Political Epochs of Poor People ( A period of time in History) _________________________________________________________

1
Political Epochs of Poor People ( A period of
time in History) ___________________________
______________________________

• Semi-Egalitarian Tribal Groups _ Small social
  groups lessen the chance of internal domination
  and divisions. Communal not private (land)
• Slavery - The most- powerful (aggressive) force
  others to do their work for them without
  compensation.
• Enslaved Africans were brought in chains to the
  Americans where their masters often worked them
  to death.
• Bronze Age - First significant wealth divisions
  appear. Only the richer and more powerful could
  afford elaborate metal items. The POOR COMMONERS
  continued to struggle with stone-age tools.
• FIRST CIVILIZATION - 3100BC - defined by the
  divisions of labor and class, ruled by a
  bureaucracy. Privileged class gets surplus.
• Enclosures - Rich use private armies to fence off
  communal lands for their private gain -
  especially lucrative wool-farming.
• E.g. Roman Empire 500BC England 1500AD Scotland
  1800s NZ 1860s India 1900s. Landless Peasants
  work in prison like workhouses

2
Colonization ___________________________________
______________________

• Profit - making companies use royal armies to
  conquer foreign lands and people for commercial
  gain. (e.g. East India Company, NZ Company,
  Hudson Bay Trading Co, Congo Free State.
• 1700s Peasantry becomes working class - Some
  rural Peasants drift to market towns where they
  end up working in (manufacturing)factories and so
  evolve into the industrial Working Class. Their
  new bosses and the merchants - who sell the
  products of their labor - become the middle
  class.

3
The INDUSRTIAL REVOLUTION

• 1700S - The French Revolution - 1787 - 1799 that
  shook France
• 1770s - The American Revolution - the United
  Colonial Resistance 1772 - The Boston Tea Party
  1773 - and other artisans- based radicals-
  Mechanics vs. Profiteers which later led to the
  Declaration of Independence 1776.
• The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.
• The Ground was prepared by the voyagers of
  discovery from Western Europe in the 15th 16th
  century, which led to a vast influx of precious
  metal from the New World, raising prices,
  stimulating industry, and fostering a money
  economy.
• In the 17th century the Dutch were in the fore
  front financially.

4
I.R. in Great Britain

• With the establishment of Bank of England in
  1694. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a
  new type of commercial entrepreneur development
  from the old class of merchant adventures.
• Many machines were already known, and there were
  sizable factories using them, wood was the only
  fuel, water and wind the power of these early
  factories.
• 18th century an expanding and wealthier
  population demanded more and better goods. In the
  productive process, coal came to replace wood.
• Early -model steam engines were introduced to
  drain water and raise coal from the mines.
• Cotton Textile was the key industry early in the
  Industrial Revolution.
• James Hargreavess spinning jenny (patented
  1770), Edmund Cartwrights power loom (patented
  1783)

5
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 1700S

• Inventions increase production and profits for
  the privileged wealthy few, while life for the
  Poor becomes worse.
• SOCIAL CONTRACTS - Tom Paines Rights of man and
  Mary Wollstonecrafts Rights of Women
• say that rulers have an obligation to their
  subjects and that people contribute better to
  society when they are free.
• (Later Marxs Communism Manifesto Observed the
  worker poorer the more wealth he produces.)
• 1789 -The French revolution - Extravagant
  lifestyles of the privileged rulers forces the
  nation to near bankrupt. The Poor and
  middle-class intellectuals turn on the
  aristocracy (people born in the highest class)
  and set up a more democratic-like government.
• In the case of American Revolution, the people
  turned on their English Rulers.)

6
1837-CHARTISTS (principles of U.K. Reform
Movement 1837-1848)______________________________
___________________________

• Name taken from the Manifesto Peoples Charter
• Movement for parliamentary reform, including
  voting rights for the common Poor. ( Chartist
  influenced Socialist ideas)
• EDUCATION - Education and other knowledge sharing
  tools like the printing press, TV and radio can
  tell the people that they dont have to live in
  poverty.
• UNFORTUNATELY,this mass communication is more
  often used by the Rich in spreading oppressive
  lying propaganda and so in effect education
  prepares the Poor for a life of servitude
  (slavery to a master).

7
LABOR UNIONS____________________________________
_____________________

• 1800S - WORKERS band together to push powerful
  bosses for better working conditions and share of
  the profits.
• 1890s - Poor gets voting rights to elect their
  own representatives into parliament so they have
  a chance to rule their own lives.
• 1890s -DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS - For a while,
  rulers begin looking after the interest of the
  Poor, and not just the rich and powerful. Some
  return to communal property, resulting in a more
  equal distribution of wealth and so less poverty.
• PEOPLE LIVE MUCH LONGER
• 1980s - NEW RIGHT - Reactionary policies to
  re-instate the rich and powerful as rulers of the
  common people, resulting in an increase in
  poverty.

8
THE HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONS _______________
__________________________________________

• Formation of congress of Trades Council and other
  Federations of Trades Societies.
• February 21st 1868, the Manchester and Salford
  Trades Council
• The purpose was, since Manchester was the main
  centre of Industries in the provinces.
• The organizers felt by confining the congress to
  such bodies it was conceived that a deal of
  expense will be saved., as Trades will thus be
  represented collectively

9
The subjects treated by the council are-
_________________________________________________
________

• 1. Trade Unions an absolute necessity.
• 2. Trade Unions and Political Economy.
• 3. The Effect of Trade Unions on Foreign
  Competition
• 4. Regulation of the Hours of Labor
• 5. Limitation of Apprentices
• 6. Technical Education
• 7. Arbitration and Courts of Conciliation
• 8. Co-Operation
• 9. The present Inequality of the Law in regard to
  Conspiracy, Intimidation, Picketing, Coercion,
  Etc
• 10. Factory Acts Extension Bill, 1867 the
  necessity of compulsory Inspection, its
  application to all places where Women and
  Children are employed.
• 11. The present Royal Commission how worthy it is
  on T.U. Matters etc.

10
Why have a Congress of their own_________________
________________________________________

• In 1865 the trade unions found that the Social
  Science Association, as the middle class body in
  which the artizan class were,was almost entirely
  excluded.
• The then President Samuel Caldwell Nichlson
  William Dronfield the Tresurer pondered, of trade
  unionist going to these congresses of allegedly
  progressive middle class organizations, were
  methodically suppressed. There came a suggestion
  why not have a congress of pur own.
• If we put the clock back in 1824, all Trade
  Unions combinations was illegal.
• Individual trade unions then found themselves
  struggling on a vulnerable isolation, with no
  national representative body through which they
  could hope to speak and act in unison.
• The first delegate conference was held in March
  1868.

11
1 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• SEJARAH PERGERAKAN KESATUAN SEKERJA DIMALAYSI
• Sekitar 1890-1920 Pertubuhan-Pertubuhan Sulit dan
  Kebajikan berfungsi sebagai Kesatuan Sekerja
• Dipelopori oleh pekerja Cina-ia merupakan
  sebahagian dari budaya dan adat resam kehidupan
  mereka
• Terkenal dikalangan pekerja-pekerja mahir, tukang
  jahit, pembuat kasut, tukang emas, tukang kayu
  dan jurubina
• Berkhidmat menyelaras pembekalan tenaga kerja
  kepada anggota ahli, menentukan kualiti produk,
  gaji masa kerja
• Persatuan Mekanik, Jurugegas, Tukang Paip, Juru
  Kimpal ditubuhkan sekitar 1925
• Walaupun mereka tumbuh sebagai pertubuhan yang
  besar dengan mempunyai cawangan namum mereka
  diketepikan kerana dakwaan ada kaitan dengan
  pertubuhan sulit

12
2 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• Awal 1920an - Pekerja-pekerja India bertindak
  secara kolektif
• Tetapi disebabkan perbuatan khianat dan
  pemecatan, pertubuhan yang lebih teratur tidak
  dapat ditubuhkan sehingga penghujung tahun 1930
• Terbentuk Parti Komunis Cina di Negeri China,
  merangsang pekerja Cina memperhebatkan kempen
  pertubuhan seterusnya menyemarkan pertubuhan
  kesatuan sekerja di Malaya
• Pertubuhan militan ini mengancam kepentingan
  Kerajaan Penjajah dan Perniagaan menangguhakn
  pengiktirafan sah

13
3 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• 1925 GLU ditubuhkan di Singapura, ini
  dipengaruhi oleh beberapa siri tindakan mogok
  antara tahun 1926 hingga 1928 oleh Jurugegas
  Cina, Pekerja Singapore Traction Company, Pembuat
  kasut dan Lain-lain lagi
• GLU tidak dapat bertahan kerana serangan dan
  tekanan dari pihak
• polis antara 1928 1931

14
4 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• Tahun 1920an Pengetahuan Politik dan Perjuangan
  Kesatuan sekerja di India, dan peningkatan lebih
  ramai pekerja berpendidikan menyumbang kepada
  kesedaran kepentingan kesatuan sekerja
  dikalangan pekerja-pekerja India
• 1936 Central Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM),
  Klang District Indian Union ditubuhkan

15
5 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• Awal 1941 Mogok oleh Pekerja Ladang India di
  Kawasan Kelang
• Menuntut gaji lebih baik
• Menentang layanan buruk terhadap pekerja dan
  keluarga mereka
• Kurang keperluan-keperluan asas sosial
• Mogok merebak di seluruh Negeri Selangor dan
  Negeri Sembilan
• 16 Mei 1941 British menghantar tentera dan
  mengistiharkan darurat di negeri Selangor
• Penahan dan serangan kerajaan menyebabkan
  kematian 5 pekerja, kecederaan serius,
  pengusiran, penangkapan dan penahanan
  pemimpin-pemimpin yang melancarkan mogok

16
6 MTUC______________________________________
___________________

• Kerajaan penjajah tidak mengiktiraf kesatuan
  sehingga perang dunia kedua
• Sikap Anti Kesatuan oleh Majikan Eropah
• Tidak ada undang-undang berkaitan kesatuan
  sekerja
• Ketegangan Kaum Buruh tahun 1930 menyebabkan
  kerajaan mengubal undang-undang
• 1939 Trade Union Bill dan Industrial Court Bill
  diperkenalkan dan dikuatkuasakan dalam tahun 1940
• Namun tiada apapun berlaku sehingga selepas
  perang dunia kedua

17
7 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• Kesan peranan tentera Jepun dari tahun 1942
  1945
• Peningkatan Pertubuhan Pekerja
• 1945 1948 Perkembangan puak Pelampau Komunis
  menjurus kepada berkesatuan
• General Labour Union tertubuh
• Di-ikuti penubuhan PMGLU kemudian PMFTU Lewat
  tahun 1945 mogok besar-besaran oleh pekerja,
  bas, keretapi, ladang, lombong dan pelabuhan
  dianjurkan oleh GLU
• Tuntutan mendapatkan lebih beras, pergerakan
  bebas barangan makanan, pengecualian bil air dan
  api, juga menuntut kenaikan harga getah dan timah

18
8 MTUC_____________________________________
____________________

• Sifat atau wadah perjuangan kesatuan PMGLU
  berubah
• Mogok dan protes oleh pelbagai kaum
• Perubahan dan perpaduan membimbangkan Kerajaan
  Penjajah
• Usaha dijalankan untuk meletakan kesatuan dibawah
  kawalan kerajaan
• Sistem Perhubungan Perindustrian teratur
  diujudkan
• Menghormati Konvensyen ILO
• Undang undang Selepas Perang Ordinan Kesatuan
  sekerja 1940 akhirnya dilaksanakan di Malaya
  darei 1 Julai 1946
• Kesatuan Sekerja British dari Keretapi British
  dibawa masuk bertindak sebagai Penasihat Kesatuan
  Sekerja

19
9 MTUC_____________________________________
___________________

• Pelaksanaan Ordinan Kesatuan Sekerja menjadikan
  pendaftaran penubuhan kesatuan sekejra diwajibkan
• Ini adalah kaedah untuk menghapuskan kesatuan
  militan yang diketuai oleh PMGLU Akta Kesatuan
  Sekerja pada masa kini tidak berubah sejak dari
  kerajaan British memperkenalkan TUO 1940
• Larangan Pembatasan Campurtangan pihak
  Berkuasa
• 25 Ogos 1946 PMGLU ditukar dan dikenali sebagai
  PMFTU
• 1947 kerajaan dan majikan bergabung bertindak
  menentang pentumbuhan kesatuan sekerja

20
10 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• Tahun 1947 sebanyak 300 mogok direkodkan
• Tindakan ganas dan kejam polis menentang mogok
• Di Kedah polis menembak untuk menyuraikan mogok
  dan mesyuarat pekerja ladang mengakibatkan
  kecederaan, dipenjarakan dan kematian
• Gangguan, tindakan disiplin, penginayaan,
  pemecatan Pengelola PMFTU dan pemimpin cawangan
  oleh pihak pengurusan dengan dibantu oleh polis
• Penghakiman Willan yang memalukan pada Oktober
  1947 - menjalankan tindakan mogok boleh dipecat

21
11 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• 1948 MCP dan PMFTU diharamkan
• 16 Jun 1948 darurat di-istiharkan
• Peraturan Darurat memberi hak Polis untuk
  menyurai sebarang perjumpaan dan perhimpunan 5
  orang pekerja atau lebih
• Mogok kilat dianggap tidak sah
• Tekanan kuat terhadap mereka dikenal pasti
  bersama PMFTU diteruskan
• Ramai diusir keluar negeri
• Dengan peristiharan Darurat, keahlian kesatuan
  jatuh dari 195,113 dalam tahun 1947 kepada 41,305
  dalam tahun1949

22
12 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• KESATUAN SEKERJA BARU
• Peningkatan Mengawal dan Menyelia Kesatuan
  dalam tahun 1947
• Pekerja kerani, pekerja ladang, pekerja letrik,
  hospital, mekanik, pekerja keretapi,pekerja
  jabatan kerja raya
• Jabatan Hal Ehwal Kesatuan Sekerja menyokong
  kesatuan sekerja sederhana dalam usaha
  menghapuskan saki-baki PMFTU
• Kesatuan baru kecil, lemah dan dengan kuasa
  menawar terbatas terhadap majikan

23
13 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• KELAHIRAN MTUC
• 1949 Kerajaan Penjajah selepas perang mengalakkan
  penubuhan kesatuan baru,Undang-Undang Darurat
  digunakan memerangi Kesatuan Sekerja Militan dan
  Organisasi berfahaman Komunis, bermula
  pertengahan tahun 1948 langkah diambil kearah
  penubuhan Malayan Trade Union Council (MTUC)
• MTUC berperanan bertindak sebagai badan
  penyelaras kesatuan sekerja dalam negara
• Membuat representasi kepada kerajaan, mengambil
  bahagian dalam majlis penasihat, ahli lembaga dan
  suruhanjaya-suruhanjaya

24
14 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• Perkembangan Awal 1950 1957
• Kesan dari Darurat dan Kawalan Ketat Kerajaan
  serta Perawakan Pemimpin Kesatuan Sederhana
  mempamirkan kelemahan pergerakan kesatuan yang
  mana merupakan jentera kepada kerajaan memerangi
  fahaman kominis Pengujudan semula kesatuan
  sekerja militan menjelang negara mencapai
  kemerdekaan dalam tahun 1957
• Pemimpin Kesatuan Sekerja terus menerus di-awasi
• Polisi Kerajaan anti kesatuan sekerja
  berpolitik

25
15 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• Tuntutan MTUC Tahun 1957
• Mendapatkan Hak dan menuntut Kebebasan tulin
  pekerja dan kebajikan nya
• Menuntut memilik negarakan industri getah dan
  timah
• Pendidikan percuma untuk kanak-kanak dan dewasa
• Peruntukan perumahan bagi pekerja
• Pengenalan gaji minimum
• Cadangan penajaan penubuhan Parti Buruh
• Memprotes kenaikan yuran sekolah
• Memprotes campurtangan polis dalam pertikaian
  industri
• Membantah kuasa berlebihan kepada RTU

26
16 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• MTUC dan Pertikaian Buruh 1957-1969
• Pertikaian Pekerja Keretapi Pemimpin MTUC
  menegaskan perlunya keharmonian perindustrian
• Pemimpin MTUC meegaskan supaya mengendalikan
  perhubungan perindustrian teratur dan menyeru
  kepada pengunaan pengawalan
• Percubaan Kerajaan membentuk strategi dan
  mekanisma untuk mengabungkan MTUC memimpin
  pergerakan kesatuan sekerja
• SOALAN JIKA ADA
• TERIMA KASIH

27
20 MTUC____________________________________
_____________________

• TERIMA KASIH
• SOALAN JIKA ADA