The Relationship of Between Subjective Oral State and Toothpaste quantity, Brushing number, Brushing time

1
The Relationship of Between Subjective Oral State
and Toothpaste quantity, Brushing number,
Brushing time ???, ???, ???, ???, ???,
??? Choonhae College of Health Sciences, Dept.
of Dental Hygiene
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SILICONE AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE A number of case
reports have suggested a possible association
between silicone exposire and autoimmune disease.
One report from japan indicated that progressive
systemic sclerosis was three times more frequent
in women with silicone injection or silicone
implants. On the other hand, population
based-retrospective studies have found no
appreciable increase in autoimmune disease in
women with silicone implants when compared to
cohorts without silicone implants. In these
rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosis, Sjogrens syndrome,
dermatomyositis, polymyositis, systemic
sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic
arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, vasculitis,
arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel
disease, or polychondritis. Therefore, atypical
or mild case of autoimmune disease could
potentially have been underestimated in these
population-based studies. While large
population-based studies have failed to document
evidence of an association beween typical
autoimmune disease and silicone implants, there
is evidence that silicone is immunogenic. Studies
involving both animals and humans have shown that
silicone gel is associated with elevated
antinuclear antibody titers and other markers
similar to those found in idiopathic forms of
autoimmune disease. 11-12 One study that compared
various autoantibody levels in women with
implants who complained of plyarthralgias,
fatigue, myalgias, and morning stiffness reported
a statistically significant greater frequency of
autoantibodies in the these women with implants
than in a conrol group.13 Such studies suggest
that silicone does trigger autoimmunity,
resulting in an antibody to silicone. Thus, the
controversy abour the relationship between
silicone implants and autoimmune disease
continues. Silicone implants and breast
cancer Patients often ask whether silicone breast
implants can cause breast cancer. In fact, the
incidence of breast cancer in women with breast
implants does not appear to be increased when
compared to women without implants.14
However Investigators have documented that breast
cancer detection is often delayed in women with
silicone implants. One study of women with
implants reported that 45 of malignant tumors
detected by physical examination were not visible
on mammography. 15 Furthermore, 47 of the women
with silicone implants had positive axially lymph
nodes at the time of breast cancer diagnosis. The
definite answer about relative survival from
breast cancer in women with silicone implants is
not yet determined. Mammography and breast
cancer detection Despite the limitations caused
by silicone implants ,regular mammography
screening is recommended at intercals appropriate
for the womans age.16 Mammography of women with
silicone gel implants should be performed by
radiologic technolofists experienced in
positioning breasts with implants. Whenever
possible, implant displaced views should
performed in addition to the conventional implant
included views.( Figure 4) 17-20 However, a hard,
fixed fivrous capsule around the implant may
prevent the performance of the implant displaced
views. Several mammographic findings can be
observed in patients with asymptomatic, intact
breast implants. For example, it is not uncommon
to see bulges in the cotour or calcific deposits
in the fibrous capsule surrounding an apparently
normal silicone implant(figure 5)18 There are no
proven cases of implant rupture caused
compression during mammography. However, there
are anecdotal cases of rupture due to mammography
compression. It is suspected that over time
implanted silicone gel bags may become more
vulnerable to trauma. Therefore, radiologists
should at least be aware of the potential for
implant rupture during mammography and should
have a protocol within their facilities to deal
with any complications that may arise.21 Clinical
signs of implant rupture include palpable
silicone nodules, decreased breast size,
asymmetry, tenderness and a change in texture may
occur with manual or mammographic compression,
and may be accompanied by an audible
pop. Complications of silicone
implants Complications of silicone implants
include encapsulation, rupture and gel bleed.
Encapsulation refers to the formation of a
fibrous capsule around the silicone implant. In
fact, a fibrous capsule develops around all
silicone breast implants.22 This fibrous capsule
may be soft and impalpable, or hard and
resisitant. When a hard capsule forms, the breast
may have an understan Mammography and breast
cancer detection Complications of silicone
cimlant