.

• Cognitive
• The children will use their senses to understand
  their surrounding. For example, they use their
  eyes to see the objects and recognise that them
  as toys or their parents they use their nose to
  smell the food and recognise whether if it is
  their favourite food.

• Physical
• The children will then move their bodies either
  to nearer or away from the objects or their
  family. If the toys are new to them, they will
  try to take it and feel it if it is soft or hard,
  for example, hands-on activities help children to
  compare textures and temperatures and to develop
  their sense of touch.

• Emotional
• The children will show their feelings by smiling
  if they are happy or crying if they are sad or
  angry or hungry. There is no right way in messy
  play. Give your child positive feedback. For an
  example, say wow! Look at those colors!. This
  gives her freedom to express herself and helps
  building self-esteem and confidence.

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2

• Messy Play- Also known as sensory play, is the
  term for any activities allowing children to work
  with their hands to create a controlled mess.
  Often involving traditionally messy ingredients
  such as paint, sand, slime, water, clay or mud,
  it is geared toward exploring feelings and
  imagination.

• Benefits
• Cognitive - It encourages children to interact
  with their environment and learn about the
  objects around them.
• Physical - It helps the child to develop their
  motor skills and help them develop better muscle
  strength.
• Emotional - It helps them to obtain a better
  understanding of their emotions and help gain
  better control of them like joy and frustration.

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3

• Messy play- Messy play is the way that
  encouraging children to learn about the raw
  material such as mud, sand, water and paint
  without restrictions. It also allow your child to
  mess thing up so they can use their senses in a
  logical and educational way.
• Cognitive-Messy play is the basis for early STEM
  learning. Using hands-on play, children get a
  feel for experimentation by seeing for themselves
  how things work. They learn valuable science
  skills like cause and effect, problem-solving and
  the scientific method. They can also learn basic
  math skills like classification, sorting,
  matching and more.
• Physical -Using the hands and fingers promotes
  fine motor development such as finger dexterity,
  hand strength and shoulder strength. These skills
  are the building blocks for future handwriting.
  Using the senses of balance and body awareness
  enhance gross motor skills.
• Emotional- emotional is the ability that let
  child to express and understand their feelings.
  And it's also to let them maintain or make them
  emotion in a good condition in order to avoid bad
  emotion. This also can let them to learn how to
  control their emotion.

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4
Benefits
Messy Play

• Cognitive
• Learn valuable science skills like cause and
  effect, problem-solving and the scientific
  method.
• Learn basic math skills like classification,
  sorting, matching
• Physical
• Practice controlled movements that require
  hand-eye coordination
• Emotion
• Help them recognize and name their emotions and
  figure out how to avoid getting upset in the
  future.

• Also known as sensory play
• It can be any form of activities and it allows
  children to work with their own hands to create a
  controlled mess.
• Ingredients Involved Paint, sand,slime,water
  ,clay or mud.

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5
Messy Play Allows children to make a controlled
mess so, they can use their senses in a logical
and educational way. While the idea of making a
huge mess often puts parents off, the benefits of
messy play are huge and totally worth the minimal
inconvenience. This includes rice play, jelly on
plate, oats or cereal play, chocolate mud and
kinetic sand. Cognitive - helps develop brains
bridge nerve connections and assists children in
learning differences and similarities. The use of
sensory material creates hands-on, self-directed
and self-centred play, and it encourages
discovery and development. This approach appeals
to children who have different learning and
thinking styles. It develops and enhances
memory. Emotion - Encourage children to work
together and cooperate in group play or
one-on-one play. They learn about personal
boundaries, understanding someone else's ideas
and views, and they have the opportunity to
express their own. Physical - Using the hands
and fingers promotes fine motor development such
as finger dexterity, hand strength and shoulder
strength. These skills are the building blocks
for future handwriting. Using the senses of
balance and body awareness enhance gross motor
skills. Creative Development - It leaves the
child in control of the outcome and they have the
freedom to explore and test different theories.
This can boost their self-confidence and also
encourage them to find new ways to do things by
using their imagination and creativity.
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6

• Messy Play
• Term for any exercises permitting children to
  work with their hands to make a controlled wreck.
  Frequently including customarily chaotic fixings
  like paint, sand, ooze, water, mud or mud, it is
  intended for investigating emotions and creative
  mind. Messy play allows children to have freedom
  which brings out their creativity.

• Benefits
• Curiosity One of the great things about
  childhood is the sense of freedom you have.
  Experimentation is something to be encouraged
  through all stages of our lives.
• Fine Motor Skills Movements that use small
  muscles in the fingers, hands and forearms but
  they arent fully developed until around 8 years
  old. Actions such as grabbing and gripping will
  strengthen the muscles and improve those skills.
• Communication In terms of communication, they
  are able to express their likes and dislikes as
  well as offering affection and empathy to other
  children who may be feeling down/crying.

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Week 8

• Children need to play in nature, because...

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1

• A - Play is the most fundamental part in child
  development as it allows children to explore the
  world be it in the nature or in the kitchen. Play
  is a child's context for learning as it nurtures
  childrens curiosity. It enables children to
  explore and make sense of the world around them,
  and develop their imagination and creativity.
• B - Spending time in nature can help kids to get
  expose to the nature. They will be able to feel
  everything in nature with all their senses. Young
  kids will see the sand first before touching it.
  They will also try to see if it is possible to
  make something with their hands, which develop
  their thinking skill. On the same time, they can
  smell what the sand is like. Sometimes, they
  might accidentally taste the sand and then
  express their emotions. Other than that, they can
  hear the sound of the sea waves, the noise of the
  crowd and the animals at the beach. This will
  give them an idea of what it is like how to enjoy
  and have fun at the beach.
• C - By playing in nature childrens able to
  express they emotions by make a noise- shout and
  play with other children, free to explore and
  move such run, jump, roll and more. Moreover,
  nature create a sense of peacefulness to
  childrens.

44
2

• Learning through play, appears to be a simple
  notion, but has profound meaning.
• It helps children make sense of the world around
  them through discovery, allowing them to develop
  cognitively, socially, emotionally and
  physically.

• Piagets Stages of Play
• Viewed play as integral to the development of
  intelligence in children. His theory of play
  argues that as the child matures, their
  environment and play should encourage further
  cognitive and language development.
• Functional play
• Constructive play
• Symbolic/Fantasy play
• Games with rules

• Vygotskys Cognitive Development
• Kids need to be comfortable in their natural
  environment sometimes it might be dirty when they
  tend to play in sand
• That is how they discover thing and by
  discovering new things the tend to develop their
  learning skills.
• As they are in a new environment they make new
  connections it can be their friends, teachers,
  and parents too.
• Also, they are able to learn and develop within
  their role in the community.
• For example, when they tend to utter their first
  words to their peers they learn to communication.
  This helps them to be a collaborative and
  cooperative person as well.

45
3

• A Children can learning through playing. Kids
  can view, enjoy playing through the nature such
  as sand. They can use sand to build the castle.
  Children will think that water is came out from
  the tape because they haven't see waterfall,
  beach and river before. Even children see animal
  also be so happy. As parents and teacher, we
  encourage them bring children to zoo, jungle so
  they can more interact and view the environment
  and nature because it can help their health and
  physical development.
• B Learning through experiencing , children learn
  the nature in a productive way, they learn about
  environment and their surround by direct interact
  with them. So this method let them to have an
  idea about what they have in nature
• C Children can learn when they playing, kids can
  learn things through observation. They will look
  at people and imitate it. Besides, environment
  and the people around them will direct influence
  them

46
4

• A Learning through play helps kids understand
  and learn about the objects in their environment
  by encouraging them to interact and examine the
  objects around them.

• B Children learn and gain experiences through
  play. Playing in nature gives children free rein
  to their imaginations.

47
5
A Allowing children to play in the nature gives
them the freedom to experience things and enjoy
things. They get to learn about different facts
and it allows their imagination to run free. B
Playing in nature provides them the opportunity
to learn based on what they observe. This also
enhances childrens intelligence as they are able
to learn without much guidance. In other words,
they learn based on their own experience.
48
6

• A
• Children need to play in nature because they will
  learn to discover new knowledge by themselves.
• Can foster their creativity
• Only through nature, children can understand more
  about the knowledges that they owned.

• B
• Children needs to play in nature because it is
  important for their healthy development,
  peacefulness and would benefits them.
• Its a different way for the child to acquire
  information and learn.
• They will be able to understand more when they
  discover thing on their own.

49
Week 11

• Whats your personal needs for friends and peers?

50

• A
• Child - friendly, helpful, get along well, always
  keep in touch, always play games together in a
  large group after inviting others to join along
• Adult - responsible, honest, patience, can get
  along well, can talk about anything, friendly,
  helpful, keep in touch anytime, good in giving
  explanation if I am very lost at something, enjoy
  exchanging ideas
• Hardly can accept those with two-sided faces,
  bully, betray, jealous others

• B
• Child
• Fun to be with
• Friendly
• Approachable
• Understanding
• Adult
• Reliable
• Open-minded
• Respectful
• (Im fine with anyone honestly)

51

• A
• As a child Be friends with everyone except for
  people who bully others. (school)
• As an adult Compatible personality, be honest
  and sincere to people

• B
• As a child I befriend everyone, i didnt exactly
  looked for anyone. Everyone is a good friend if
  they are my friends. (I was the bad friend lol)
• As an adult I dont think i have the needs to
  look for more friends although i dont mind
  making some. As long as they have good
  personalities, honest, not two faced, alls good.

52

• A
• As a child
• -sharing their toys
• -doing everything together
• As an adult
• -understanding
• -honest
• -someone who listens and not judge
• -funnyyyy

• B
• As a child
• Invite me to play along
• Share their snacks and toys
• Know how to take turns when playing
• As an adult
• Promotes a positive outlook on life
• Brings out the best in each other
• Good at managing disagreements
• Share the same sense of humour
• Have a big heart and is generous

53

• A
• As a child
• Friendly, sharing food and toys, can play
  together all the time
• As an adult
• Friendly, responsible, honest and kind,
  effective listener, if I need you, you must
  with me, understand my position and we can travel
  together and make fun together. When I am sad
  she need to accompanying me.
• In don't want my friend like same guy that I
  like.

• B
• As a child
• Friendly, kind, sharing toys to play,
• As an adult
• Must be a honest person, kind, understanding,
  listen without judging anyone, and funny.

54

• A
• As a child
• sharing snack and drink , sharing their toys,
  doing everything together
• As an adult
• Loyalty
• Honesty
• Understanding

• B
• As a child
• I be friend with everyone without caring if they
  are good or bad. Because for me, as long as they
  are there for me and wants to share their food or
  toy with me, theyre considered my friend.
• As an adult
• Id look for a friend who is honest, supportive,
  understanding and the one that wont leak out my
  secrets. Having only one is more than enough. D

55

• A
• As a child I would say an individual who is
  loyal to people in his/her surroundings. It is
  okay if that person may not be able to provide
  help at all times as long as he or her will stay
  by my side at the end of the day through the good
  and bad times
• As an adult No difference from child. Actually
  one additional criteria which is honesty. That
  person can be self-centered or selfish but as
  long as he or she is an honest person, someone
  who I know who is trustworthy, then it would be a
  great pleasure for me to have that friend.

• B
• As a child i would prefer someone who is
  energetic and also outgoing. Also prefer some who
  is genuine and also able to be there whenever i
  need them
• As an adult I prefer someone open minded and
  also someone who is responsible and also know how
  to have fun in the correct way.

56

• A
• As a child, i need friends that will play with me
  and talk to me.
• As for now, i just need friends and peers that
  support me and wont betray me. Understand what I
  want, can motivate each other.

• B
• As a child, I just need a friend that have a lot
  of fun thing can play with them.
• As a adult, just hope there have somebody can
  talk with

57

• A
• As a child, Ill just tag along with my brother
  and befriend anyone to have fun.
• As an adult, Ill look for people who Ill trust
  and wholl help me when Im in need. Also people
  I can have fun and spend time with.

58
Questions for Guest Speaker

• Nutritionist
• Q1. What is the healthier food for kids?
• Q2.What kind of nutritional approach would you
  take to help children who are at risk of
  developing diabetes and in chronic disease
• Q3. what kind of vitamins is necessary for
  babies?
• Q4. What kind of healthy food should I consume on
  a daily basis in your opinion Miss? How do one
  overcome his/her addiction of junk food?
• Q5. What is the intern training like to be a
  qualified nutritionist? Is it in pharmacy,
  hospital or diet center? Is it always working
  together with doctors or requires to do a lot of
  article reviewed? How do I know if I'm getting
  all the nutrition I need at red zone during this
  pandemic?

• Early Child Educator
• Q1. I want to be an Early Child teacher and do
  you have any advice for me because I want to be
  ready. If children fight in front of you how you
  overcome it? Because they are young. How to make
  children follow the instructions?
• Q2. Have you ever identified learning
  disabilities within your students? How did you go
  through that situation?
• Q3. How do I provide aid to children who could be
  having social anxiety after getting publicly
  humiliated? What is the best method to educate
  children especially those who are making slower
  progress than others?
• Q4. What is the toughest and easiest to be the
  educator?
• Q5. How to handle kids throwing tantrums? What
  are the reasons for a kid to throw tantrums?

59
Questions for Guest Speaker

• Early Child Educator
• Q6. What to do if child is insecure?
• Q7. How will you exercise patience when
  interacting with children?
• Q8. What is the difference between good and bad
  sugar ? What is the acceptable amount of sweet
  treats to give a child ?
• Q9. How do you describe a perfect learning
  environment for a child?
• Q10. what are the skills needed as a early
  childhood educator ?
• Q11. What is your view on sex education for
  children in Malaysia?
• Q12. Do you think that technological appliances
  play a great role in the development of the new
  generations? 2. What is your say on, YouTuber
  parents who show their children on camera ?

• Nutritionist
• Q6. Is it possible for diet to cause a side
  effect on teenagers or during their puberty
  period?
• Q7. What food or method can prevent blood
  pressure to become low?
• Q8. How many calories should a child consume in a
  day ? Will it increase if they play sports ?
• Q9. How much protein does a child need?Is it okay
  to give the same foods to child every day if they
  are healthy?
• Q10. What kind of nutritional approach would you
  take to help children who are at risk of
  developing diabetes?
• Q11. can drastic weight loss have a negative
  effect on an individuals health ?
• Q11. Is it normal to not remember what we ate
  yesterday and the day before ? 2. Is it important
  to keep track of what we eat?