The Middle Ages

1
The Middle Ages
2
1. What were the Middle Ages?

• Lasted from 500 1500
• Germanic groups invaded Roman Empire
• Trade was disrupted
• People returned to rural
• ways of life
• People were less educated
• Monasteries preserved knowledge

3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
2. Who were the Franks?

• A Germanic tribe of nomads who lived in the Rhine
  River Valley.
• In the 400s, the Franks began to invade Roman
  Gaul (France today)

7
(No Transcript)
8
3. Who was Clovis I?

• Merovingian King of the Franks from 481-511
• He was Pagan, but In 496 his wife (Clothilde)
  convinced him to convert to Christianity
• The rest of his people then converted

9
(No Transcript)
10
4. Who was Charles Martel?

• Charles the Hammer
• Carolingian who became Mayor of the Palace in 714
• Defeated the Muslims in 732 at the Battle of
  Tours

11
5. What was the significance of The Battle of
Tours?

• Ended the Muslim threat to Europe (except for
  Spain)
• Showed the effectiveness of cavalry (used by
  Muslims)
• Led to the importance of knights

12
6. Who was the first King of the Franks?

• Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel)
• Convinced Pope Boniface to crown him King of the
  Franks (751)
• Pepin created the Papal States when he gave part
  of his territory to the Pope
• Ended all rule of the Merovingians and began the
  Carolingian Dynasty

13
7. Who was Charlemagne?

• Charles the Great
• Son of Pepin
• 771 King of the Franks
• Created the largest kingdom in Europe since
  ancient Rome
• Pope Leo III crowned him King of the Romans
• (Cont.)

14
7. Who was Charlemagne? (Cont.)

• Paid for a revival of learning - the Carolingian
  Renaissance
• Monks copied Roman manuscripts
• Opened schools
• His empire was divided between his three sons who
  fought each other until 843 signed the Treaty
  of Verdun

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
Treaty of Verdun
18
(No Transcript)
19
8. Why did Feudalism Rise?

• Increasing violence and lawless
• Vikings attacked from the north
• Magyars (Turkish nomads) attacked from the east
• Muslims attacked from the south
• People had no central government to protect them
• People turned to lords for protection

20
Feudal System

• King
• Vassals Nobles and Bishops who were wealthy
  land owners
• Knights defended Vassals land in exchange for
  fiefs (land)
• Peasants worked the Vassals fields many were
  serfs who could not leave the land

21
(No Transcript)
22
9. What political power did the Pope have?

• Popes often crowned the Kings.
• All Christian Kings had to have the Popes
  blessing.
• Excommunication if the Pope was unhappy with a
  King, they could be excommunicated and condemned
  to hell.
• The Church could put anyone on trial who violated
  Canon (Church) law.

23
10. How did farming change?

• The climate was warmer from 800 to 1200
• Farmers used a new type of harness that fit
  across a horses chest horses could pull plows
• Farmers could grow more crops when they switched
  from a two-field system to a three-field system

24
11. What financial and trade changes took place?

• The Church forbade Christians from lending money
  at interest Jews became the source for loans.
• Trade increased and towns grew larger and more
  crowded.

25
12. What changes took place in literature and
learning?

• Authors began writing in the vernacular brought
  literature to many people
• Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim
  libraries
• Many Greek writings were translated into Latin.
• Ancient writings influenced Christian writers.

26
The Church Wields Power
27
Church Reform and the Crusades
28
A new age of spiritual feeling arose in Europe in
the 1000s

• The Age of Faith

29
Many problems troubled the Church so Popes made
reforms

• Ended marriage of Priests and Simony

30
Huge churches were built in the Gothic style
architecture.

• Towering cathedrals with stained-glass windows
  (ex. Notre Dame)

31
The First Crusade
32
1093 the Byzantine emperor asked for help
against the Muslim Turks

• Needed to protect Constantinople.

33
Pope Urban II urged leaders in Europe to begin a
Crusade - 1095

• He wanted to take control of Jerusalem and the
  Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks

34
The First Crusade - 1096

• Crusaders captured Jerusalem.

35
The Second Crusade
36
The Second Crusade - 1187

• Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.

37
The Third Crusade - 1192

• Richard the Lion-Hearted fought Saladin
• Came to a truce Saladin opened Jerusalem to
  Christian pilgrims

38
The Fourth Crusade
39
The Fourth Crusade 1202-1204

• Knights attacked and looted the Christian cities
  of Zara and Constantinople

40
The Reconquista

• Drove the Muslims out of Spain.

41
The Inquisition

• People suspected of heresy were questioned,
  tortured, and executed.

42
The Rack
43
The Wheel
44
The Stake
45
The Iron Maiden
46
The Pear of Anguish
47
Rat Torture
48
The Head Crusher
49
The Saw
50
The Knee Splitter
51
Toe Wedging
52
Ch 14, Sec. 3England France Develop
53
England
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
William the Conqueror The Battle of Hastings -
1066

• William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) led a
  French Army and defeated Harold the Saxon for the
  English throne.
• William became William I of England.

57
William the Conqueror The Battle of Hastings -
1066

• He declared all of England his personal property.
• Granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords
• Laid the foundation for centralized government

58
(No Transcript)
59
Henry II (Plantagenet)

• Grandson of William I made major reforms to the
  royal power in England.
• Consolidated courts more crimes and civil cases
  would be tried by the Royal Courts

60
Henry II (Plantagenet)

• Common Law developed laws are created by
  decisions of the judges, earlier decisions are
  used as precedents.
• Grand Jury System a jury determines if there is
  enough evidence to justify a trial

61
Henry II (Plantagenet)

• Attempted to bring the church courts under his
  control
• Failed after his clash with the Archbishop of
  Canterbury, Thomas à Becket

62
1204 Philip II of France Regains Normandy from
the English

• Philip strengthened the central government in
  France by putting more land under his control.

63
John The Magna Carta - 1215

• John and Richard the Lionhearted were both sons
  of Henry II, but Richard only spent 10 months of
  his reign in England
• Ineffective ruler lost territory to the French,
  taxed heavily and abandoned jury trials to punish
  his enemies

64
John The Magna Carta - 1215

• A large group of his vassal lords revolted
  against him in 1215 and forced him to sign the
  Magna Carta at Runnymede
• The Magna Carta required the king to observe due
  process of law

65
John The Magna Carta - 1215

• Was intended to protect the lords, but it later
  protected merchants and peasants
• Became the foundation of the English system of
  constitutional government

66
1226 Louis IX became King of France

• He set up courts where people could appeal their
  lords decision.
• This strengthened the monarchy and weakened
  feudal ties.

67
Monasticism and Saints

• Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions
  and devote themselves to a religious life
• Established between 400 -700 communities called
  monasteries which became centres of education,
  literacy and learning
• Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of
  St. Benedict
• Saints- one who performs miracles that are
  interpreted as evidence of a special relationship
  with God
• St. Augustine- wrote Confessions which
  discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and
  the role of free will which shaped monastic
  tradition and the influence of Church

68
(No Transcript)
69
Byzantine Empire in 6th Century
70
High Middle Ages

• New royal dynasty called Capetians in France
• System of primogeniture system where eldest son
  inherited everything (instead of dividing land /
  property / wealth)
• Lords and knights however had little loyalty and
  began competing more fiercely for land, power,
  influence and control
• Peace of God a set of decrees issued in 989 CE
  that prohibited stealing church property,
  assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the
  threat of excommunication from Church
• were set to protect the unarmed populace by
  limiting warfare in countryside
• Truce of God set in 1027 CE and outlawed all
  fighting from Thursday to Monday morning, on
  important feast days and during religious days
• Truce encouraged idea that the only combat
  pleasing to God was in the defence of Christendom
  (idea of the righteousness of holy war)
• 1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God
  when calling knights to the first Crusade in
  support of Christians

71
Wars and Conflicts

• War of Investitures (Pope Gregory VII and Holy
  Roman Emperor Henry IV)
• Norman Conquests William the Conqueror (who was
  crowned King of England and ordered the Doomsday
  Book)
• Magna Carta (king is subject to the law)
• Crusades
• Effects of Crusades (military failure but many
  positive effects (spreading of culture, goods,
  scientific knowledge, Arabic language and
  thought, economic growth in rural communities,
  and trade)

72
New Ideas and Culture

• Effects of Crusades
• Guild and communes
• Towns, cities and manors
• New thinkers (Thomas Aquinas) and writers
• Creation of universities
• New art and architecture (gothic, castles)
• Knighthood and chivalry
• Courtly entertainment (fables, playwrights)

73
Late Middle Ages

• Black Death
• a devastating worldwide pandemic that first
  struck Europe in the mid 14th century
• killed about a third of Europes population, an
  estimated 34 million people.

74
The Bubonic Plague

• Called black death because of striking symptom
  of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would
  blacken due to hemorrhages under the skin
• Spread by fleas and rats
• painful lymph node swellings called buboes
• buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus
  and blood.
• damage to the skin and underlying tissue until
  they were covered in dark blotches
• Most victims died within four to seven days after
  infection
• EFFECTS
• Caused massive depopulation and change in social
  structure
• Weakened influence of Church
• Originated in Asia but was blamed on Jews and
  lepers

75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
Illustration of the Black Death from the
Toggenburg Bible (1411).
78
Ideas, Inventions and Key Figures

• Roger Bacon (gunpowder)
• Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting)
• Johannes Gutenberg (printing press)
• Christine de Pisan (writer) Geoffrey Chaucer
  (writer)
• Joan of Arc (Hundred Years War)
• Pope Urban II (indulgences)
• Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui (inquisitions)
• Parliamentary Government in England

79
(No Transcript)