Philippe Marcadent

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Social protection and the Decent Work
Agenda All human beings, irrespective of race,
creed, or sex, have the right to pursue both
their material wellbeing and their spiritual
development in conditions of freedom and dignity,
of economic security, and of equal opportunity -
Declaration of Philadelphia (1944)
Philippe Marcadent Social Protection Sector
International Labour Office
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Structure of the presentation

• One The Decent Work Agenda
• Two Social security from an ILO perspective
• Three An huge coverage gap a variety of
  strategies to overcome this gap
• Four ILO policy framework to extend coverage
  (including the Social Protection Floor)
• Five Some conditions of success

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The Decent Work Agenda

• The Decent Work Agenda - Four strategic
  objectives
• Creating Jobs
• Guaranteeing rights at work
• Extending social protection working conditions
  which are safe, allow adequate free time and
  rest, take into account family and social values
  social security to provide adequate
  compensation in case of lost or reduced income
  and to permit access to healthcare
• Promoting social dialogue

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Social security from an ILO Perspective The
roots The right to social security

• Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human
  Rights states Everyone, as a member of society,
  has the right to social security
• The ILOs Declaration of Philadelphia laid out
  for the ILO to further among the nations of the
  world programmes which will achieve. the
  extension of social security measures to provide
  a basic income to all in need of such protection
  and comprehensive medical care. Confirmed by the
  ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair
  Globalization in 2008
• ILO conventions define the range and levels of
  essential social security benefits

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Social security from an ILO Perspective The
roots The need for social security

• All women and men need social security
• Everybody, poor and rich, needs social security,
  to be able to deal with uncertainty and social
  and economic risks over the life-cycle
• Any society, state and economy needs social
  security
• It prevents and reduces poverty and income
  inequality
• It contributes to growth as
• Raising the incomes of the poor increases
  domestic demand and, in turn, encourages growth
  by expanding domestic markets
• It enhances human capital and productive
  employment thanks to a better educated, healthy
  and well nourished workforce
• Promotes peace, stability and social cohesion and
  facilitates economic change
• In time of crisis it not only prevents greater
  poverty but stabilizes the aggregate demand

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What does social security encompass for the ILO?

• Income security guaranteed access to health
  care
• -gt Via social transfers to individuals or
  households to help them to face defined risks or
  situations.
• Guaranteed access to health care access to
  health services with financial protection
• Not all means to provide income security are SS
  interventions
• Not all means to better manage risks are SS
  interventions
• For  All  and not for  All workers 
• No a single right model of social security
• A plurality of instruments contributory non
  contributory, based on employment based on
  residence, universal or not, categorical or not,
  under resources conditions or not, based on
  insurance or not, conditional to behavior or not,
  etc.
• Public or private provisions
• Who define risks and situations that fall under
  the umbrella of SS?

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A right and a need but an huge coverage gap

• Coverage has two dimensions
• Horizontal who is covered?
• Vertical how adequate are the benefits and
  services provided?
• Lower income countries huge horizontal coverage
  gap (majority of the worlds population
  uncovered) but even those minority groups covered
  are not covered adequately (scope of benefits
  narrow and level/quality low)
• Higher income countries still exist here and
  there gaps in horizontal coverage (domestic
  workers, temporary workers) and issues in
  vertical coverage (like inadequate benefits for
  those with short or broken careers as a result of
  some recent pension reforms)

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Social security coverage map
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Effective coverage - pensions
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Vertical coverage (pensions) OECD
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(No Transcript)
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Proportion of unemployed receiving unemployment
benefits from statutory unemployment schemes
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ILO policy framework for extending social
security to All One priority, a set of
principles

• ILC 2001 - A New Consensus Of highest priority
  are policies and initiatives which can bring
  social security to those who are not covered by
  existing systems.
• Principles
• Universality
• Progressiveness
• Pluralism
• Outcome (not process) focus

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ILO policy framework to extend social security to
all A story of two dimensions

• Horizontal Promoting the Social Protection
  Floor...
• Vertical Promoting the ratification and
  application of flagship conventions

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What is the Social Protection Floor
(SPF)Initiative? ..

• On April 2009, the UN Chief Executives Board
  (CEB) has agreed on nine joint initiatives to
  confront the crisis- SPF part of it
• The SPF Initiative aims at joint global and local
  UN action to promote access to essential services
  and social transfers for the poor and vulnerable.
  It includes
• A basic set of essential social rights and
  transfers, in cash and in kind, to provide a
  minimum income and livelihood security for poor
  and vulnerable populations and to facilitate
  access to essential services, such as health care
• Geographical and financial access to essential
  services, such as health, water and sanitation,
  education, social work

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The social security component of the social
protection floor could consist of four essential
social security guarantees

• Universal access to health care
• all residents have access to a nationally
  defined set of essential health care services
• A minimum of income security over the life cycle
• all children have income security through
  family/child benefits aimed at facilitating
  access to nutrition, education and care
• all those in active age groups who are unable to
  earn sufficient income on the labour markets
  should enjoy a minimum income security through
  social assistance in link with employment
  policies
• all residents in old age and with
  disabilities have income security through
  pensions for old age and disability.

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Cost of basic transfers

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Financing strategies Lack of fiscal space?
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Our portfolio of activities some examples

• Policy development and research IPC-ILO, Bolsa
  Familia, NREGA, Child Grant EPWP (SA) and the
  DWA
• Support to Countries (30 countries in
  portfolio/year) for
• Designing and implementing national SP policies
  and reforms (Mozambique)
• Extending/improving Social Health Protection
  National health insurance (Ghana), Social
  insurance, National tax-financed system
  (Thailand), Occupation and community based
  schemes (Senegal), etc.
• Extending and reforming pensions schemes
  contributory and non contributory schemes (Chile)
• Extending social insurance (pensions health) to
  informal economy workers own-accounts workers,
  domestic workers, workers in micro and small
  enterprises (Cape Verde)
• Extending /improving family allowances universal
  schemes, CCT (Argentina)
• Quantitative studies Actuarial studies (Greece),
  SPER (Zambia), Social budgeting (Thailand)
• Etc.
• Capacity building (Quatrain programme in Africa)
  
• Statistics Social Security Inquiry (database
  administrative data)
• Standards

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Some conditions of success

• Promote employment-friendly macroeconomic
  frameworks, job-rich growth and transition to
  formal (decent) employment
• A mix of non-contributory and contributory
  measures, well coordinated, is most effective in
  providing universal adequate coverage almost
  everywhere
• Enhancing availability of quality social services
  is a conditions to increase impact of transfers
• For working age population (able to work)
  improving coherence and integration of social
  security and employment policies