Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)

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Unit 5 Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)

• Global History II Review

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Scientific Revolution

• New Ideas about the Universe
• Scientific Revolution- period of change
• Heliocentric theory said sun is center of
  universe. (Copernicus and Galileo)
• Newton proved gravity and natural laws
• New ways of thinking
• Scientific Method- experimentation and
  observation to prove theories
• Human Reason was valued

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Enlightenment

• Science and the Enlightenment
• Natural Laws govern human behavior
• Enlightenment rejected traditional beliefs
• Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts
• Locke Natural Rights- life, liberty, property
• Montesquieu Separation of powers
• Voltaire Religious toleration
• Rousseau Social Contract, give up freedoms for
  the common good of all

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Enlightenment

• Impact of the Enlightenment
• Promoted change in many governments
• Inspired democracy and revolutions
• Enlightened rulers made changes in their
  countries (also able to keep power)
• Key principles for the foundation of American
  Revolution, United States government and the
  French Revolution

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Political Revolutions

• American Revolution (1776)
• Influenced by Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights
  and ideas of the Enlightenment
• Symbol of freedom in Europe and Latin Amer.
• French Revolution (1789)
• Causes Absolute Monarchy, social inequality,
  economic hardships, Enlightenment ideas, American
  Revolution and English laws

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Political Revolutions

• French Revolutions Stages
• Creation of the National Assembly
• Seizure of the Bastille
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Creation of a limited monarchy
• Radicals come to power and Reign of Terror
• Napoleon comes to power
• Napoleonic Code- laws made by Napoleon
• Napoleon is a stabilizing force

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Political Revolutions

• Effects of the French Revolution
• Democratic ideals spread through Europe
• Nationalism emerges in Europe (France)
• Latin American Independence (1790s)
• Toussaint LOuverture (former slave) breaks Haiti
  free from French rule
• Simon Bolivar a Creole gains independence from
  Spain for much of South America
• Jose de San Martin defeats the Spanish for
  independence in Argentina and Chile

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Reaction Against Revolution

• Congress of Vienna (1815)
• Attempt to put Europe back the way it was before
  the conquests of Napoleon
• Revolutions of 1830s and 1848
• Liberals (revolutionaries) revolt against
  conservatives (monarchy)
• Rebellions were not successful in the long term
  but the ideas remained

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Reaction Against Revolution

• Absolutism in Czarist Russia
• Russian Czars maintained power in Russia
• Feudal society continued in Russia with serfs
• Russification- policy to make groups act Russian
  within Russian borders
• Instability in Latin America
• Social injustice even with democracy
• Military rulers lead many nations
• Economies grow slowly
• Mexican Revolution due to unequal distribution of
  wealth

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Global Nationalism

• Nationalism Love for ones country
• Revolutions in Greece, Poland, Belgium, and
  across Latin America
• Unification Movements
• Italy Cavour and Garibaldi worked to unite all
  of Italy as one nation
• Germany Bismarck used war and politics to unite
  the German and Prussian Empires
• Zionism Desire for a Jewish homeland

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Global Nationalism

• Nationalism in Asia
• India called for self-rule and independence from
  the British colonizers
• Indian National Congress and Muslim League worked
  to achieve independence
• Turkey Young Turks took control of Ottoman
  government
• Armenian Massacre Turks turned against
  Christians living in the Ottoman Empire
• Nationalism and conflict in the Balkans

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Economic Revolution

• Agrarian Revolution (1750)
• Increased food production through changes in
  farming techniques
• Enclosures forced small farmers off lands
• Better food created a population explosion
• Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)
• Means of production of goods shifted from hand
  tools to complex machines
• Caused by increased work force, improved
  technology, and new capital for investment

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Economic Revolutions

• Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• Laissez-faire economics means the government does
  not interfere in production
• Free Market or Capitalism develops
• Big businesses emerge
• Middle class and lower classes struggle
• Urbanization- growth of cities
• Poor working conditions for workers
• Improved transportation (steam engine)
• Great Britain, France, Germany and the United
  States are the most industrialized nations

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Social Revolutions

• Inspired by the hardships of the Ind. Rev.
• Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest
• Socialism- concentrated on interests of society
• Wanted businesses and farms to belong to all the
  people and not just individuals
• Marxist Socialism (Communism)
• Karl Marx called for a revolution by the workers
  against the capitalists
• The people should control all means of production

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Social Revolutions

• Education Public schools were developed
• Reforms
• Slavery is abolished nearly everywhere
• Suffrage is expanded
• More rights for workers
• Improvements in universal education
• Impact of Industrialization
• Migration to industrialized nations
• Famine in Ireland forced Irish to leave
• Development of a global economy (interdependency)

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Japanese/ Meiji Restoration

• Opening of Japan (1853)
• Japan was isolated for 200yrs. (Tokugawa)
• US Commodore Perry forces Japan to open
• Treaty of Kanagawa gave America trading rights
  with Japan
• Modernization and Industrialization
• Emperor Meiji worked to modernize Japan
• Japan borrowed from the West the best ideas

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Imperialism

• Imperialism
• The domination by one country of the political,
  economic, or cultural life of another country
  (Bullying)
• Causes
• Nationalism and belief in social Darwinism
• Militarism- need to be stronger than others
• Need for raw materials and natural resources
• White Mans Burden

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Imperialism

• British in India
• Sepoy Mutiny- Indians refused to fight for G.B.
• Scramble for Africa
• European nations carved up Africa for colonies
• Africans resisted fought (Boer War)
• Imperialism in China
• Opium War with Britain
• Spheres of Influence created
• Boxer Rebellion- Chinese Boxers wanted to get rid
  of foreigners in China