Vaccination

1
Vaccination

• An Underappreciated Component of the Modern
  Medical Armamentoarium

2
Vocabulary

• Vaccine
• A preparation that contains microorganisms or
  their parts to which immune systems.
• Toxoid
• An inactive toxin that is no longer harmful but
  retains its unique Ag determinants.

3
Immunizations

• Idaho is ranked 50th in immunization for children
  19-35 months of age.
• 431
• 4 doses of DTP
• 3 doses of oral polio
• 1 dose of measles vacine

4
Involuntary experiment

• 1980-sensationalized and highly inaccurate news
  accounts of alleged side effects of pertussus
  caused many parents in the United Kingdom to
  refuse the pertusus toxoid in DTP.
• An epidemic of whooping caugh occurred in the
  United Kingdom, in which 100,000 children were
  infected and 36 died. Many of the survivors
  sustained brain damage.

5
Annual morbidity before the vaccine became
available compared to morbidity in 1998
Disease Annual morbidity 1998 morbidity Decrease
Smallpox 48,164 0 100
Diphtheria 175,885 1 100
Pertussis 147,271 6,279 95.7
Tetanus 1,314 34 97.4
Polio 16.317 0 100
Measles 503,282 89 100
Mumps 152,209 606 99.6
Rubella 823 5 99.4
6
Vaccines-a Health Care Bargain

• A good vaccine can provide lifelong immunity to
  an infectious disease.
• Vaccines are much cheaper than diagnosis and
  treatment of infections after they have started
• They prevent human suffering and may be the only
  form of treatment known for some ailments.

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Vacinations

• Vaccines currently under development
• Contraception
• Cancer
• cocaine addiction
• There is no absolute limit to the number of
  vaccines that can be given to a person.
• All standard vaccines recommended for children
  can be given to the same person, at separate
  anatomical sites, on the same day

8
Why arent there more Vaccines?

• Many of the barriers to vaccine development are
  financial, legal, and political rather than
  scientific.
• Vaccines are not nearly as profitable as mind
  altering drugs or heart medications.
• The development of vaccines have focused on
  diseases that are widespread and usually not
  serious.
• Numerous lawsuits based on alleged, rare side
  effects of vaccines.

9
Types of Vaccines

• 2 Types of vaccines
• Whole-agent
• Attenuated (Weakened)
• Inactivated (killed)
• Subunit (some part of agent)

10
Attenuated

• Contain live viruses
• Attenuated tend to mimic an actual infection and
  usually provide better and longer lasting
  immunity.
• Replicates in the body, increasing the original
  dose over time ? provides herd immunity
• Life long Without boosters
• Examples measles, rubella, mumps, oral polio
  (sabin) all are attenuated and

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Attenuated Vaccines Cont.

• Attenuated viruses are usually derived from
  mutations accumulated during long term cell
  cultures.
• Danger of such vaccine is that they can back
  mutate to a virulent form, although this very
  rarely happens.

12
Innactivated Vaccines

• Whole Organisms that have been killed
• Usually killed by formulin
• Never killed by heat. Why?
• Boosters Because immunity is not always long
  lasting boosters are needed to maintain immunity.
• Examples rabbies, influenza vaccines

13
Subunit vaccines

• Vaccines in which antigenic fragments of
  microrganisms that are best suited to stimulate
  immune resp.
• Recombiant vaccines
• example Hepatitis B virus
• Portion of the viral protein coat.
• (Less effective) - safer ? Cannot reproduce in
  host ? contain little or no extraneous material
  thus
• less side effects

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DTaP

• D (dephtheria toxoid) T (tetnus toxoid) aP
  (acellular pertussis toxoid and surface adhesin)
• subunit vaccine that is very safe
• Soluble, elicit a humoral response
• Old pertussis vaccine was made from inactivaed
  whole unit bacteria (Bordetella pertussis)