Imaging Geothermal Hydrofracturing

1
(No Transcript)
2
1971 Plume
3
(No Transcript)
4
Predictions
5
1. Precursory uplift
Burov (2005)
6
2. LIP eruption
Coffin Eldholm (1993)
7
3. Tail to core-mantle boundary
Campbell (2005)
8
4. Time-progressive chain
Hawaii
9
5. High temperature
10
Plate
11
The Plate hypothesis
12
Predictions
13
Lithospheric extension Source
fusibilityShallow mantle source
14
Many scientists beginning to doubt Plume and
swing towards Plate
Why?
15
Observations do not fit Plume predictions
16
Examples
17
No-one can agree onhow many plumes there are, or
where they are
18
Many hot spot lists
19
None fit all the predictions
Flood basalt chain only 3/49!
20
Some spectacular disagreements
21
Hawaii
22
(No Transcript)
23
Endless plume variants

• Lateral flow of plume material
• Tilted plumes
• Pulsing plumes
• Low 3He/4He plumes
• High 3He/4He plumes
• Headless plumes
• Tailess plumes
• Ridge-captured plumes
• Ridge-escaping plumes

24
This is not scientific!
25
What about Plate?
26
The Plate hypothesis involves diverse processes
27
IT ISNOTONESIZEFITSALL
28
This immediately fits observations
29
What are these diverse processes?

• Examples

30
1. Continental breakup
Van Wijk et al. (2001) Jones (2005)
31
2. Fertility at mid-ocean ridges
Ontong Java Plateau
Korenaga (2005)
32
Iceland
400 Ma
33
3. Extensional stress at plate boundary junctions
Examples Bouvet triple junction Azores triple
junction Easter microplate
Beutel (2005)
34
(No Transcript)
35
Iceland V-shaped ridges
Hey et al. (2010)
36
4. Slab tearing breakoff
Ferrari (2004)
37
Slab tearing at Samoa
Samoa
38
5. The issue of volume

• eclogite
• Latent heat of fusion 0
• ?T 200 K
• Lithosphere age 6.25 Ma
• Max volume rate 0.8 x 106 km3/Ma

Cordery et al. (1997)
39
Melt ponding draining
Southern Africa
Silver et al. (2006)
40
Sublithospheric melt ponding draining
41
(No Transcript)
42
Thatsallfolks