Vitamins

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Vitamins

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By Dr. Batoul Izzularab
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Vitamins

• Vitamins are organic compounds having the
  following characters
• Not synthesized in our bodies except some
  vitamins as nicotinic acid which synthesized from
  tryptophan
• Need in small amounts

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Vitamins

• Synthesized in the plants
• Their presences in the diet are essential for
  normal growth, health, reproduction and
  protection against many diseases
• The deficiency of one or more vitamins leads to
  specific disease
• The vitamins are classified into two groups which
  are
• Water soluble vitamins
• Fat soluble vitamins

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water soluble vitamins

• The group of water soluble vitamins characterized
  by following
• They are soluble in water
• They are synthesized by the plant
• They are present in plants, legumes, leafy green
  vegetables, yeast

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water soluble vitamins

• They are easily absorbed in the intestine
• Easley excreted by the kidney
• Not accumulated and not stored in our bodies
  except Vit B12 that can be stored for several
  years in the liver
• They must be supplied continuously in the diet
  otherwise deficiency occurs
• All water soluble vitamins acts as co enzymes
  except Vit c
• Water soluble vitamins are B complex and vitamin C

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Thiamine (Vit B1) anti beri beri factor

• Chemically thiamine is formed of substituted
  pyrimidine joined by Methlene Bridge to
  substituted thiazol

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Thiamine (Vit B1) anti beri beri factor

• Sources present in the unrefined cereal grains
  and meat
• Absorption Easley absorbed easily excreted
• The active form i.e. the coenzyme form in
  cellular cytoplasm thiamine is converted into
  thiamine pyrophosphate by the action of thiamine
  pyrophosphate kinase (TPP)
• Biochemical important of (TPP)
• Play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism
• Important in nerve impulse transmission

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Thiamine deficiency

• Thiamine deficiency occur in case of
• Poor diet
• Deficient of absorption as in cases of alcoholism
• Deficiency of TPP- kinase
• Thiamine deficiency leads to metabolic
  disturbance
• TPP deficiency leads to beri-beri syndrome

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Riboflavin vit B2

• Chemically Riboflavin is formed of heterocyclic
  isoalloxazinering attached to ribitol

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Riboflavin vit B2

• Sources Riboflavin is present in meat, milk and
  plants along with thiamine, can be synthesized by
  the bacteria in large intestine
• Absorption Easly absorbed and Easley excreted
• The active form i.e. the coenzyme derivatives of
  riboflavin
• Riboflavin provides the body by two coenzymes
• FMN flavin mononucleotides
• FAD flavin adenine dinucleotides
• Both co enzymes are essential in
• Process of oxidation-reduction
• Energy production

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Riboflavin vit B2

• Deficiency of riboflavin leads to
• Stomatitis i.e. fussers and inflammation of the
  angle of the mouth
• Glossitis
• Vascularization of cornea

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Nicotinic acids (antipellagra factor)

• Chemically Niacin or nicotinic acid is pyridine
  derivative

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Nicotinic acids (antipellagra factor
 
Sources unrefined grains, cereal, green
vegetables, milk, meat and yeast Nicotinic acids
is synthesis in animals including human tissue
and plants from essential amino acids
(tryptophan) Absorption Easley absorbed and
Easley excreted
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Nicotinic acids (antipellagra factor)

• The active form or coenzyme provides from niacin
  NAD, NADP
• The two coenzyme play vital role in the process
  of oxidation reduction
• NAD acts as hydrogen carrier for anaerobic
  dehydrogenase especially in the mitochondria
  electron electron transport system
• The reduced NADPH acts as hydrogen donor in many
  synthetic pathway and acts as antioxidant
• Deficiency of niacin
• Caused pellagra syndrome

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Pyridoxine Vit B6

• Chemically pyridoxine is formed of three related
  pyridine derivatives those are pyridoxine and
  pyrodoxamine
•  

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Pyridoxine Vit B6
Sources present in the seeds, grains, liver,
green vegetable, milk and egg Absorption Easley
absorbed and Easley excreted Active form or
coenzyme form of Vit B6 The coenzymes forms is
phophorolated from pyridoxol phosphate and
pridoxamine phosphates are the only active
coenzymes Pyridoxal phosphates and pyridoxamine
phosphate act as coenzyme that play important
role in amino acids metabolism Deficiency of
pyridoxal Disturbance in amino acids and
proteins metabolism  
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Pantothenic acids Vit B5

• Chemically pantothenic acid is formed of pantoic
  acids and b-alanine

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Pantothenic acids Vit B5

• Sources pantathonic acids is widely distributed
  in food as animal tissue whole grain, cereals and
  legumes
• Absorption Easley absorbed and Easley excreted
• Activation into coenzymes forms in cellular
  cytoplasm pantothenic acids is converted into
  coash (co-enzymes a)

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Pantothenic acids Vit B5

• Biochemical function
• Coash is essential of formation of active
  compounds e.g activation of keton body activation
  of fatty acids
• Coash is a compound of acyl carrier protein
  important in cytoplasmic fatty acids synthesis
• Coash is a component of a keto acid dehydrogenase

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Pantothenic acids Vit B5
Deficiency of pantothenic acids Deficiency of
pantothenic acids is rarely occur due to it's
widely distributed in natural food .but its
deficiency lead to Gastritis, enteritis and
diarrhea Hemorrhage and necrosis of adrenal
cortex with prostration and dehydration
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Biotin
Chemically is immedazol derivative  
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Biotin
Source widely distributed in food e.g. egg yolk,
animal tissue, tomato, yeast, wheat, and
bean Biochemical function The active form is
carboxylase enzyme which is important in the
process of CO2 fixation Deficiency of
Biotin Biotin deficiency leads to accumulation
of all substrate or metabolites that require
carboxylase enzyme in the course of their
metabolic pathway. Biotin deficiency leads to
Dermatitis Alopecia Retarded growth Loss of
mucular control
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Cyanocobalamine antipernicious anemia (Vit
B12)
Chemically cyanotobalamine is formed of four
rings surrounding one cobalt ion which is joined
to cyanide group the cyanide group must be
removed before the vitamins is converted into an
active form The structure of Vit B12 is similar
to that of perphyrin of hemoglobin
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Cyanocobalamine antipernicious anemia (Vit
B12)
Sources Vit B12 present only as animals' source
e.g. meat organs as liver, kidney and muscle
tissues Vitamin B12 can be synthesized in the
large intestine by bacteria flora VitaminB12 is
heat stable
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Cyanocobalamine antipernicious anemia (Vit
B12)

• Biochemical functions of Vit B12
• Vit B12 acts as co-homocystein methyltransferase
  i.e. converting homocystien to methionine and
  prevents homocystinenuria
• Methionine is essential amino acids important in
  the process of transmethylation reactions and
  phospholipids synthesis, integrity of myelin
  sheath and erythropoiesis
• Vit B12 prevents methylmalonic aciduria

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Cyanocobalamine antipernicious anemia (Vit
B12)

• Deficiency of Vit B12
• Homocystinuria
• Methyl malonic aciduria
• Megaloblastic anemia
• Neurological disturbance in the form of sensory
  and motor losses

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Folic acids (folate, folacin antipernicious
animia)
Chemically folic acid is formed of heterocyclic
pteridine p.amino benzoic acid and glutamic acids
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Folic acids (folate, folacin antipernicious
animia)
Sources plant, and bacteria can synthesized
folic acids but animals cells could not Folic
acid is present in yeast, liver, kidney, and
green vegetables Function of Folic
acids Provides H4F (tetrahydrofolic acids) which
act as a carrier for the one carbon atom
Deficiency of Folic acids Megaloblastic anemia
(macrocytic hyperchromic) glossitis and
gastrointestinal deficiency
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Vit C or (ascorbic acid)
Chemically Vit C is monoscarides hexose
derivative. It is synthesized from glucose in
animal and plant Vit C cannot be synthesized in
humans and guinea pig tissue  
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Vit C or (ascorbic acid)

• Sources Vit C is present in fresh vegetables,
  fruits, citreus fruits, berries, melons, tomato,
  and leafy green vegetables
• Biochemical function of Vit C
• Vit C is essential in the process of protein
  hydroxylation i.e. essential of integrity of
  connective tissue
• Vit C essential for maintaining normal
  intracellular matrix
• Vit C essential for integry of bone , teeth, and
  cartilage
• Vit C essential for integrity of capillary walls
• Vit C essential for iron absorption
• Vit C play an important in reduction of
  glutathione ,cytochrome and metahemoglobin
• Vit C deficiency
• Vit C deficiency leads to disease known as scurvy.

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II-Fat soluble vitamins

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• Fat soluble vitamins characterized by
• are soluble in fat as the name implies
• the absorption of fat soluble vitamins require
  normal or proper fat digestion and adsorption
• the absorbed fat soluble Vit are carried to liver
  via chylomicrons (lipid coated protein
  particles)
• fat soluble vitamins are store in the body e.g.
  Vit A,K, and D are stored in the liver wile Vit E
  is stored in adipose tissue
• fat soluble vitamins are transported in the blood
  to the target organ by specific protein carrier
• fat soluble vitamins insoluble in the water i.e.
  cannot be excreted via kidney
• as the fat sol.vit are stored in the body ,
  therefore excessive intake leads to specific
  toxicity
• Fat sol. Vit. are Vit A, Vit D, Vit E and Vit K

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Vit D ant rickets(antiosteomalacia)

• Chemically Vit D is steroid in nature
• Source animal source in egg yolk, liver, fish
  cod liver oil are source of Vit D3
• Plant source in the form of ergosterol
• Vit D2 Cholesterol and 7- dehydrocholesterol
  under skin by the action of ultra violet ray will
  be converted into vit D3
• Vit D2 VitD3 have the same activities on the
  target organs the difference only in chemical
  structure of the side chain 

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Vit D ant rickets(antiosteomalacia)
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Vit D ant rickets

• Adsorption, transport and storage
• Dietary Vit D are mixed with the dietary fat and
  absorbed incorporated with cholymichrons (or
  assiated with cholimichrons) to the liver
• In the liver .Vit D3 will be hrdroxylated act C25
  and stored in that form in liver
• 25 hydroxy D3 will be transported to the kidney
  where it will be hydroxylated in C1 forming 1, 25
  dihydroxy D3 and this is an active form

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Biochemical function of Vit D3

• Maintain normal calcium and phosphorus blood
  level by increased their absorption in intestine
  and renal tubules
• Stimulates the synthesis of osteocalcin of bone
  and so maintain or affects mineralization of
  bone
• Prevent muopathy

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Deficiency of Vit D

• In infants and childhood due to inadequate Vit D
  intake (dietary deficiency) or insuffient
  exposure to sun light. This lead to deficient
  bone minerlization and consequently occurrence of
  rickets
• In adult due to poor diet, diet restriction and
  repeated pregnancy espially among poor people
  (increased demand for calcium) this lead to
  demineralization of bone and cyst formation
  consequently easily factorability of bone this is
  known as osteomalacia

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Vitamin K

• Chemically Vit K is 1, 4 naphthoquinone
  derivative
• Sources naturally occurring Vit K are Vit K1 and
  Vit K2
• Those are fat soluble forms.
• Vit K present in vegetable, oils, green
  vegetable, wheat bran, tomatoes, Spanish, cheese
  and liver
• Vit K2 synthesized by bacteria in the large
  intestine
• Vit K3 synthetic form of Vit K it is water
  soluble form (menadione)

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Vitamin K

• Absorption Vit K3 is readily absorbed in the
  intestine even in cases of biliary obstruction
• Vit K1 and Vit K2 are fat soluble they require
  proper fat digestion and absorption
• Vit K stored in liver

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Function of vit K

• Vit K play important role in the activation of
  blood clotting factors II, VII, IX and X by
  converting glutamate residues of these portion
  factors in gama carboxyglutamate , the later
  chelates calcium , it is example of covalent
  protein modification
• Vit K acts as antidote for the toxicity by
  4-hydroxydieomarin( anticoagulant)
• Deficiency of Vit k
• Vit K deficiency leads to hypoprothrombinemia and
  bleeding 

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Vitamin A (Retinoids)

• Chemistry and source Derivatives of carotiene or
  caritinoid which are the colored pigment present
  in carrots, tomatoes, apricots, and sweet potato
• Vit A source as animal sources present in liver,
  egg, milk, and cod liver oil

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Function of Vit A

• Support growth and health
• Necessary for vision
• Necessary for mucous glandular secretion
• Necessary for epithelial cells health and
  differentiation
• Deficiency of Vit A
• Relarded growth
• Night blindness

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Vit E (tochopherol) antisterility factor

• Chemically vit E is an organic compound contain
  chroman ring
• Sources present in ittus, cotton seed oil, wheat
  and rice germ

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Function of vit E

• Protect the plasma membranes against the harmful
  effect H2O2 i.e. antioxidants.
• Vit E used in treatment of some circulating
  disturbances
• Vit E given to pregnant and lactating fermatas to
  prevent the occurrence of premature infants
• Vit E is added to the stored fats and fats and
  oils for prevention of rancidity

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Thank You!

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