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The Late Middle Ages:

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Title: The Late Middle Ages:

1
Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages Crisis and
Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century
2
Spread of the Black Death 1. The origin of the
Black Death was apparently in central Asia. It
consisted of three elements bubonic, pneumonic,
and septicaemic plague. The bubonic plague
migrated west with the invading Mongols and
rodents affected by ecological change. The most
active carriers of the plague were the Asian
black rats that played host to the fleas that
carried the bacillus. Pneumonic plague was a
bacterial infection spread to the lungs. It was
more deadly than bubonic plague but occurred less
frequently. Insects carried rare septicaemic
plague that was extremely deadly. The plague
apparently arrived in Europe by Genoese merchant
ships either from the Middle East or the Crimea,
especially Caffa, which disembarked at Messina in
Sicily in October 1347. From here it spread
across Sicily and then moved northward following
the routes of trade. Within a year it had
reached England and by the end of 1550 the plague
was in the Baltic. 2. Areas that lay outside the
major trade routes (see Acetate 33, Map 10.1),
such as Bohemia, appear to have been virtually
unaffected. 3. The losses from the Plague were
astonishing. Florence, Genoa, and Pisa with
populations before the plague of nearly 100,000
suffered losses of 50 to 60 percent. In England
and northern France perhaps a third of the
population died. Farming villages in northern
France suffered mortality rates of 30 percent and
cities such of Rouen experienced loses of 30 to
40 percent. In Germany and England entire
village disappeared. Overall, assessments of
those who died range from a quarter to half the
population of Europe. This would place the loss
at between 19 and 38 million (the total
population of Europe at this time is estimated at
75 million). 4. Among those shouldering the
blame for the catastrophe were the Jews who were
the object of pogroms, especially in Germany.
One of the worst was at Strasbourg in 1349 (see
the text by Jacob von Könegshofen). 5. The
plague did not end in 1351. There were major
outbreaks again in 1361-1362 and 1369 and then
recurrences every five or six to ten or twelve
years depending upon climatic and ecological
conditions for the remainder of the fourteenth
and all of the fifteenth centuries. Questions 1.
What was the source of the Black Plague? 2. How
was the plague transmitted so rapidly throughout
Europe? 3. Why were some areas spared from the
ravages of the plague?

Spread of the Black Death

A Time of Troubles Black Death and Social Crisis
Change in weather patterns, 1315-1317
Famine, 1315-1317, 1330s, and 1340s
Black Death
Bubonic plague
Mongol migrations
Yersinius Pestis
50-60 percent death rate
Pneumonic plague
Plague arrives in Europe October, 1347
European population decline 25 to 50 percent,
1447-1351 thus, 19 to 38 million of 75 million
From 1347 to 1450, 60 to 75 percent of the
population

Life and Death Reactions to the Prague
Flagellants
Anti-Semitism
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
Noble landlords and peasants
Wages
Statute of Laborers, 1351
Mobility
Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie, 1358
English Peasants Revolt, 1381

5
The Hundred Year's War 1. Henry III (1216-1272)
of England relinquished claims to all French
territories previously held by the English
monarchy except the duchy of Gascony. As the
duke of this territory, Henry pledged loyalty as
a vassal to the French king. This presence would
be a constant source of irritation for the
French. 2. Since Flanders was the chief market
for English wool, England felt threatened when
France began to intervene in the Dutch urban
revolts between artisans and wealthy merchants.
Their fear was that the French would gain control
of Flanders and then wreck the English wool
trade. 3. The immediate cause of the war was the
seizure of Gascony in 1337 by Philip VI
(1328-1350) of France. This led the duke of
Gascony, Edward III (1327-1377) of England, to
declare war. 4. In 1346 the English invaded
Normandy and shortly thereafter met the forces of
Philip IV at the battle of Crécy. The English
victory was followed by another resulting in the
capture of the port of Calais. 5. The French
suffered at the hand of the Black Prince, Edward,
Prince of Wales, who ravaged the land between
1355 and 1357. In 1356 at Poitiers he captured
King John II (1350-1364) who was held in England
for ransom. By the Peace of Brétigny (1359), the
French paid Johns ransom, Gascony was enlarged,
John gave up feudal control over English lands in
France, and Edward renounced his claims to the
French throne. 6. The Peace of Brétigny was
broken by Charles V (1364-1380) in 1364 as France
went on the offensive and won back most of the
French territory except the coastline. 7.
Another truce lasted from 1396 to 1415. In 1415
the French and English forces met at Agencourt
resulting in an overwhelming English victory.
This was followed by the English conquest of
Normandy. 8. The English cause in the war was
aided by an alliance from 1419 to 1435 with
Burgundy in east central France. The Burgundians
captured mad Charles V (1364-1380) of France and
his capital, Paris. 9. After the death of Henry
V (1413-1422) in 1422, Henry VI (1422-1461) was
proclaimed by the English and Burgundians the
king of France and England. 10. By 1428 the
English had laid siege to Orléans in order to
gain access to the Loire valley. In 1429 this
was lifted by Joan of Arc. The battle proved to
be decisive as France now went on the offensive.
For the next two decades the English were pushed
back as Normandy and Aquitaine were recognized as
French. By 1453 only Calis remained in English
hands. Questions 1. Why were the English so
successful in the first part of the war but
unable to hold on to their gains in the second
half of the war? 2. How was the Hundred Years'
War one of nationalism for France?